Unidad 2 ¡Bienvenidos!

UNIDAD 2
¡Bienvenidos!
Spanish 8th

Nouns
 A Noun is a word used to identify,
people, animals, places, things or
ideas.
 In Spanish nouns have gender. They
are either masculine or feminine.

© by Vista Higher Learning, Inc. All rights
reserved.
1.1-3

reserved.
1.1-4

 Generally, nouns that refer to
males, like el hombre, are
masculine, while nouns that refer
to females, like
la mujer, are feminine.
reserved.
1.1-5

Masculine Nouns
 Most nouns ending on –o are masculine:
 The masculine singular noun takes the definite
article el
el chico el amigo elniño
el baño el teléfono el libro
 Some masculine nouns end in –a or ma
el día el mapa el idioma
el drama el clima el
problema

 Many nouns that refer to male beings
end in –o or –or.
 Their corresponding feminine forms
end in –a and –ora, respectively.
reserved.
1.1-7

 The masculine and feminine forms of
nouns that end in –ista, like turista, are
the same, so gender is indicated by the
article el (masculine) or la (feminine). Some
other nouns have identical masculine and
feminine forms.
reserved.
1.1-8

Feminine Nouns
 Most nouns ending in –a are feminine and
used the singular definite article la.
la amiga la casa la niña la
comida
exceptions: el día, el papá,and words of Greek
origen in –ma: el problema – el programa
 Words ending in –ción & -sión are feminine
 Words ending in –dad or –tad are feminine
la conversación la televisión la ciudad la

 Another reason to memorize the gender of
every noun is that there are common
exceptions to the rules of gender. For
example
 el mapa (map) and el día (day) end in –a,
but are masculine.
 La mano (hand) ends in –o, but is
feminine.
reserved.
1.1-10

Los Cognados, or cognates, are words that
are similar in form and meaning to their English
Equivalents.
 EXACT COGNATES:
actor doctor piano
central hotel radio
color idea terrible
chocolate motor viola
Los Cognados

Los Cognados
 DIRECT COGNATES:
-ción -tion
pronunciación pronuntiation
combinación combination

Los Cognados
 DIRECT COGNATES:
-dad -ty
sociedad society
electricidad electricity
-ia, -ía, or -io -y
familia family
vocabulario vocabulary

Spanish articles
 As you know, English often uses
definite articles (the) and indefinite articles
(a, an) before nouns.
 Spanish also has definite and indefinite
articles. Unlike English, Spanish articles
vary in form because they agree in gender
and number with the nouns they modify.
reserved.
1.1-14

Definite & Indefinite Articles
 DEFINITE Articles are used to refer to the
person, place or thing:
el hermano los hermanos
la hermana las hermanas
 INDEFINITE Articles are used to refer to a
person or some person, place, or thing.
un hermano unos hermanos
una hermana unas hermanas
Articles

Definite articles
 Spanish has four forms that are equivalent
to the English definite article the. Use
definite articles to refer to specific nouns.
reserved.
1.1-16

Indefinite articles
 Spanish has four forms that are equivalent to the English
indefinite article, which according to context may mean a,
an, or some. Use indefinite articles to refer to unspecified
persons or things.
reserved.
1.1-17

© by Vista Higher Learning, Inc.
All rights reserved.
1.1-18
Provide a definite article for each noun in the first column
and an indefinite article for each noun in the second
column.
1. _____ chica
2. _____ chico
3. _____ maleta
4. _____ cuadernos
5. _____ lápiz
6. _____ mujeres
1. _____ autobús
2. _____ escuelas
3. _____ computadora
4. _____ hombres
5. _____ señora
6. _____ lápices
¿un, una, unos o unas?¿el, la, los o las?
la un

Plural of nouns
 To form the plural add –s to nouns that end in a
vowel. For nouns that end in a consonant add –es.
For nouns that end in z change the z to c, then add
–es.
reserved.
1.1-19

 In general, when a singular noun has
an accent mark on the last syllable, the
accent is dropped from the plural form.
reserved.
1.1-20

