This document is a note packet for a unit on rocks and minerals provided to students. It covers the three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. For each rock type, it describes their formation processes and provides examples of different rock classifications. Key terms are defined throughout relating to topics like rock textures, cooling rates of magma, and cementation of sediments. Diagrams are referenced to illustrate concepts like rock layers in the Earth's interior and relationships between temperature, pressure, and depth.
Rocks are classified based on how they form. The three main types are igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of molten rock, either below the surface as intrusions or above the surface as extrusions. Texture and mineral composition are used to classify igneous rocks. Slow cooling forms large crystals while fast cooling forms small or no crystals. Sedimentary rocks form from the compaction or cementation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks via heat, pressure, and chemical reactions in the Earth.
The most important properties for identifying a mineral are its physical properties, including:
- Luster
- Hardness
- Cleavage
- Crystal form
- Color
- Streak
- Specific gravity
Cleavage is caused by the internal molecular arrangement of the mineral. The way the molecules are arranged internally determines how and along which planes the mineral will break when under stress.
Igneous rocks form from the solidification and crystallization of molten rock. The texture of an igneous rock depends on the size, shape, and arrangement of its mineral crystals, which is determined by the rock's cooling rate. Extrusive igneous rocks cool and solidify quickly at the Earth's surface, resulting in fine-grained or glassy textures, while intrusive igneous rocks cool slowly beneath the surface, forming coarse-grained textures.
Igneous rocks form when magma cools and solidifies. Intrusive igneous rocks, like granite, form below ground where the magma cools slowly, allowing large crystals to grow. Extrusive igneous rocks, like basalt, form above ground where magma cools rapidly, resulting in small crystals. Experiments cooling magma in different conditions demonstrated how cooling rate affects crystal size in igneous rocks and helped determine where around a volcano certain rocks would have formed.
The document discusses three main types of rocks: igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary. It provides details about the formation of each. Igneous rocks form from cooled magma and their color depends on the cooling rate. Metamorphic rocks form deep underground from the heat and pressure changing one rock into another. Sedimentary rocks like sandstone, limestone, and shale form from compressed sediments and contain visible layers. The document includes examples of each rock type and notes that the author collected mostly metamorphic rocks.
This document provides an overview of the three main rock types - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It describes how igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma or lava. It distinguishes between intrusive igneous rocks which cool slowly underground, and extrusive rocks which cool rapidly above ground. For sedimentary rocks, it outlines the process of weathering, erosion, deposition and lithification. It classifies sedimentary rocks as clastic, chemical or organic based on their formation. Finally, it describes how intense heat and pressure can change other rock types into metamorphic rocks, and how they are classified based on mineral grain patterns.
Earth's internal structure consists of an inner solid core and outer liquid core that creates a magnetosphere. Below the core is the asthenosphere, part of the upper mantle that is molten and allows the lithosphere to slide over the upper mantle where earthquakes and volcanoes occur. The crust consists of oceanic crust, mostly basalt, and continental crust, mostly granite. Rocks form from igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic processes. Igneous rocks form from solidified magma and are categorized as extrusive or intrusive. Sedimentary rocks form from compaction and cementation of sediments like quartz and carbonates. Metamorphic rocks form from heat, pressure, and chemical changes
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic crystalline solids with a definite chemical composition and physical properties. The study of minerals is called mineralogy. Minerals can be identified by their crystal structure, hardness, luster, color, density and other physical properties. The most abundant elements in Earth's crust are oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium. Minerals form through processes such as cooling of magma, evaporation of briny liquids, and precipitation from fluids. Rocks are assemblages of minerals or mineraloids in a solid state and can be igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic.
Rocks are classified based on how they form. The three main types are igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of molten rock, either below the surface as intrusions or above the surface as extrusions. Texture and mineral composition are used to classify igneous rocks. Slow cooling forms large crystals while fast cooling forms small or no crystals. Sedimentary rocks form from the compaction or cementation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks via heat, pressure, and chemical reactions in the Earth.
The most important properties for identifying a mineral are its physical properties, including:
- Luster
- Hardness
- Cleavage
- Crystal form
- Color
- Streak
- Specific gravity
Cleavage is caused by the internal molecular arrangement of the mineral. The way the molecules are arranged internally determines how and along which planes the mineral will break when under stress.
Igneous rocks form from the solidification and crystallization of molten rock. The texture of an igneous rock depends on the size, shape, and arrangement of its mineral crystals, which is determined by the rock's cooling rate. Extrusive igneous rocks cool and solidify quickly at the Earth's surface, resulting in fine-grained or glassy textures, while intrusive igneous rocks cool slowly beneath the surface, forming coarse-grained textures.
Igneous rocks form when magma cools and solidifies. Intrusive igneous rocks, like granite, form below ground where the magma cools slowly, allowing large crystals to grow. Extrusive igneous rocks, like basalt, form above ground where magma cools rapidly, resulting in small crystals. Experiments cooling magma in different conditions demonstrated how cooling rate affects crystal size in igneous rocks and helped determine where around a volcano certain rocks would have formed.
The document discusses three main types of rocks: igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary. It provides details about the formation of each. Igneous rocks form from cooled magma and their color depends on the cooling rate. Metamorphic rocks form deep underground from the heat and pressure changing one rock into another. Sedimentary rocks like sandstone, limestone, and shale form from compressed sediments and contain visible layers. The document includes examples of each rock type and notes that the author collected mostly metamorphic rocks.
This document provides an overview of the three main rock types - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It describes how igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma or lava. It distinguishes between intrusive igneous rocks which cool slowly underground, and extrusive rocks which cool rapidly above ground. For sedimentary rocks, it outlines the process of weathering, erosion, deposition and lithification. It classifies sedimentary rocks as clastic, chemical or organic based on their formation. Finally, it describes how intense heat and pressure can change other rock types into metamorphic rocks, and how they are classified based on mineral grain patterns.
