The document discusses techniques for paraphrasing text, including changing clauses to phrases, quoted to indirect speech, active to passive voice, synonyms, and word forms. It provides examples of each technique and recommends combining multiple techniques for effective paraphrasing.

1. PARAPHRASING
Techniques
Tactics to rewrite something
in a different way

2. Paraphrasing
 To paraphrase is to say the same thing in
another way, using your own words.
 We can successfully paraphrase by using
a combination of techniques.

3. Paraphrasing
Techniques
ν Change from a Clause to a Phrase (or
vice versa)
ν Change from Quoted Speech to
Indirect Speech (or vice versa)
ν Change from Active Voice to Passive
Voice (or vice versa)
ν Change to Synonyms
ν Change Word Forms

4. Phrase –Clause - Sentence
 Phrase is a combination of words. It has some
meaning. However, it does not have subject or
verb!
 Clause is also a combination of some words but
it has a subject and verb. It has full meaning.
However both phrase & clause are the parts of
sentence!
 Sentence has predicate. It may have phrases &
clauses. It is the unit of thought.

5. Phrase –Clause - Sentence
 Subhash expects a PRIZE. (word)
 Subhash expects TO GET A PRIZE. (phrase)
 Subhash expects THAT HE WILL GET A
PRIZE. (clause)
 SUBHASH EXPECTS THAT HE WILL GET
A PRIZE. (sentence)

6. Noun Phrases examples
 She wants to participate in Chess.
 Her getting success is not a surprise to
us.

7. Adjective Phrases
 She is an honest girl.(adjective)
 She is a girl having an honest character.(Adj.
phrase)
 BUT
 She is a girl who has an honest character.
(Adj. clause)

8. Adverb Phrases
 This horse runs swiftly.(adverb)
 This horse runs in a swift manner.
(adverb phrase)

9. Clauses
 Clause is also a combination of some words but
it has a subject and verb. It has meaning. It is a
part of sentence.
 Thermo-dynamics is a subject,
which is interesting but difficult to
understand!

10. Noun Clauses
 What you said is correct. (S of V)
 I know that you cleared all your backlogs.
(O of V)
 She differs from what you say. (O of Prep.)

11. Noun Clauses
 The fact is that he is unable to work.
(Complement of verb)
 The reason that his parents were unwilling is
doubtful. (Apposition to a noun)
 It is certain that Tony will come tomorrow.
(Antecedent of a pronoun)

12. Adjective Clauses
 That is the book which I lost in the compound.
 This is the house that my grand father built.
 He is the man who is both clever and industrious.

13. Adverb Clauses
 When the bell rings, the lesson begins (Adv of T)
(when, after, before, since, whenever, till, as long
as, as soon as, no sooner ….)
 They went where they could get money.
(Adv of P) [starts with where, wherever, whence, …)
 She works hard that he may get good marks.
(Adv. of Purpose) (starts with that, lest …)

14. Adverb Clauses
 She failed because she did not study well.
( of Reason)
 (starts with because, as, since, that...)
 You may go if you wish.(of Condition)
 (starts with if, whether, unless)
 He was so tired that he could not complete it.
(of Result/Effect/Consequence)
 (starts with that. But so/such will be in the clause)

15. Adverb Clauses
 Gold is costlier than silver.
(of Degree of comparison)
 (starts with than)
 Even if it rains, I shall start.(of supposition)
 (starts with even if)
 Though he is poor, he is honest.(of concession)
 (starts with though, although…)

16. Adverb Clauses
 Do as I tell you. (of manner)
 (generally starts with as )

17. Parenthetical Clause
 I lost my purse, I don’t know how, just when I was
getting into the train and felt a lot of
inconvenience in my journey.
 The Chameleon –strange it may appear-- changes
its colour very often and eats the air for its food.
 The Chameleon (strange it may appear) changes its
colour very often and eats the air for its food.

18. Change from a Clause to a Phrase
 After he studied, John took a nap.
 After studying, John took a nap.
♦The house across the street is new.
♦The house that is across the street is new.

19. Change from Quoted Speech to
Indirect Speech
 Mr. Lee said, “I am ready for lunch.”
 Mr. Lee said he was ready for lunch.
“I am ready
for lunch.”

20. Change from Active Voice to
Passive Voice
 A hotel employee will carry your bags.
 Your bags will be carried by a hotel
employee.

21. ……and replace words with
synonyms.
 A hotel employee will carry your bags.
 Your bags will be carried by a hotel
employee.
♦Your luggage will be picked up by a bell boy.

22. Change Word Forms
 Use an adverb instead of an adjective
 Use a verb to replace a noun.
 GROG is an accurate typist.
 GROG types accurately.

23. Change to Synonyms
 Replace the original words with words
that mean the same.
The stallion was content with the mare.
The stallion was happy with the mare.

24. When You can’t find a Synonym
 Replace the original word with a definition.
 The stallion was content with the mare.
 The male horse was happy with the female
horse.

25. Combine Techniques
Change to a phrase & add synonyms or
definitions
 After he ate lunch, Mike took a nap.
 After eating lunch, Mike slept a little.

26. Combine Techniques
Change to a phrase & add synonyms or
definitions
 The house that is across the street is old.
 The house across the street is old.
 The house on the other side of the street is old.
 The dwelling on the other side of the road is
ancient.

27. Interpret Meaning…….Identify the underlying
meaning of a statement.
The wolf said, “I am ready for lunch.”
The sheep looked very worried.
The wolf complained about being hungry
which made the sheep extremely anxious.
I am ready
for Lunch

28. Change transitions
 Although it was raining, Bob walked to work.
 It was raining, but Bob walked to work.
 It was raining; however, Bob walked to work.

29. …… and change word forms
 Although it was raining, Bob walked to work.
 It was raining, but Bob walked to work.
 It was raining; however, Bob walked to work.
♦Despite the rain, Bob went to work on foot.

30. Your Turn
Paraphrase the following:
• Today, people are worried about internet security.
• Advocates of internet tracking believe that it helps
marketers to understand what people want.
• People who oppose internet tracking believe that it is
an invasion of privacy.
• This information age will cause more and more
people to become concerned with the level of
personal detail that can be found from the internet.