The document discusses the price mechanism and how it allocates scarce resources through market forces. It describes the price mechanism's rationing, signaling, and incentive functions. When supply and demand change, prices adjust to clear the market. The conditions required for competitive markets are also outlined. The document notes that market forces can efficiently allocate resources but market failures can occur due to externalities, imperfect information, and other issues. Government intervention may be needed to address such market failures.

1. Market Forces and Resource Allocation
Geoff Riley, Tutor2u

2. The Price Mechanism
What is the price mechanism?
The price mechanism describes the means
by which millions of decisions taken by
consumers and businesses interact to
determine the allocation of scarce
resources between competing uses

3. Functions of the price mechanism
• Rationing function
–Prices ration scarce resources when
demand outstrips supply
–When there is a shortage of a product, the
price will rise and thus deter some
consumers from purchasing the product

4. Functions of the price mechanism
• Signalling function
–If prices are rising because of stronger
demand, this is a signal to suppliers to
expand output if they can
–The ability to expand or contract production
depends on the price elasticity of supply

5. Functions of the price mechanism
• Incentive function
–Higher market prices act as an incentive to
raise output because the supplier stands to
make a higher profit

6. Conditions required for competitive markets
1. Consumers have power to allocate resources – i.e.
The monopoly power of sellers does not impact too
much on consumer sovereignty
2. No externalities from production or consumption
3. Full information available to all market participants
4. Factors of production are occupationally and
geographically mobile between different uses
The breakdown of these assumptions can
lead to market failure & inefficiency

7. Market Forces – Changes in Demand
Price (P)
Quantity (Q)
D1
D2
S1
P1
P2
Q1 Q2

8. Market Forces – Changes in Supply
Price (P)
Quantity (Q)
D1
S1
P1
P2
Q1 Q2
S2

9. Revision Quiz on Supply and Demand (Click)

10. The power of market forces
• Market forces are frequently a powerful way of allocating
and reallocating scarce resources
1. Higher prices boost production and investment,
dampen demand and help to eliminate shortages
2. Lower prices - e.g. Driven by technological change and
economies of scale – expand the size of the market and
make products more affordable
3. There are self-equilibrating forces in markets –
reflecting the millions of decisions of consumers and
producers
4. Even market speculation can be regarded as a stabilising
force in many cases e.g. Short selling of bonds & stocks

11. Quiz – Markets in Action (Click)

12. When markets work well....
• Competitive markets produce an efficient allocation
of scarce resources
– Allocative efficiency (producing what we need and want)
– Productive efficiency (pressure to lower unit costs)
– Dynamic efficiency (innovation, choice, product
performance)
• The price mechanism stimulates
– Investment
– Higher productivity
– Improvements in non-price aspects of goods and services

13. When markets fail ......
1. Failure to take into account consumption and production
externalities
2. Distortion of price mechanism through monopoly / market
power of some sellers
3. Imperfect information / information failures and
asymmetries
4. Immobility of factors of production
5. A lack of equity in the final distribution of income and
wealth (relative poverty / inequality)
6. Failure to provide public and merit goods in sufficient
quantities and at prices that maximise social welfare
7. Unstable market prices creating uncertainty and damaging
producer and consumer welfare especially in vulnerable
economies

14. Government Intervention Quiz (Click)

15. Tutor2u
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