Earth's internal structure consists of an inner solid core and outer liquid core that creates a magnetosphere. Below the core is the asthenosphere, part of the upper mantle that is molten and allows the lithosphere to slide over the upper mantle where earthquakes and volcanoes occur. The crust consists of oceanic crust, mostly basalt, and continental crust, mostly granite. Rocks form from igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic processes. Igneous rocks form from solidified magma and are categorized as extrusive or intrusive. Sedimentary rocks form from compaction and cementation of sediments like quartz and carbonates. Metamorphic rocks form from heat, pressure, and chemical changes
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic crystalline solids with a definite chemical composition and physical properties. The study of minerals is called mineralogy. Minerals can be identified by their crystal structure, hardness, luster, color, density and other physical properties. The most abundant elements in Earth's crust are oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium. Minerals form through processes such as cooling of magma, evaporation of briny liquids, and precipitation from fluids. Rocks are assemblages of minerals or mineraloids in a solid state and can be igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic.
Igneous rocks form through the cooling and crystallization of magma. Their texture and composition depend on the cooling rate and minerals present. Texture can be fine-grained if cooled quickly above ground, or coarse-grained if cooled slowly below ground. Composition ranges from mafic to felsic depending on silica content. Bowen's Reaction Series shows the order minerals crystallize from magma and melt with changing temperatures.
The document describes the three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. It explains that igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma, sedimentary rocks form from the compaction of sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from the alteration of existing rocks due to heat and pressure. The rock cycle is also discussed, which illustrates how rocks continuously form, change, and erode over time. Various sub-types and characteristics of each rock type are provided as examples.
This presentation discusses briefly the differences between foliation and lineation, showing the main types of primary foliation and secondary foliation and how to identify them.
1. Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic crystalline solids with a definite chemical composition.
2. Minerals form repeating patterns within crystals that can be cubic, tetragonal, hexagonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, or triclinic.
3. Physical properties of minerals include color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, and fracture.
The document discusses igneous rocks, which form from the cooling and crystallization of magma. Igneous rocks are classified based on their texture and composition. Texture depends on the cooling rate of magma - slow cooling leads to large crystals while fast cooling leads to small crystals. Composition refers to the minerals present, which can be mafic, felsic, or intermediate. Important igneous rock concepts include Bowen's Reaction Series and the stability of minerals under different environmental conditions.
This document provides an overview of rocks and minerals for educational purposes. It begins by introducing rocks and minerals, explaining that minerals are naturally occurring crystalline solids and rocks are composed of two or more minerals. It then discusses the three classifications of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The document encourages interactive exploration of rocks and minerals through virtual activities like identifying samples in a kitchen and participating in a virtual prospecting tour.
Minerals are solid, natural substances formed from non-living materials and consist of one or more elements. Minerals have properties like streak, hardness, and luster that can help identify them. Rocks are groups of minerals and are classified based on how they are formed - sedimentary rocks form from compressed layers, igneous rocks form from cooled lava, and metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks by heat and pressure.
Geology 3: Notes on mineral composition, structure of crystals, and identifi...Robin Seamon
This document defines several key terms used in geology:
1) Organic materials contain carbon and are related to living organisms, while inorganic materials are related to non-living things. Minerals are naturally formed inorganic solids with a crystalline structure.
2) Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down further, while compounds are substances made of two or more chemically bonded elements like NaCl or H2O. Crystals are solid forms of minerals produced through repeating atomic patterns.
3) The document provides examples of silicate and non-silicate minerals and discusses their composition. It also defines properties of minerals like color, luster, hardness, streak, cleavage, and fluorescence.
Minerals form by natural geological processes and have distinct physical properties that allow them to be identified and classified. They are solid, naturally occurring inorganic substances with a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure (atoms arranged in repeating patterns). Key properties used to identify minerals include their color, hardness, luster, density/specific gravity, streak, breakage patterns, and unique characteristics. Minerals have many important uses from jewelry to industrial applications.
The document summarizes the three main rock types - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks - and their characteristics and formation processes. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, either underground as intrusive rocks like batholiths and dikes or above ground as extrusive rocks like lava flows. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments like sand, silt, and clay. Metamorphic rocks form from existing rocks undergoing changes due to heat and pressure in processes like contact metamorphism or regional metamorphism.
This document provides an overview of mineralogy, including definitions and classifications of minerals. It discusses that minerals are naturally occurring solid substances with definite chemical compositions and atomic structures formed through inorganic processes. Minerals are divided into rock-forming and ore-forming groups. Rock-forming minerals include primary minerals crystallized from magma/lava and secondary minerals formed through primary mineral alteration. Physical properties of minerals like color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, fracture, and form/structure are also outlined. Different mineral groups to be studied in practical sessions are listed. Examples of specific rock-forming and ore minerals are given throughout.
This document provides an overview of rocks and minerals. It explains that rocks are made up of smaller pieces called minerals, which are natural solid materials composed of specific molecules stacked together in an orderly structure. Minerals form in different ways, including through volcanic activity when magma cools, through burial deep underground where pressure causes metamorphism, and through interactions with water. Understanding the composition and structure of minerals provides clues about how rocks form and what geological processes they have undergone.
The document provides information about igneous rocks including:
1) Igneous rocks form from the solidification of magma and their texture and crystal size depends on the cooling rate, with slow cooling forming large crystals and fast cooling forming small crystals.
2) Igneous rocks can be intrusive, forming below the surface, or extrusive, forming on the surface such as lava.
3) Composition of igneous rocks can be felsic, mafic, or intermediate depending on the amounts of silica and iron/magnesium minerals present.
Rocks And Minerals Curriculum Project Ecomp 5022rubine
This presentation introduces rocks and minerals, explaining that minerals are crystalline solids that compose rocks. Rocks consist of two or more minerals and can be classified into three main types - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - based on their formation process. Key properties like shape, texture, and hardness are used to identify different rocks and minerals. An interactive quiz is provided to review these concepts.
Rocks And Minerals Curriculum Project Ecomp 5022rubine
This presentation introduces rocks and minerals, explaining that minerals are crystalline solids that compose rocks. Rocks consist of two or more minerals and can be classified into three main types - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - based on their formation process. Key properties like shape, texture, and hardness are used to identify different rocks and minerals. An interactive quiz is provided to review these concepts.
