This document is a note packet from an Earth Science class taught by Ms. Gill. It covers various topics relating to energy, including different forms of energy, energy transformations, methods of energy transfer, phases of matter, and a phase change diagram of water. Key points include definitions of kinetic and potential energy, examples of different forms of energy like light and sound, and explanations of how energy transfers between objects through conduction, convection and radiation. It also discusses the law of conservation of energy and provides examples of energy transformations.

1. UNIT 1: ENERGY

HONORS EARTH SCIENCE
Stop Monkey-N-ing
around and
Go Green already!
P.S. I’m Mookie the
Monkey
NOTE PACKET #2
MS. GILL

2. Unit 1: Energy Earth Science-Ms. Gill Note Packet #2
Vocabulary:
Absorption Mechanical
Conduction Medium
Convection Melting
Condensation Non-Renewable
Electricity Resources
Electromagnetic Spectrum Nuclear
Energy Phase Change
Energy Transformations Potential
Environment Radiation
Equilibrium Reflection
Forms of Energy Refraction
Freezing Renewable Resources
Frequency Scattering
Gas Solid
Geothermal Solar
Global Warming Sound
Green House Affect Specific Heat
Green House Gases Stored Mechanical
Heat Temperature
Joules Thermal
Kinetic Transmission
Law of Conservation of Mass & Energy Vaporization
Light Wavelength
Liquid Work
Matter
Did you know… A piece of buttered toast contains
about 315 kilojoules (315,000 joules) of energy.
With that energy you could:
-jog for 6 minutes
-Bicycle for 10 minutes
-Walk briskly for 15 minutes
-Sleep for 1.5 hours
-Run a car for 7 seconds at 50 miles per hour
-Light a 60 watt light bulb for 1.5 hours.
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3. Unit 1: Energy Earth Science-Ms. Gill Note Packet #2
Name:________________________________ Period:_________ Date:____________________
A. WHAT IS ENERGY?
Energy is the ability to do ________________
Work occurs when a _____________ causes an object to ___________ in the same direction
as the force.
B. THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT FORMS OF ENERGY
THERMAL: The total ________ energy of STORED MECHANICAL ENERGY:
the particles in matter. (Molecular motion) Stored energy due to a
change in the shape of
an object.
Ex: _______________
SOUND: A type of mechanical energy. It is LIGHT: A form of _______
the energy produced when objects energy that moves in a
________. Ex: tuning fork, bell __________
Ex: lamp, stars
MECHNICAL: Energy SOLAR: All forms of
with which ______ energy that come
objects perform work. from the ______
Ex: Wind, flowing water,
using a hammer
ELECTRICITY: A form NUCLEAR: Energy STORED
of energy produced by in the ________ (center)
the _____________ of an atom.
of ______________ Ex: nuclear bombs
CHEMICAL: Energy STORED GEOTHERMAL: Heat energy STORED
in chemical ____ that can be within the ___________.
released. Ex: food, fossil fuels, Ex: Volcanic eruptions,
battery acid geysers
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4. Unit 1: Energy Earth Science-Ms. Gill Note Packet #2
C. All forms of energy can be classified as Kinetic or potential.
The two basic states of energy. So, what’s the difference?
POTENTIAL ENERGY: KINETIC ENERGY:
1) Potential energy is stored energy due to 1)Kinetic is energy of _________________
and object’s __________________
2) Kinetic depends on the
2) An object that is lifted from its position __________________ and the
on Earth has gravitational potential Energy _____________________ of an object.
which depends on ______________ and
mass 3) Faster objects have
____________________ kinetic energy than
3) Massive objects have slower objects.
_________________ potential energy than
less massive objects
4) An object at a higher elevation will have
_______________ potential energy than an
object at a lower elevation
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5. Unit 1: Energy Earth Science-Ms. Gill Note Packet #2
D. Energy Transformations:
The law of conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed it simply
changes form. Energy has always existed in one form or another! This law is also true of mass!
Law of conservation of Mass and Energy:
Mass/ NRG ____________
Mass/ NRG ______________
Mass/ Energy can only __________
During energy changes, if one body is losing
energy, the other is __________________
energy.
During energy changes, the total energy
__________________________________.
Energy always flows from _______________ to
_______________ (source to sink)
Figure 1: Figure 2:
Energy is flowing Energy is flowing
from _________ from _________
to ____________ to ____________
The exchange of energy will stop when EQUILIBRIUM IS REACHED, and both source and sink
are the same temperature.
Unusable Energy: very often during the energy transformation process, some __________ energy is
produced due to friction. This is wasted energy and is lost to the environment.