 Use the masculine plural form to refer
to a group that includes both males
and females.
reserved.
1.1-21

Plural & Singular Nouns
 Words ending in vowel, add s
abuelos
 Words ending in consonant, add es
meses
 Words ending in z change z to c and
add es
lápiz = lapices feliz = felices

 The number uno (one) and numbers
ending in –uno, such as veintiuno, have
more than one form. Before masculine
nouns, uno shortens to un. Before
feminine nouns, uno changes to una.
reserved.
1.2-24

 ¡Atención! The forms uno and veintiuno
are used when counting (uno, dos, tres...
veinte, veintiuno, veintidós...). They are
also used when the number follows a
noun, even if the noun is feminine: la
lección uno.
reserved.
1.2-25

 To ask how many people or things
there are, use cuántos before
masculine nouns and cuántas before
feminine nouns.
 ¿Cuántas chicas hay?
 ¿Cuántos chicos hay?
reserved.
1.2-26

 The Spanish equivalent of both there is
and there are is hay. Use ¿Hay...? to ask
 Is there...? or Are there...? Use no hay to
express there is not or there are not.

Provide the Spanish words for these numbers.
1. 7 _____
2. 16
_____
3. 29
_____
4. 1 _____
5. 0 _____
6. 15
_____
7. 21
_____
8. 9 _____
9. 23
_____
10.11
_____
11.30
_____
12.4 _____
13.12
_____
14.28
_____
15.14
_____
16.10
_____

Subject pronouns
A pronoun is a word that takes
the place of a noun.

What is a pronoun?
 It’s a word used instead of a noun (or a phrase
containing a noun)
Example: `He', `it', `who', and `anything' are
pronouns.
 When the pronoun is the subject (the person
doing the action) of the sentence, it is called a
Subject Pronoun.
Example: Bob is swimming. He is swimming.

What are the English subject pronouns?
Singular Plural
1st person I We
2nd
person
You
3rd person
He, She,
It
They

English subject pronouns and their
Spanish equivalents
Singular Plural
1st
person
I Yo
We Nosotros (m)
Nosotras (f)
2nd
person
You (familiar) Tú
You (all) (in Spain)
Vosotros (m)
Vosotras (f)
3rd
person
He Él
She Ella
You (formal) Usted
(Ud.)
They (m) Ellos
They (f) Ellas
You (all) Ustedes
(Uds.)

1.3-33

1.3-34
 Spanish has two subject pronouns that mean
you (singular). Use tú when addressing a
friend, a family member, or a child. Use usted
to address a person with whom you have a
formal or more distant relationship, such as a
superior at work, a professor, or a person
older than you.

1.3-35
 The masculine plural forms nosotros, vosotros,
and ellos refer to a group of males or to a group of
males and females. The feminine plural forms
nosotras, vosotras, and ellas can refer only to
groups made up exclusively of females.

1.3-36
 There is no Spanish equivalent of the
English subject pronoun it. Generally it
is not expressed in Spanish.

El verbo ser – to be
to be (infinitive form of verb)
Unconjugated Verb in Spanish ser
Singular Plural
Yo
soy
Nosotros/as
somos
Tú
eres
Vosotros/as
sois
Usted/Él/Ella es Ustedes/Ellos(as)

Use of ser (to be)
 To express a characteristic, description, or
identification
El pastel es bueno el estudiante es inteligente
• To express occupation or nationality
Julio es español Martin es doctor
• To express time and dates
Son las ocho Hoy es el 15 de
septiembre
• With de,to express origen, possesion, or material

1.3-39
Uses of ser
 Use ser to identify people and things.

1.3-40
 Ser also expresses possession, with
the preposition de. There is no Spanish
equivalent of the English construction
[noun] + ’s (Maru’s). In its place,
Spanish uses [noun] + de + [owner].

1.3-41
 When de is followed by the article el,
the two combine to form the contraction
del. De does not contract with la, las,
or los.

1.3-42
 Ser also uses the preposition de to
express origin.

1.3-43
 Use ser to express profession or
occupation.