This document provides a summary of the contents of a lecture on minerals. It discusses the definition of a mineral, classification of minerals into rock-forming and ore-forming groups. It also describes various mineral properties that can be used for identification such as color, streak, hardness, cleavage, luster, and explains systems for classifying minerals based on these properties. Common rock-forming minerals and their characteristics are also outlined.
Igneous rock forms when magma cools and solidifies. There are three ways magma forms: from heated rock, decreased pressure, or changed composition. The cooling rate of magma affects texture, with slow cooling below ground forming coarse-grained intrusive rock and fast cooling at the surface forming fine-grained extrusive rock like lava.
The document discusses key concepts about studying the rock and fossil record to understand Earth's history and the history of life. It explains the principle of superposition, which states that lower rock layers are older than upper layers. Disturbing forces like plate tectonics can change the ordering. Unconformities represent gaps in the geologic record. Fossils provide clues about past environments and climates. Index fossils help date rock layers since they existed for a brief, known period of time.
The document celebrates seasonal traditions, mentioning making panellets for an anniversary festival and enjoying their autumn taste, giving letters to the Three Wise Men for Christmas, and having the log poop out gifts on Christmas.
Igneous rocks form through the cooling and crystallization of magma. Their texture and composition depend on the cooling rate and minerals present. Texture can be fine-grained if cooled quickly above ground, or coarse-grained if cooled slowly below ground. Composition ranges from mafic to felsic depending on silica content. Bowen's Reaction Series shows the order minerals crystallize from magma and melt with changing temperatures.
The document describes the three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. It explains that igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma, sedimentary rocks form from the compaction of sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from the alteration of existing rocks due to heat and pressure. The rock cycle is also discussed, which illustrates how rocks continuously form, change, and erode over time. Various sub-types and characteristics of each rock type are provided as examples.
This presentation discusses briefly the differences between foliation and lineation, showing the main types of primary foliation and secondary foliation and how to identify them.
1. Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic crystalline solids with a definite chemical composition.
2. Minerals form repeating patterns within crystals that can be cubic, tetragonal, hexagonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, or triclinic.
3. Physical properties of minerals include color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, and fracture.
The document discusses igneous rocks, which form from the cooling and crystallization of magma. Igneous rocks are classified based on their texture and composition. Texture depends on the cooling rate of magma - slow cooling leads to large crystals while fast cooling leads to small crystals. Composition refers to the minerals present, which can be mafic, felsic, or intermediate. Important igneous rock concepts include Bowen's Reaction Series and the stability of minerals under different environmental conditions.
This document provides an overview of rocks and minerals for educational purposes. It begins by introducing rocks and minerals, explaining that minerals are naturally occurring crystalline solids and rocks are composed of two or more minerals. It then discusses the three classifications of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The document encourages interactive exploration of rocks and minerals through virtual activities like identifying samples in a kitchen and participating in a virtual prospecting tour.
Minerals are solid, natural substances formed from non-living materials and consist of one or more elements. Minerals have properties like streak, hardness, and luster that can help identify them. Rocks are groups of minerals and are classified based on how they are formed - sedimentary rocks form from compressed layers, igneous rocks form from cooled lava, and metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks by heat and pressure.
Geology 3: Notes on mineral composition, structure of crystals, and identifi...Robin Seamon
This document defines several key terms used in geology:
1) Organic materials contain carbon and are related to living organisms, while inorganic materials are related to non-living things. Minerals are naturally formed inorganic solids with a crystalline structure.
2) Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down further, while compounds are substances made of two or more chemically bonded elements like NaCl or H2O. Crystals are solid forms of minerals produced through repeating atomic patterns.
3) The document provides examples of silicate and non-silicate minerals and discusses their composition. It also defines properties of minerals like color, luster, hardness, streak, cleavage, and fluorescence.
Minerals form by natural geological processes and have distinct physical properties that allow them to be identified and classified. They are solid, naturally occurring inorganic substances with a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure (atoms arranged in repeating patterns). Key properties used to identify minerals include their color, hardness, luster, density/specific gravity, streak, breakage patterns, and unique characteristics. Minerals have many important uses from jewelry to industrial applications.
The document summarizes the three main rock types - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks - and their characteristics and formation processes. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, either underground as intrusive rocks like batholiths and dikes or above ground as extrusive rocks like lava flows. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments like sand, silt, and clay. Metamorphic rocks form from existing rocks undergoing changes due to heat and pressure in processes like contact metamorphism or regional metamorphism.
This document provides an overview of mineralogy, including definitions and classifications of minerals. It discusses that minerals are naturally occurring solid substances with definite chemical compositions and atomic structures formed through inorganic processes. Minerals are divided into rock-forming and ore-forming groups. Rock-forming minerals include primary minerals crystallized from magma/lava and secondary minerals formed through primary mineral alteration. Physical properties of minerals like color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, fracture, and form/structure are also outlined. Different mineral groups to be studied in practical sessions are listed. Examples of specific rock-forming and ore minerals are given throughout.
This document provides an overview of rocks and minerals. It explains that rocks are made up of smaller pieces called minerals, which are natural solid materials composed of specific molecules stacked together in an orderly structure. Minerals form in different ways, including through volcanic activity when magma cools, through burial deep underground where pressure causes metamorphism, and through interactions with water. Understanding the composition and structure of minerals provides clues about how rocks form and what geological processes they have undergone.
The document provides information about igneous rocks including:
1) Igneous rocks form from the solidification of magma and their texture and crystal size depends on the cooling rate, with slow cooling forming large crystals and fast cooling forming small crystals.
2) Igneous rocks can be intrusive, forming below the surface, or extrusive, forming on the surface such as lava.
3) Composition of igneous rocks can be felsic, mafic, or intermediate depending on the amounts of silica and iron/magnesium minerals present.
Rocks And Minerals Curriculum Project Ecomp 5022rubine
This presentation introduces rocks and minerals, explaining that minerals are crystalline solids that compose rocks. Rocks consist of two or more minerals and can be classified into three main types - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - based on their formation process. Key properties like shape, texture, and hardness are used to identify different rocks and minerals. An interactive quiz is provided to review these concepts.