Examples of Energy Changes:
-Energy in a flashlight’s batteries becomes light
energy when the flashlight is turned on.
-Food is stored energy, when your body uses that
energy to do work it becomes kinetic energy.
- A television changes electrical energy into light
and sound energy
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6. Unit 1: Energy Earth Science-Ms. Gill Note Packet #2
E. Methods Of Energy transfer
Energy moves from regions of _________ concentration to ________ concentrations of
energy, from ______________ to ____________.
There are 3 methods of Energy Transfer : ____________________,
____________________ & _____________________.
Method Explanation of transfer Best medium for Examples
of transfer energy transfer
Direct contact (touch) Conduction occurs *Touching a hot
Molecule To Molecule fastest in _______ surface
Conduction *Electricity
Conduction is a form of energy __________ are the
transfer by direct _________ best conductors of he
of molecules heat energy.
Energy transfer due to density Occurs ONLY in *Hot air or water
differences _____ which are rising
Convection liquids and gases! *Volcanoes
Convection is a form of heat *Lava lamp
transfer that occurs by up and
down motions of a _______
differences in ______
Radiation Radiation is the transfer of *Gamma
heat in _____. *X-rays
No medium needed *UV
Electromagnetic (EM) *Visible
waves that move through a *Infrared
vacuum (empty space) *Microwave
*Radio
Electromagnetic radiation
travels at the speed of ______.
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7. Unit 1: Energy Earth Science-Ms. Gill Note Packet #2
F. Specific Heat Notes
1. HEAT: the energy of moving __________
2. HOT OBJECTS contain __________ heat than cold ones
3. All objects above __________ contain heat
4. Heat always flows from hot objects to cold objects until the both reach the _____ temperature.
5. The greater the difference in temperature between them, the _________ heat is transferred.
HOW IS HEAT TRANSFERRED BETWEEN OBJECTS? Name that type of heat transfer!
The University of the State of New York • THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT • Albany, New York 12234 • www.nysed.gov
Reference Tables for
cm 1
Physical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE
Figure 1: Figure 2: Figure 3:
2
________________ ________________ _______________
3
Radioactive Decay Data Specific Heats of Common Materials
Specific Heat
4
RADIOACTIVE of heat neededHALF-LIFE
Quantity DISINTEGRATION to MATERIAL SPECIFIC HEAT
ISOTOPE (years) (Joules/gram • °C)
raise One gram14of any Liquid water 4.18
5
14 3
Carbon-14 C N 5.7 × 10
Substance by 1 degree Celsius
40
Solid water (ice) 2.11
40 Ar 9 Water vapor 2.00
6
Potassium-40 K 40 1.3 × 10
Ca
Dry air 1.01
The higher the U 206Pb heat… 109
238 Specific
4.5 ×
7
Uranium-238 Basalt 0.84
the more energy is needed to Granite 0.79
87 87 10
raise the temperature. 4.9 × 10
Rubidium-87 Rb Sr
8
Iron 0.45
See the cover of the ESRT.     Copper 0.38
Equations Lead 0.13 9
10
distance between foci
Eccentricity = Properties of Water
Measuring Energy: Energy canaxis measures in many different ways. Typical units include:
length of major be
________________________, _________________, & ___________________. 334 J/g
11
change in field value Heat energy gained during melting . . . . . . . . .
Gradient =
distance
Heat energy released during freezing . . . . . . . . 334 J/g
12
change in“Joule” is named afterenergy gained during vaporization . . . . . 2260 J/g
The term value Heat
Rate of change =
time
English Scientist James Prescott Joulereleased during condensation . . . 2260 J/g
Heat energy
13
mass
Density = who lived from 1818 to 1889. He at 3.98°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 g/mL
volume Density
discovered that Heat is a type of
14
Energy! 1,000 joules =1 kilojoule= 1 Btu
Average Chemical Composition
15
of Earth’s Crust, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere Page:____
16
ELEMENT CRUST HYDROSPHERE TROPOSPHERE
(symbol) Percent by mass Percent by volume Percent by volume Percent by volume
17
Oxygen (O) 46.10 94.04 33.0 21.0

8. Unit 1: Energy Earth Science-Ms. Gill Note Packet #2
Specific Heat Worksheet
Did you know… Jumping into a pool on a hot summer day is refreshing because the water is cooler
than the air around you and the ground under your feet. You may wonder why the water is cooler
since the water, air, and ground are being heated by the same source- the Sun. One reason is that
it takes more heat energy to raise the temperature of some substances than others. The amount
of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius is called
the specific heat of that substance. Water has a specific heat of 4.18 meaning it take 4.18 Joules
of energy to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius. This value is high compared to the specific
heats for other materials, such as various rocks or metals. Note the scientific unit for energy is
the Joule. See the front of your ESRT for a complete list of specific heats for common materials.
