This is on a grammar topic gerunds and infinitives, grammar rules and example of sentences given for better understanding and usage

2.  由 VERB + ING 組成的，例如:
READING、FISHING 、SWIMMING…
 GERUNDS = 把動詞 當 名詞來用
 從一個VERB 一個NOUN
 所以也称为 動名詞
 翻譯Gerunds的時候，大部分可以被翻譯成 “這件事”

3.  GERUNDS 都是 不可數名詞 (UNCOUNTABLE
NOUNS)，所以是單數 (SINGULAR)
 Eg:
◦ Reading is my hobby.
◦ Taking care of children is parents’ duty.
◦ Washing dishes is children’s job.
◦ Playing games has many problems

4. (a) 作為句子中的主語 (Subject)
 Smiling makes everyone feel happy and
relaxing.
 Planting trees is one of the most important
projects to save our planet.
 Giving is receiving. Therefore, we should be
generous instead of being selfish.

5. (b) 作為句子中的賓語 (Object)
 James starts working from 8 AM to 6PM
every day.
 She stops seeing her husband after she
discovered her husband cheated on her.
 She is enjoying having holidays with her
colleagues this summer in Hawaii.

6. (c) 在介係詞(Preposition)的後面
 Fred spends money on servicing his Ferrari.
 I will call you after arriving at the office.
◦ after arriving = (prep.) + gerund (n.)
◦ I will call you after I arrive at the office.
◦ after I arrive at the office = (conj.) + clause

7.  I am looking forward to meeting you.
◦ am looking forward (動詞) + to (prep.)
◦ am looking forward (正在期待)
 Tara always dreams about going on holiday.

8. (d) 在Possessive Adjective 的後面
 Possessive Adjective (形容詞所有格)
 Possess = 擁有
我的 I -> my
你的 you -> your
我們的 we -> our
他們的 they -> their
他的 he -> his
她的 she -> her
它的 it -> its
*區分: my 和 mine
Possessive
Adjective

9. Possessive Pronouns = 代名詞所有格
我的 I -> mine
你的 you -> yours
我們的 we -> ours
他們的 they -> theirs
他的 he -> his
她的 she -> hers
它的 it -> -
This car is my car.
This car is mine.
car = 名詞(n.)
Possessive
Pronouns

10. 繼續…(d) 在Possessive Adjective 的後面
 I enjoyed their singing.
◦ THEY WERE SINGING. 我享受他們的歌聲
 I understood the reasons of her saying no to
the offer.
◦ SHE SAID NO. 我能理解她對那開出的條件說不的原因
 I can’t imagine his meeting a car accident.

11. (e) 在Possessive Nouns 的後面
 Sam resented Debbie's coming late to the
dinner.
◦ DEBBIE CAME LATE TO THE DINNER.
 We are discussing Klang's being polluted.
◦ KLANG’S ENVIRONMENT IS POLLUTED.
 Discuss 不可以加 about, 因為:
discuss = talk about

12. (f) 在Go 的後面
 I go swimming every weekend.
 Would you ever go skydiving?
 I go shopping with my mother.
 I go to shop with my mother.
 Go 的用法有兩種選擇
 Go + gerund
 Go + to infinitive
 I go to shopping with my mother.
◦ (wrong sentence)

13. (g) 在Have/ Spend/Waste + time/fun/problem 的後面
 He had some problems reading without his
glasses.
 She had a difficult time hiking up the mountain.
 They had fun skiing.
 He always spends his time working out at the gym.
 She always wastes her time playing video games.

14. (h) Gerunds 當成 被動式 (Passive Voice)
 通常都是用: need/require + gerunds = 被動
 正常的Passive Voice = _______ + _______?
 be + (pp.)
 These cars need to be fixed.
 These cars need fixing.
 He is really dirty and needs to be cleaned.
 He is really dirty and he needs cleaning.
 This letter requires to be signed.
 This letter requires signing.

15. (i) Gerunds 當成輔助片語 (Subordinating Phrase)
Formula: Verbs + 地點 + Gerunds
 Sarah sat at her desk waiting for Tom.
 Melisa lay in the bed thinking about her
future.
 I stand in the corner watching you kiss her.
 該動詞一般上是: [sit, lie, stand]

16. (j) 特殊用法: To + Gerunds
一般上, TO 的後面我們99.99% + VO, 但是剩下的
0.01%就是以下的這些字。
 I am used to driving on the left.
 I used to drive on the left.
 Be used to = 習慣
 Used to = 曾經

17.  Adjust to 適應；習慣
 Acculturate to適應；習慣(新文化)
 Be accustomed to 感到適應；習慣
 Be addicted to 上癮
 Be committed to 承諾過的
 Be opposed to 反對；不贊成
 Be used to/ Get used to 熟悉的；習慣的
 Confess to 承認；招認
 Devote to/ Be devoted to 忠誠的；忠實的
 Dedicate to 盡心盡力的；盡職盡責的
 In addition to 除此之外
 Look forward to 期盼；盼望
 Object to 反對；有異議

18. admit can't bear delay escape
appreciate can't see deny excuse
avoid carry on dislike finish
advise continue despise forget
allow consider discuss face
anticipate cease don't mind feel
begin complete dread forgive
can't help defend encourage give up
can't stand defer endure hate
can't understand detest enjoy imagine

19. involve permit remember tolerate
keep prefer require try
leave off postpone resist understand
like practise recommend
love put off report
mention propose resent
miss quit risk
mind recall start
need recollect stop
neglect regret suggest

21.  Infinitives are the "to" form of the verb or the
root word.
 I want to learn.
I can help.
 可分為:
a) Bare Infinitives
b) To Infinitives

22. (I) Verb-to-do
 I don’t live in Klang.
◦ The word “live” in this sentence is a bare
infinitive.
◦ All the words that followed by verb-to-do is
a bare infinitive .
◦ Eg:
(a) I don’t love to stay at home.
(b) She doesn’t want to eat with her friends.