Rocks And Minerals Curriculum Project Ecomp 5022rubine
This presentation introduces rocks and minerals, explaining that minerals are crystalline solids that compose rocks. Rocks consist of two or more minerals and can be classified into three main types - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - based on their formation process. Key properties like shape, texture, and hardness are used to identify different rocks and minerals. An interactive quiz is provided to review these concepts.
This document provides a summary of the contents of a lecture on minerals. It discusses the definition of a mineral, classification of minerals into rock-forming and ore-forming groups. It also describes various mineral properties that can be used for identification such as color, streak, hardness, cleavage, luster, and explains systems for classifying minerals based on these properties. Common rock-forming minerals and their characteristics are also outlined.
Igneous rock forms when magma cools and solidifies. There are three ways magma forms: from heated rock, decreased pressure, or changed composition. The cooling rate of magma affects texture, with slow cooling below ground forming coarse-grained intrusive rock and fast cooling at the surface forming fine-grained extrusive rock like lava.
The document discusses key concepts about studying the rock and fossil record to understand Earth's history and the history of life. It explains the principle of superposition, which states that lower rock layers are older than upper layers. Disturbing forces like plate tectonics can change the ordering. Unconformities represent gaps in the geologic record. Fossils provide clues about past environments and climates. Index fossils help date rock layers since they existed for a brief, known period of time.
The document celebrates seasonal traditions, mentioning making panellets for an anniversary festival and enjoying their autumn taste, giving letters to the Three Wise Men for Christmas, and having the log poop out gifts on Christmas.
The document provides contact information for Avolites in the UK and US, as well as instructions for finding the software version and serial number on the Pearl 2004 console. It notes that the manual may not exactly match the console's operation, as Avolites has a policy of continuous improvement. The manual was written by Tim Mitchell of Sabre Technology Ltd and published in August 2004.
The document introduces the Zend Framework. It discusses that the framework is a collection of PHP classes based on PHP 5 best practices. It aims to simplify common tasks, provide a starting point for applications, and demonstrate PHP 5 best practices. The goals of being an industry-leading framework, requiring few dependencies, and having a minimal object hierarchy are discussed. Reasons for creating another framework include keeping PHP competitive and providing clear licensing. Key aspects of the framework like licensing, installation, MVC pattern, input filtering, mailing, and searching are briefly summarized.
This document discusses the debate around school uniforms that has occurred over the past 20 years in the United States. It outlines the timeline of key events and perspectives from both supporters and opponents of school uniform policies. Supporters argue that uniforms can decrease violence and increase safety, discipline, and academic achievement. However, opponents claim there is little data to support these claims and that uniform policies may infringe on students' freedom of expression. The debate considers research studies that have shown mixed or inconclusive results on the impacts of school uniforms.
This document summarizes different types of vehicles in a junkyard: gas vehicles from 1980-2000s like the Chevrolet Cavalier and Ford Fusion that get about 17 mpg on average; hybrid vehicles like the Ford Fusion and Toyota Prius that get an average of 100 mpg; and vegetable oil vehicles like Mercedes Benz that get about 26.4 mpg. Gas vehicles are widely used because gas has been available longest, while hybrids are increasing in popularity due to better gas mileage and being better for the environment. The document also provides sources for further information.
The document introduces the Zend Framework. It discusses that the framework is a modular collection of PHP classes based on PHP 5 best practices. It strives to provide an industry-leading framework for PHP application development and simplify common tasks. Key features of the framework include an MVC structure, input filtering, mail sending, searching and more. The framework is open source and licensed permissively to allow for any use.
This document discusses 10 attributes that influence the desirability of virtual goods:
1. Performance and functionality relate to how the item enhances gameplay.
2. Visuals, sounds, and background fiction comprise hedonic attributes that appeal to aesthetics and imagination.
3. Provenance, customizability, cultural references, and licenses fall under social attributes that build social meaning and connection.
4. Rarity and price are also important design dimensions for virtual goods. The 10 attributes define a multidimensional design space that game developers can exploit to increase player enjoyment and engagement.
1) The document describes the architecture for a collaborative carpooling system based on credits to motivate user cooperation.
2) The system uses a credits mechanism where users can earn credits for carpooling and spend credits on parking facilities.
3) The proposed application scenario is in Lisbon, Portugal to help address issues of traffic, pollution, and parking in urban areas.
The document discusses a character who is a martial artist seeking to improve their dojo but lacks funds, and contains inspirational quotes about bravery, dedication, family, defense and victory. The character must find a way to earn money to repair their dojo while balancing their responsibilities as a family man with their pursuit of martial arts mastery.
The document outlines 8 types of waste that should be eliminated: motion, waiting, transportation, overprocessing, overproduction, defects, unused inventory, and unused human capacity. It provides examples of each type of waste, such as unnecessary operator movement, idle time waiting for tasks, and long distance transportation that adds no value. The overall message is that these 8 wastes should not be accepted, created, or passed on in order to improve efficiency.
The document discusses the growth of social media engagement in utilities, with customer interactions with utilities via social media expected to grow from 57 million in 2011 to 624 million in 2017. It notes that social media allows utilities to engage large networks through individual interactions. The key benefits of social media for utilities include community engagement during events or crises, and promoting campaigns around energy efficiency, distributed generation, and customer education. Successful social media engagement requires pillars like publishing, governance, workflow control, content planning, moderation, and analytics.
The document discusses programmatic advertising and how marketers can take more ownership and control over their digital advertising strategies and spending. It provides recommendations on how marketers can establish an in-house digital media function, including forming an internal working group, educating themselves on programmatic, measuring all digital activity, consolidating technology, and building strategic media and technology partnerships. A 3-step approach is outlined focusing on immediate actions, near-term actions, and long-term goals around technology, data, partnerships, and measurement.
This document is a note packet about plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes. It contains definitions of key vocabulary terms and explanations of plate tectonic concepts like continental drift, seafloor spreading, and plate boundary types. It also discusses mantle convection cells, hot spots, local evidence of crustal motions, and the two processes that cause earthquakes. The packet provides students with essential information about dynamic earth processes in 3 pages of outlined notes.