Now complete these practice questions!
1. What substance has the highest specific heat? ____________________________
2. Why do metals have low specific heats? __________________________
3. Why are pans made of metals with low specific heats? _____________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4. Which takes more energy to raise its temperature, water or land? ___________________
5. Which would heat up and cool off faster, land or water? __________________________
6. Which of these substances would heat up fastest, water, iron or copper: ____________
7. Which material would require the greatest amount of heat energy to raise its temperature
from 50 °C to 100 °C ?
A. 10 grams of granite B. 10 grams of ice
C. 10 grams of lead D. 10 grams of iron
8. Which pan would you use if you wanted to cook your food quickly? Copper pan or Iron pan?
9. Which material would require the greatest amount of heat energy to raise its temperature
from 50 C to 100 C? A. granite B. ice C. lead D. iron
10. Calculate how many joules would be required to raise 3 grams of water from 50 °C to 65 °C.
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9. Unit 1: Energy Earth Science-Ms. Gill Note Packet #2
G. Phases of Matter:
Matter is ___________________________________________________________
On Earth, matter exists in three states _________, ____________& ____________
Particle Motion How is it Does it have a Volume?
Arrangement (Kinetic Energy) bonded? define shape?
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Phase Changes: Changes in states of matter result from changes in energy, specifically “heat
energy.” Consider the weightlifter, to push up the weights & lift them up requires energy… So
to push molecules apart also requires energy. Look at the molecules in the boxes above and
then complete the statements below. If you have to separate molecules write “put in energy,”
if molecules are coming together then write “give off energy.”
1. As you go from solid to liquid, you must ____________________________________.
2. As you go from liquid to solid, you must ____________________________________.
3. As you go from liquid to gas, you must _____________________________________.
4. As you go from gas to liquid, you must _____________________________________.
What are the phase changes called?
Solid Liquid Gas
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10. Unit 1: Energy Earth Science-Ms. Gill Note Packet #2
H. Phase Change Diagram of Water
STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT • Albany, New York 12234 • www.nysed.gov
-Remember, as you change states of
ence Tables for
cm
matter, its all about energy!
1
ting/EARTH is neither Energy
SCIENCE
-The law of conservation of
2
states that energy created
of destroyed it simply changes form.
3
ta Specific Heats of Common Materials
HALF-LIFE-Therefore, going formSPECIFIC HEAT
solid to liquid
4
MATERIAL
(years) (Joules/gram • °C)
you put energy in (ENERGY IS
Liquid water 4.18
5
3
5.7 × 10 ABSORBED) and then when you
Solid water (ice) 2.11
9 reverse the process and go from
Water vapor 2.00
6
1.3 × 10
liquid Dry air to solid, you get the
back 1.01
9
4.5 × 10 energy back! (ENERGY IS RELEASED)
Basalt 0.84 7
10
Granite 0.79
4.9 × 10
8
Iron 0.45
Copper 0.38
9
Lead 0.13
10
Properties of Water
11
Heat energy gained during melting . . . . . . . . . . 334 J/g
Heat energy released during freezing . . . . . . . . 334 J/g
12
Heat energy gained during vaporization . . . . . 2260 J/g
Heat energy released during condensation . . . 2260 J/g
13
Density at 3.98°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 g/mL
14
age Chemical Composition
15
ust, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere
16
CRUST HYDROSPHERE TROPOSPHERE
ss The energy volume
Percent by volume Percent by stored in theby volume
Percent phase
17
94.04 change process is called:
33.0 21.0
0.88 ________________________
18
0.48
0.49
There is NO temperature change
19
1.18
1.11
during a phase change.
20
0.33
1.42
21
78.0
66.0
22
0.07 1.0 1.0 Page:____
23
Eurypterus remipes
24

11. Tropopause
Planetary Wind and Moisture Polar front jet stream
Belts in the Troposphere DRY
Unit 1:drawing on the right shows the Earth Science-Ms. Gill N.E.
The Energy WET 60° N
Notefront
Polar
Packet #2
locations of the belts near the time of an S.W.
equinox. The locations shift somewhat Electromagnetic Energy Notes
I. Winds
DRY 30° N
with the changing latitude of the Sun’s
vertical ray. In the Northern Hemisphere, N.E.
Thethe beltsis always trying to achieve ____________________________.