1.3-44
 Unlike English, Spanish does not use
the indefinite article (un, una) after ser
when referring to professions, unless
accompanied by an adjective or other
description.

1.3-45

1.3-46
Provide the correct subject pronouns and the
present forms of ser. The first item has been done
for you.
1. Gabriel _____ _____
2. Juan y yo _____ _____
3. Óscar y Flora _____ _____
4. Adriana _____ _____
5. las turistas _____ _____
6. el chico _____ _____
7. los conductores _____ _____
8. los señores Ruiz _____ _____
él es

1.4-47
 To ask what time it is, use ¿Qué hora
es? When telling time, use es + la with
una and son + las with all other hours.

1.4-48
 As in English, you express time from
the hour to the half-hour in Spanish by
adding minutes.

1.4-49
 You may use either y cuarto or y quince to express
fifteen minutes or quarter past the hour. For thirty
minutes or half past the hour, you may use either
y media or y treinta.

1.4-50
 You express time from the half-hour to the
hour in Spanish by subtracting minutes or
a portion of an hour from the next hour.

1.4-51
 To ask at what time a particular event
takes place, use the phrase ¿A qué hora
(…)? To state at what time something
takes place, use the construction a la(s) +
time.

1.4-52
 Here are some useful words and
phrases associated with telling
time.

1.4-53

1.4-54
Practice telling time by completing these
sentences. The first item has been done for you.
1. (1:00 a.m.) Es la ___________ de la mañana.
2. (2:50 a.m.) Son las tres __________ diez de la mañana.
3. (4:15 p.m.) Son las cuatro y __________ de la tarde.
4. (8:30 p.m.) Son las ocho y __________ de la noche.
5. (9:15 a.m.) Son las nueve y quince de la __________.
6. (12:00 p.m.) Es el __________.
7. (6:00 a.m.) Son las seis de la __________.
una

1.4-55
Practice telling time by completing these
sentences. (cont'd)
8. (4:05 p.m.) Son las cuatro y cinco de la __________.
9. (12:00 a.m.) Es la __________.
10. (3:45 a.m.) Son las cuatro menos __________ de la mañana.
11. (2:15 a.m.) Son las __________ y cuarto de la mañana.
12. (1:25 p.m.) Es la una y __________ de la tarde.
13. (6:50 a.m.) Son las __________ menos diez de la mañana.
14. (10:40 p.m.) Son las once menos veinte de la __________.

Vocabulario
Expresiones de
Cortesía
Courtesy Expressions
¡Gracias! Thank you
Con permiso Perdon me; Excuse me
De nada You’re welcome
Lo siento I’m sorry
¡Muchas Gracias! Thank you very much
No hay de qué You’re welcome
Perdón Pardon me; excuse me
Por favor please

Vocabulario
Titulos Titles
Señor (Sr.); don Mr.; sir
Señora (Sra.); doña Mrs.; ma’am
Señorita (Srta.) Miss
Palabras Adicionales Additional Words
¿Cuántos/Cuántas? How much/many?
¿De quién…? Whose...? (sing.)
¿De quiénes…? Whose…? (plural)
No hay There is(not); there are
(not

Sustantivos-NOUNS
Español Inglés
el autobús bus
la capital Capital city
El chico boy
La chica girl
La computadora computer
La comunidad community
El/la conductor(a) driver
La conversación conversation
La cosa thing

Sustantivos-NOUNS
Español Inglés
el cuaderno notebook
el día day
El diario diary
El diccionario dictionary
La escuela school
El/la estudiante student
La foto(grafía) photograph
El hombre man
El/la joven young person

Sustantivos-NOUNS
Español Inglés
El lápiz pencil
la lección lesson
La maleta suitcase
La mano hand
El mapa map
La mujer woman
La nacionalidad nationality
El número number
El país country

Sustantivos-NOUNS
Español Inglés
La palabra word
El/la pasajero(a) passenger
El problema problem
El/la profesor(a)/maestro(a) teacher
El programa program
El/la turista tourist
La nacionalidad nationality
El video video

Unidad 2 ¡Bienvenidos!

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