This document is a note packet about plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes for an Earth Science class. It includes vocabulary words and information about plate tectonics theory, evidence for seafloor spreading, types of plate boundaries and plate motions, mantle convection cells, and hot spots. The packet contains diagrams and questions to help students understand key concepts about the dynamic nature of the Earth's interior and crust.
The document summarizes key concepts of plate tectonics, including the four main layers of the Earth (crust, mantle, outer core, inner core), the composition and types of crust (continental and oceanic), the structure and layers of the mantle (upper/lower and asthenosphere/mesosphere), the movement and interaction of tectonic plates, evidence that supports continental drift including fossil matches, aligned mountain ranges, and climate clues, and Alfred Wegener's hypothesis of Pangaea that proposed all modern continents were once joined together in a supercontinent.
This document provides information about minerals and how they are identified based on their physical and chemical properties. It discusses that minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with definite compositions and structures. There are over 4,000 known mineral species. Minerals can be identified by testing their hardness, streak, luster, cleavage, crystal formation, specific gravity, and special properties. Hardness is tested using the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, from softest talc to hardest diamond. Together, these tests allow geologists to determine the type of mineral being examined.
The document contains 30 multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank questions about igneous rocks that test knowledge of their formation processes, mineral compositions, textures and classifications. It asks students to identify rock names based on descriptions of mineral percentages and crystal sizes, and explain differences in cooling rates and textures between rock types like rhyolite and granite. Students are also asked to interpret images and diagrams showing examples of igneous rocks and their crystal structures.
The document discusses principles of relative dating techniques and radioactive dating methods used to interpret geologic history. It explains five basic laws of relative dating including the law of superposition and cross-cutting relationships. Radioactive isotopes are used to provide absolute ages by measuring their decay over time. Examples include carbon-14 for dating recent samples under 50,000 years old, and potassium-argon or uranium-lead dating for older samples over 50,000 years. Geologists use these dating methods along with examining fossils and rock formations to construct the geologic time scale.
The document discusses the rock cycle and resource conservation. It explains that the rock cycle involves three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - transforming into each other over time through melting, weathering and erosion, and changes due to heat and pressure. It also notes that while the amount of rock material remains the same, the rocks are constantly changing forms. The document then discusses the issues of growing population and limited fossil fuel resources. It advocates using alternative and renewable energy sources like solar, hydropower, wind and nuclear to be more sustainable and cause less environmental harm than fossil fuels. The 4Rs of reduce, reuse, recycle and reclaim are also presented as ways to conserve resources and
The document discusses the rock cycle and resource conservation. It explains that the rock cycle involves three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - transforming into each other over time through melting, weathering and erosion, and changes due to heat and pressure. It also notes that while the amount of rock material remains the same, the rocks are constantly changing forms. The document then discusses the issues of growing population and limited fossil fuel resources. It advocates using alternative and renewable energy sources like solar, hydropower, wind and nuclear to be more sustainable and cause less environmental harm than fossil fuels. The 4Rs of reduce, reuse, recycle and reclaim are also presented as ways to conserve resources and
The crust is the solid outer layer of the Earth that is broken into pieces called tectonic plates. These plates are constantly moving due to convection currents in the mantle below. This movement results in crustal deformation over time, as evidenced by bent and displaced rock strata and fossils. Precise measurements of benchmarks also show horizontal and vertical displacement of the Earth's surface over decades and centuries. Most crustal activity like earthquakes and volcanoes occurs along plate boundaries, especially around the Pacific Ocean. During an earthquake, underground movement along a fault at the focus causes the ground to shake at the epicenter.
The crust is the solid outer layer of the Earth that is broken into pieces called tectonic plates. These plates are constantly moving due to convection currents in the mantle below. This movement results in crustal deformation over time, as evidenced by bent and displaced rock strata and fossils. Precise measurements of benchmarks also show horizontal and vertical displacement of the Earth's surface over decades and centuries. Most crustal activity like earthquakes and volcanoes occurs along plate boundaries, usually near oceans. During an earthquake, rock strata experience sudden movement at the focus, while the epicenter is the point on the surface directly above.
Weathering is the breaking down of rocks and minerals into smaller pieces through exposure to elements like water, oxygen, and living things. Weathering occurs through physical or chemical processes. Physical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces without changing their chemical makeup, while chemical weathering alters the chemical composition of rocks. Factors like climate, temperature, and surface area affect the rate of weathering. Erosion is the movement and deposition of weathered rock and sediment from one location to another by forces like water, wind, ice, and gravity. Different erosion agents produce characteristic shapes and textures in the sediments they transport.
Soil is formed through the weathering of rock and organic materials. It has distinct layers called horizons that vary in composition. The top layer, the A horizon, contains decayed organic matter and provides nutrients for plant growth. The lower B horizon contains materials leached from the A horizon. The lowest C horizon consists of unconsolidated rock materials. Soil type depends on climate, parent material, rock type, time, and slope, resulting in different soil compositions suited for various environments.
The document provides information about landscape development and different types of landscapes. It discusses how landscapes are shaped by both uplifting and leveling forces acting on the Earth's surface over long periods of time. Landscapes can be classified as mountains, plateaus, plains, and more. Factors like rock type, climate, and human activity all influence how landscapes develop and change over geological time.
The document discusses evidence of crustal movement on Earth including erosion, mountain building, and changes in sedimentary rock layers and positions of benchmarks over time. It also summarizes how earthquakes are caused by movement of tectonic plates or along faults, and how they are measured on different scales based on observed effects and seismic wave readings. Key parts of earthquakes are identified as the focus, epicenter, and different seismic wave types. The layers of Earth's interior are outlined as having an inner core, outer core, Moho discontinuity, mantle, and crust of varying thicknesses and compositions.
Weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces called sediments through mechanical and chemical processes. Mechanical weathering is caused by temperature changes, water, plants and animals, and ice wedging. Chemical weathering occurs more slowly as acid and oxygen react with minerals, breaking them down over thousands of years. The sediments and organic material from weathering form soil layers, with the darker top layer containing more nutrients. Soil type depends on climate, parent material such as rock type, and other factors like time and slope.