23. (II) Modal Verbs
 I will stay in KL tonight.
◦ The word “stay” in this sentence is actually a
bare infinitive.
◦ All the words that followed by a modal verb
is a bare infinitive.
◦ Eg:
(a) I can’t go anywhere without my father’s
permission.
(b) She should study hard in her exam.

24. (a) SUBJECT OF SENTENCE 當句子的主語
Examples:
 To learn the etiquettes during an interview is
important.
 etiquettes (禮節)
 To be a doctor is my dream.

25. (b) OBJECT OF SENTENCE 當句子的賓語
 He wants to learn.
 Maria loves to sing.
 I can’t afford to buy that car.

26. (c) After a (n.) or (pron.) 在名詞或代名詞後面
 He wants James to finish his work.
 Maria advises her friend to see a doctor.
 James’ father forces him to stay at home.

27. (d) 作為 為了 In order to…
 I came here to study.
I came here in order to study.
 I went to the store to buy some bread.
I went to the store in order to buy some
bread.
 I went to the store for some bread.

28. (e) 某些 Adj. + To Infinitives
glad sorry* ready careful
happy sad* prepared hesitant
pleased upset* anxious reluctant
delighted disappointed* eager afraid
content surprised* willing likely
relieved amazed* motivated unlikely
lucky astonished* determined certain
fortunate shocked* embarrassed
stunned* proud
ashamed

29. Examples:
 We were sorry to hear the bad news.
 I was surprised to see Tim at the
meeting.
 有*的字眼通常後面 +
see, learn, discover, find out, hear

30. (f) Too… to… 的用法
 That box is too heavy for Bob to lift.
 That ring is too expensive for me to buy.
 I’m too tired to go to the meeting.

31. (g) Enough + to infinitives
 I am strong enough to handle this alone.
 I have enough strength to handle this
alone.

32. (h) 感官動詞的用法
常用的感官動詞
 See
 Notice
 Look at
 Observe
 Hear
 Find
 Feel
 Smell

33. Examples
 I saw my friend run down the street.
 I saw my friend running down the street.
 When I walked into the apartment, I heard my
roommate singing in the shower.
 I heard a famous opera star sing at the
concert.

34. (i) Let 和 Help + Bare Infinitives
 My father lets me drive his car.
 I let my friend borrow my bicycle.
 Let’s go for a movie.
 My brother helped me wash my car.
 She helps him finish his work.

35. (j) Make + Bare Infinitives/ Adj.
 Every time when I am sad, James will always
make me laugh.
 Every time when she was sad, her father
always made her smile again. / made her
happy.
 smile = vo. (infinitives)
 happy = adj.

36. (k) Have(使)+ Bare Infinitives
 She has my brother cook her a bowl of soup
noodle.
 I had the plumber repair the leak.
 Jane had the waiter bring her some tea.
 被動語態
 I have my watch repaired. (by someone)
 She had her hair cut. (by someone)

37. (l) Get(使) + To Infinitives
 The students got the teacher to dismiss class
early.
 Jack got his friends to play soccer with him
after school.
 He is able to get everyone to listen to him.
 被動語態
 I got my watch repaired (by someone)

38. afford claim happen neglect
agree continue hate offer
appear decide hesitate plan
arrange demand hope prepare
ask deserve intend pretend
begin dread learn promise
beg expect like propose
care fail love refuse
consent forget manage regret
choose get need remember

39. seem want force keep
start wish hire can’t bear
struggle would like instruct can’t stand
swear yearn invite mean
talk cause order allow
tend challenge persuade permit
threaten convince teach require
try dare tell
vow encourage warn
volunteer forbid stop

40. (a) 改變動作的執行者
 Advise
 Allow
 Encourage
 Permit
 Require

41. Advise
 I advised taking the train.
 I advised him to take the train.
Allow
 Ireland doesn’t allow smoking in bars.
 Ireland doesn’t allow people to smoke in
bars.

42. (b) 意思有差別的用法
 Dread
 Forget
 Keep
 Need
 Regret
 Stop
 Try

43. Dread 害怕
 She dreaded taking the test.
 Although I was absolutely dreading telling
Dad, he was actually very understanding when
I told him
 She dreaded to think of the result of the test.
(不敢想, 也表示: she didn’t want to think)
 I dread to think what would happen if he
was left to cope on his own.
 通常: dread 要加 infinitives, 都會和think /
consider 結合

44. Forget
 She forgot reading the book when she was a
kid.
忘記了做過XX事情
= 忘記了讀過那本書這件事情
 She forgot to pay the rent this month.
忘記了要去做XX事情
= 忘記了要去付錢

45. Keep
 She kept talking.
 kept = “繼續” 的意思
 The attackers kept the hostages to prevent the
police from entering.
 kept = “收藏” 的意思

46. Regret
 I regretted not studying hard when I was
young.
後悔這件事情
 We regret to inform you that you are fired.
很遺憾地告訴你
 通常regret + to + tell/ say/ inform

47. Remember
 I remember attending the meeting.
記得做過XX事情
 He remembered to turn off the lights
before he left.
記得要去做XX事情

48. Stop
 He stopped smoking for health reasons.
停止XX事情
 He stopped to rest for a few minutes.
停下來 為了 (In order to) 去做 XX 事情

49. Try
 She can’t find a job. She tried looking in
the newspaper.
Try = 嘗試/試驗
 She tried to climb the tree, but she
couldn’t even get off the ground.
Try = 努力