Earth shift northward in the summer Therefore, energy is
Winds
Subtropical
and southward in the winter. WET 0° jet streams
constantly being re-distributed flowing from ________________ to ______________.
(Not drawn to scale)
S.E.
Winds
The Earth receives energy from two sources: ________________ & ___________________
DRY 30° S
N.W.
Winds
60° S
All matter radiates some __________________________________________________
WET
S.E.
DRY
Polar front jet stream
The sun emits energy in ______ wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. (ESRT pg. 14)
Electromagnetic Spectrum
X rays Microwaves
Gamma rays Ultraviolet Infrared Radio waves
Decreasing wavelength Increasing wavelength
Visible light
Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red (Not drawn to scale)
14 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition
Each type of energy differs in its _________________________. A wavelength is the
distance between two crests of the wave.
Frequency is defined as a number of cycles per unit time.
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12. Unit 1: Energy Earth Science-Ms. Gill Note Packet #2
Electromagnetic Spectrum Notes
The Sun gives off light and heat in the form of
_________________ and __________________ Sun
electromagnetic energy. However, the short
wavelengths (dangerous UV radiation, gamma rays & x-
rays) are mostly absorbed by the ozone so they don’t
reach earth’s surface. The ozone layer is found in the
____________________ layer of the atmosphere.
Visible light passes through earth’s atmosphere with
the greatest intensity. Less than half of the incoming
solar radiation is received by the earth’s surface. The
energy that does get through our atmosphere is
absorbed by earths surface. The earth’s surface in
turn reradiates the energy in the form of heat called Earth
________________ radiation.
J. Interactions between Electromagnetic Energy & the Environment:
1. _______________________UV absorbed by the ozone,
infrared absorbed by carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, and
nitrous oxide. Good absorbers are good re-radiators!
2. _______________________ by clouds, ice, snow and water
3. ____________________ by aerosols, water droplets, ice
crystals, pollutants, dust, pollen
4. _______________________ light is bent as it moves through
varied densities
5. _______________________ when energy passes straight
through a medium
Less than __________________ of the incoming solar radiation is
received by the Earth.
Surface properties of the Earth & Absorption of Energy:
1. Color: Light (white) reflects & dark (black) absorbs
Example: Pavement warms before grassy lawns.
2. Texture: Rough surface absorbs & smooth surface reflects
Example: Snow and Ice reflect Insolation and remain cold.
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13. Unit 1: Energy Earth Science-Ms. Gill Note Packet #2
K. The Green House Affect
What is Global Warming? An ___________ in the Earth’s Average surface air temperature.
You might often hear about the green house affect and its association with Global Warming. In the
atmosphere, CO2, Methane and H2O, (the greenhouse gases) act like the glass in the greenhouse by
trapping heat. These gases very similar manner as the glass sides and roof of a greenhouse keep in
heat. Let’s see how this works…
Short wave radiation like ___________ passes
through the glass of a greenhouse and is
_______________ by the objects inside the
greenhouse.
These objects __________________ the energy
as ____________________, which get reflected
back into the greenhouse and warms the air.
In Earth’s atmosphere, there are many gases that
act like the glass of a greenhouse and ________
long-wave radiation, keeping it in the Earth’s
Atmosphere. Therefore, holding that heat in the
atmosphere and raising the global temperature.
These are known as ______________________.
Earth
They include water vapor, CFCs, Ozone, Methane
Gas and Carbon dioxide.
Without some greenhouse gases, the Earth would be too _____________ for us to survive. But an
overload of greenhouse gases creates a problem as well!
How does too much CO2 contribute to Global warming? _______________________________
What human activities contribute to CO2 production and an increase in the greenhouse effect?
_________________________________________________________________________
If present trends continue possible effects may include:
-Rising sea levels due to melting polar ice caps;
-Increasing frequency and severity of storms and hurricanes;
-More frequent heat waves and droughts; and
-Relocation of major crop growing areas.
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14. Unit 1: Energy Earth Science-Ms. Gill Note Packet #2
L. Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources.
What is an Non-Renewable Resource? An What is a Renewable Resource? An energy
energy resource that is resource that is
__________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________
Examples: Examples:
__________________ __________________
__________________ __________________
__________________ ________________
________________
_______________
To make our non-renewable resources last ________________
longer we can
__________________ A renewable resource produces less
__________________ _________ (substance that can harm living
__________________ things and/or the environment
Only 7% of our energy consumption is
from renewable resources!!! Try to make
little changes in your life to reduce your
dependence on Non-Renewable Resources!
What do you plan to do?
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
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