The document discusses various processes of deposition. It explains that deposition is the settling out of particles and fragments from a transporting medium such as water or wind. Factors that affect deposition rates include particle size, shape, and density as well as the velocity of the transporting medium. Sorting processes like horizontal and vertical sorting can result in graded bedding. Erosional-depositional systems, like stream or glacial systems, involve the transformation of energy as material is transported, eroded, or deposited. Coastal deposition is influenced by ocean waves and currents.
Weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces called sediments through mechanical and chemical processes. Mechanical weathering is caused by physical forces like plants, animals, ice wedging, and changes in surface area. Chemical weathering occurs through natural acids in water and plant acids that change the mineral composition of rocks over thousands of years. The rate of weathering depends on climate and rock type, with more rapid weathering in wet, tropical climates. Soil forms as weathered rock fragments and organic matter accumulate, and its composition is influenced by climate, vegetation, relief, parent material, and time.
The document provides information about pyramids in Egypt. It begins by establishing that Dr. Daniel Knowles from the Egyptian Museum in Cairo is answering questions about the pyramids. It then answers several questions: the pyramids are approximately 4,600 years old and were built as tombs for Egyptian pharaohs starting around that time. It took between 20 to 30 years to build one pyramid, using thousands of workers without modern machinery. The largest Great Pyramid contains around 2.3 million stone blocks and held a ship for the tomb of Pharaoh Khufu.
The document provides information about Earth's early history and the geological processes used to determine the sequence of events. It discusses how the early Earth had volcanic eruptions that released gases into the atmosphere. Over millions of years, oxygen produced by photosynthesis accumulated in the atmosphere. Scientists use various geological dating methods like examining rock layers, fossils, and radioactive decay to construct a timeline of Earth's history and understand the relative and absolute ages of rocks. The geological time scale divides Earth's history into eons, eras, periods, and epochs.
The document discusses plate tectonics and how the movement of tectonic plates results in geologic processes like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and mountain building at plate boundaries. It describes the three types of plate boundaries where plates converge, diverge, or move past each other, and the associated stress, faulting, and landforms produced at each. The document also provides details on the formation and types of volcanoes, earthquakes, and related geologic hazards.
This document provides instructions for students on the first day of an Earth Science class. It includes directions for students to find and label their seat, make a name tag, and fill out an index card with personal information. The document outlines classroom rules and procedures, such as arriving on time, respecting others, and asking permission to move around the room. It also lists required class supplies, provides an overview of the units that will be covered during the year, and describes homework, lab, quiz, and test grading policies. General lab safety rules are outlined.
This document is an Earth Science syllabus that outlines the course details and expectations for students. The syllabus introduces Ms. Gill as the teacher and describes the course as a challenging but fun Regents-level class. It provides supplies needed, resources available to students, the curriculum topics that will be covered over the year, basic class rules, and the grading policy. It emphasizes the importance of organization, hard work, and asking questions to succeed. Parents are asked to review the syllabus and return the signed bottom portion.
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in science including observation, inference, prediction, classification, measurement, the metric system, rounding, and scientific notation. It discusses observational skills and how scientists make inferences, predictions, and classifications. It also covers measurement units and conversions, rounding procedures, and how to write numbers in scientific notation. The overall document serves as an overview of foundational scientific thinking and processes.
The document provides an introduction and overview for a science class. It includes definitions and examples of key science concepts like observation, inference, prediction, classification, measurement, mass, temperature, states of matter, and scientific notation. The summary also notes vocabulary terms that will be covered. Overall, the document outlines foundational science concepts and vocabulary to prepare students for the upcoming class.
This document is a note packet for a unit on geologic history from an Earth Science class. It includes vocabulary words and concepts related to relative dating techniques, the geologic time scale, fossil records, evolution of life on Earth, and absolute dating using radioactive isotopes. Key events covered are the formation of Earth and development of its atmosphere, variations and evolution of life forms through geologic time as evidenced by fossils, and methods for correlating and dating rock layers both relatively and absolutely.
The document summarizes Earth's geologic history condensed into one calendar year. Key events include:
- By March, oceans formed but no life existed on the barren planet.
- First life emerged in April in the form of single-celled organisms near ocean vents.
- By December, more complex sea creatures evolved and the first plants colonized land despite heavy rains.
- On December 31st, early humans appeared in the last hour of the year along with Neanderthals and cave drawings. Modern civilizations emerged in the final minutes.
The document discusses dynamics of the Earth's crust and evidence of its motion over time. It provides examples of marine fossils found in high elevations as evidence of crustal uplift. Sedimentary layers deposited horizontally also indicate regions were once under water. Earthquakes provide direct evidence of crustal movement through effects like fault lines and changes in land elevation recorded after quakes.
The document discusses dynamics of the Earth including evidence of crustal motions such as uplift and erosion that create mountains and sedimentary layers. It explains how marine fossils found in high elevations provide evidence of crustal movement over time. Earthquakes are described as being caused by the movement of tectonic plates and release of stress that builds in rocks, sending seismic waves that can be used to locate an earthquake's epicenter. The layers of the Earth are also outlined, with the crust varying in thickness and composition in different regions.
The document is a plate tectonics exercise that asks students to calculate how far the Eurasian Plate will move in different time periods based on its rate of movement of 3 cm per year. It asks the direction the plate is moving, and then has the student calculate the distance after 100 years (300 cm), 1,000 years (3,000 cm), 1 million years (3,000,000 cm), and 1 billion years (30,000,000,000 cm).
The document discusses the theory of the ancient supercontinent Pangea, which existed around 250 million years ago. All the continents were joined together in a "C" shape with a central sea called Tethys. Pangea's massive size meant dry inland areas and allowed animals to migrate between poles. The exercise has students cut out continents and try reconstructing Pangea, comparing their results to the provided reconstruction. Additional evidence like matching fossils and rock sequences between continents that were once joined supports the supercontinent theory.
This document provides directions for students to label features on maps and cross-section profiles, including the mid-atlantic ridge, subduction zones, trenches, and areas of youngest, oldest, and continental crust. Students are asked to draw a line indicating sea level and label identifiable geological features.
This document provides instructions for an investigation into Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift and the existence of the supercontinent Pangaea. Students are asked to cut out continents from a page of "continental pieces" and fit them together based on matching boundaries, fossils, and glacial patterns to recreate Pangaea, as Wegener had done using available evidence. They are then to glue the recreated continents and a key to a separate piece of paper and answer questions about which continents fit together best and other evidence that could support the existence of Pangaea.
This document provides instructions for a classroom activity where students will label ocean basin features on three profiles and maps. Students are asked to match maps with profiles, draw a line indicating sea level, and label landforms and ocean zones. They also answer questions about crust types and relative depths. The activity aims to teach students about the structure of ocean basins through hands-on labeling and mapping.
This document contains a worksheet for students to answer questions about tectonic plates based on a map on the back of the sheet. The questions ask students to identify different types of plate boundaries based on line thickness on the map, features characteristic of convergent and divergent boundaries, plates framed by convergent boundaries, specific plate boundaries, and distances between continental plates.
The document is a worksheet containing 11 multiple choice questions about the properties of Earth's interior layers based on a diagram. The questions ask about how temperature and pressure change with depth, the depth of boundaries between layers, observed temperatures, melting points, densities, compositions, and phases of the different layers.
The document summarizes the structure and composition of Earth's interior. It has four main layers from innermost to outermost - the solid inner core made of iron and nickel, the liquid outer core also made of iron and nickel, the solid mantle made of iron, silicon and magnesium minerals, and the rigid outer crust made of lighter rock. Temperature and pressure increase from the crust towards the core. The crust is thinnest under oceans and thickest under mountains.
This document provides information about Earth's spheres and mapping locations on Earth. It discusses the geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. It describes latitude and longitude and how they are used in a coordinate system to locate positions on Earth. It also covers topics like time zones, topographic maps, and drawing contour lines.
Metamorphic rocks are formed from existing rocks through recrystallization caused by heat and pressure, without melting. There are two types of metamorphism: regional metamorphism occurs over large areas with extreme heat and pressure, as in mountain building; contact metamorphism occurs only near intrusions and does not melt the rock. During metamorphism, new mineral crystals form and original structures can be distorted, resulting in foliated rocks like schist. Limestone becomes marble, sandstone becomes quartzite, and shale becomes slate through metamorphism. Fossils are not found in metamorphic rocks as the heat and pressure would destroy them.
The document provides information about sedimentary rocks from a student worksheet, including particle size ranges for different sediments like sand and silt. It also details the minimum water velocities needed to transport different particle sizes, from pebbles to cobbles to boulders. Finally, it identifies the sedimentary rocks that form from the lithification of different sediments, such as silt becoming shale and sand becoming sandstone.
Igneous rocks form from the solidification and crystallization of molten rock. The texture of an igneous rock depends on the size, shape, and arrangement of its mineral crystals, which is determined by the rock's cooling rate. Extrusive igneous rocks cool and solidify quickly at the Earth's surface, resulting in fine-grained or glassy textures, while intrusive igneous rocks cool slowly beneath the surface, forming coarse-grained textures.
1. Unit 4: Rocks & Minerals Earth Science- Ms. Gill Note Packet #5
Unit 4: Rocks & Minerals
Packet 4: Igneous, Metamorphic & Sedimentary
Rocks and Minerals
This sandstone is
so cool, gritty and
aool…
I love sandstone,
Ps. I love rocks!!! …
I’m Lizzy
P.S. I’m Lizzy
Honors Earth Science
Ms. Gill
Note Packet #5
Name:_______________________ Per:____ Date:
________
Page #____
2. Unit 4: Rocks & Minerals Earth Science- Ms. Gill Note Packet #5
Rocks are classified according to the environment in which they _________________
Types of Rocks:
________________________ _________________________ OR ______________________
1. FORMATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS:
A. Igneous rocks form directly from the
______________________________
and ______________________ of
________________ molten rock to
form _________________ rock.
B. ______________________________
_ is the process when a liquid rock cools,
and it changes to a solid made of
_______________________________
You must know how to read this chart on page
6 of your ESRT!
2. CLASSIFICATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS:
2 characteristics that are used to classify igneous rocks
___________________________ 2. _____________________________
Texture of an igneous rock describes the size shape and ____________________
of the mineral crystals it was made from.
The _________ of the crystals depends on the ______________________________.
Slow cooling = ______________________________ (Inside earth, Intrusive)
Fast cooling = ______________________________ ( Lava, Extrusive)
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3. Unit 4: Rocks & Minerals Earth Science- Ms. Gill Note Packet #5
3. EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS:
_____________________ occurs when
molten (liquid) rock flows out of the earth
as
___________ and cools
________________ to form 4. INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS:
fine or no ________________
________________ occurs when molten
To form magma _____________________ rock beneath the surface
must be melted. ________________ and cools
_________________ to form
Minerals melt at different pressures and __________________________
temperatures.
Igneous rocks of different
_____________, can form from the same
body of ________
LAVA = fine grained
5. FELSIC: 6. MAFIC:
Igneous rocks of the continental crust are Igneous rocks of the ocean floor are rich
rich in ____________ density , in ________________ density,
_______________ colored minerals. ________________ colored
( ________________ ) minerals. (______________ )
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4. Unit 4: Rocks & Minerals Earth Science- Ms. Gill Note Packet #5
Continental Crust Oceanic Crust
1. _________________________ 1. ___________________________
2. __________________________ 2. ___________________________
3. _________________________ 3. ___________________________
4. __________________________ 4. ___________________________
5. __________________________ 5. ___________________________
Use this diagram in your ESRT to answer the
following:
What is the temperature for the interface
between the following…
inner core and outer core?
_________________
Outer core and stiffer mantle? __________
Stiffer mantle and athenosphere? ________
Asthenosphere and lithosphere? ______
What is the depth of the interface between the
stiffer mantle and the outer core?
_______________________________
State the relationship between depth and
pressure
:____________________________________
________________________
State the relationship between depth and
temperature:
____________________________________
________________________________
Page #____
5. Unit 4: Rocks & Minerals Earth Science- Ms. Gill Note Packet #5
FORMATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS
A Metamorphic rock is one whose original form has been ________________ by
_____________ and ______________.
This alteration is called ________________________. These changes are NOT
caused by MELTING. If the rock melted and cooled it would be an IGNEOUS ROCK.
Changes are caused by ______________________.
May include the creation and growth of __________________________.
Rocks which are intensely __________________can also become
______________________ rock, making it more DENSE and RESISTANT. The
growth of new minerals may cause the rock to appear ___________________ or
_______________ (stripes of light and dark minerals). It can also
_________________ (bend) or __________________ original structure.
There are two types of Metamorphism: a. ____________________
____________________
Contact Metamorphic: Is the zone of
Regional Metamorphism: Occurs over contact where an igneous intrusion meets
large areas with extreme pressures the existing rock but does not melt it.
and temperatures. The extreme heat Contact metamorphism occurs only at the
and pressure is what builds place where the magma
_____________________. ________________________ rock and
transfers heat via conduction.
Page #____
6. Unit 4: Rocks & Minerals Earth Science- Ms. Gill Note Packet #5
Any kind of rock: IGNEOUS, SEDIMENTARY, and METAMORPHIC can undergo
__________________________ to form metamorphic rock.
____________________ Rock: Is rock from which metamorphic rock is formed.
LIMESTONE metamorphoses to become ____________________.
SANDSTONE metamorphoses to become ____________________.
SHALE metamorphoses to become _________________.
We will NOT find fossils in Metamorphic rock because __________________
___________________________________________________________.
Page #____
7. Unit 4: Rocks & Minerals Earth Science- Ms. Gill Note Packet #5
FORMATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Sedimentary rocks originate from: _______________________
Sedimentary rock forms a thin ____________on top of existing rock.
1. Clastic:_________________________________________________________
2. Bioclastic: _________________________________________________________
3. Crystalline: _______________________________________________________
1. Clastic Sedimentary Rock: contain layers of _________________________
formed from the breakdown of other rocks. ( )
Characteristics of Clastic Sedimentary Rock ( ____________________ )
A. Varied particle size
B. Horizontal layers
C. Formed in water
Sedimentary rocks are UNLIKE loose sediments because sediments have been
___________________________ and __________________________ together.
Two examples of natural cement are: _________________ &
__________________
Classification of Sedimentary rocks is based on
______________________________or ____________________________.
Page #____
8. Unit 4: Rocks & Minerals Earth Science- Ms. Gill Note Packet #5
2. Bioclastic Sedimentary Rock: are formed by the
____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
* Limestone is the accumulation of _______________ and __________________
* Coal is the remains of _____________ that accumulate in layers and become buried and
compressed for millions of years!!
3. Crystalline Sedimentary Rocks:
Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed from minerals that were _________________
in water. Minerals that were once dissolved are called
__________________________ and ___________________________
Crystalline sedimentary rocks are made of only one _____________________ and are
called ___________________________________
Examples include: ______________________ and ______________________
A fossil is evidence that a rock is ________________________________________.
Fossils are rare in ____________________ and ________________________ rocks.
Page #____
9. Unit 4: Rocks & Minerals Earth Science- Ms. Gill Note Packet #5
Use your Reference Table to answer the following questions:
1. Name 2 clastic sedimentary rocks: ________________ and __________________
2. Name 2 crystalline sedimentary rocks: ___________________________________
3. Name 2 bioclastic rocks: _____________________________________________
4. What mineral is limestone made from? ___________________________________
5. What mineral is coal made from? _______________________________________
6. What mineral is rock salt made from? ___________________________________
7. Another word for clastic is ___________________________ (see reference table)
8. Which clastic rock is made from clay sized particles? ________________________
9. Which clastic rock is made from many different particle sizes? _________________
10. Which bioclastic rock is made from carbon? ______________________________
11. Which rocks were formed from minerals, which were once dissolved in water?
________________________________________________________________
Page #____
10. Unit 4: Rocks & Minerals Earth Science- Ms. Gill Note Packet #5
MINERALS
1. Lithosphere is composed of _____________________________
2. Rocks are composed of _________________________________
3. Minerals are composed of _______________________________
The most abundant elements are _____________________ & ___________________
Minerals containing these elements are known as _______________________________
Minerals are
♦ ________________________________
♦ ________________________________
♦ ________________________________
♦ ________________________________
Review Questions: Use the back page of your reference
tables
1. What properties are most important in identifying a
mineral?
2. What property causes a mineral to break in a particular
pattern?
3. Which mineral would best be used in the manufacture of
glass, jewelry and electronics?
4. Which mineral would best be used in the manufacture of
cement and polarizing prisms?
5. Which mineral would best be used as a food additive and
to melt ice?
6. Describe 3 tests you can use to distinguish colorless
halite from colorless calcite:
(use your reference table)
Page #____
11. Unit 4: Rocks & Minerals Earth Science- Ms. Gill Note Packet #5
MINERAL CHARACTERISTICS:
LUSTER:
Appearance of ___________________ reflected from a minerals surface
♦ Metallic: “shiny like a coin”
♦ Non-metallic (glassy, waxy, greasy, pearly, earthy, dull)
HARDNESS:
Resistance to being ______________________
Moh’s scale of hardness:
The scale is from _________ to __________ ( _________________ is the hardest mineral)
Larger values will scratch mineral of lower or equal value!
Hardness is due to the ______________________________________________________
CLEAVAGE:
Some minerals tend to break along one or more smooth surfaces.
Cleavage is also due to ______________________________________________________
FRACTURE:
When a mineral has no well defined cleavage plane.
Breaks in ____________________ jagged surfaces.
COLOR:
May be used to identify ____________________ minerals.
Many minerals have the ____________________ color.
Some minerals come in ____________________ colors.
STREAK:
Color of the _____________________ of a mineral when crushed or scratched across a
porcelain streak plate.
CRYSTAL:
The appearance that results from the internal atomic ____________________________.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY:
Equal to it’s _________________________
SPECIAL PROPERTIES:
* _____________________________ *_____________________________
* _____________________________ * ____________________________
* _____________________________ * ____________________________
A mineral containing _______________ will “fizz” when in contact with ____________
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