Welding demand in offshore and marine applications is increased with the increasing in oil and gas activities as
well as increasing in the marine transportation and industrial applications. In this paper, a brief description of the
different commercial underwater techniques will be presented taking into account showing detailed description
of a few advanced welding techniques
Welding demand in offshore and marine applications is increased with the increasing in oil and gas activities as well as increasing in the marine transportation and industrial applications. Applications of underwater welding well be increased in Kuwait in the coming years due to the strategic directive of the country toward starting the offshore oil and gas exploration and production, and the increase in marine transportation projects. Therefore, there is a need to understand the concept of underwater welding and different techniques used in the market. In this paper, a brief description of the different commercial underwater techniques will be presented taking into account showing detailed description of a few advanced welding techniques.
Water Interactive Wet Welding Consulting - Len Andersen 914-536-7101 knows underwater welding and is known in the industry! The product for the Hurricane damaged platforms and pipelines. These wet welding stick and flux Core can be four time more productive than the old 3.2 mm slow wet weld. You can put in the weldment with 6.5 mm 450 mm electrodes and get production. There is 8018-C3 like stick to let your do higher strength steels! It is a patented proven wet welding process developed by Wet Welding to improve the profitability and potential of wet welding through a dry gelling agent and weld enhancers coating on ARC welding consumables which wets and activates near the ARC forming a gelatinous shielding envelope. The Resulting wet welding being done with as greater or greater ease (operability) than surface welding and a lessening of the cooling rate of the weldment such that 2T bends are obtainable.
Water Interactive Wet Welding Uses
• Pipelines • Sheet Steel Piling
• Offshore Platforms • Docks
• Ships and Barges • Dams and Canals
• US Navy Warships • Marine Salvage
this is the best presentation to get the clear idea and knowledge about Under Water Welding. this the best way to get to know about this topic. and this presentation is from Army institute of Technology pune.
Underwater welding is an important tool for underwater fabrication works.
In 1946, special waterproof electrodes were developed in Holland by ‘Vander Willingen'’.
In recent years the number of offshore (inside the water) structures including oil drilling rigs, pipelines, platforms are being installed significantly
It is the welding process done under the water with the help of two methods : Dry Welding and Wet Welding. The presentation provides basic knowledge on the underwater welding and it's respective techniques.
Welding demand in offshore and marine applications is increased with the increasing in oil and gas activities as well as increasing in the marine transportation and industrial applications. Applications of underwater welding well be increased in Kuwait in the coming years due to the strategic directive of the country toward starting the offshore oil and gas exploration and production, and the increase in marine transportation projects. Therefore, there is a need to understand the concept of underwater welding and different techniques used in the market. In this paper, a brief description of the different commercial underwater techniques will be presented taking into account showing detailed description of a few advanced welding techniques.
Water Interactive Wet Welding Consulting - Len Andersen 914-536-7101 knows underwater welding and is known in the industry! The product for the Hurricane damaged platforms and pipelines. These wet welding stick and flux Core can be four time more productive than the old 3.2 mm slow wet weld. You can put in the weldment with 6.5 mm 450 mm electrodes and get production. There is 8018-C3 like stick to let your do higher strength steels! It is a patented proven wet welding process developed by Wet Welding to improve the profitability and potential of wet welding through a dry gelling agent and weld enhancers coating on ARC welding consumables which wets and activates near the ARC forming a gelatinous shielding envelope. The Resulting wet welding being done with as greater or greater ease (operability) than surface welding and a lessening of the cooling rate of the weldment such that 2T bends are obtainable.
Water Interactive Wet Welding Uses
• Pipelines • Sheet Steel Piling
• Offshore Platforms • Docks
• Ships and Barges • Dams and Canals
• US Navy Warships • Marine Salvage
this is the best presentation to get the clear idea and knowledge about Under Water Welding. this the best way to get to know about this topic. and this presentation is from Army institute of Technology pune.
Underwater welding is an important tool for underwater fabrication works.
In 1946, special waterproof electrodes were developed in Holland by ‘Vander Willingen'’.
In recent years the number of offshore (inside the water) structures including oil drilling rigs, pipelines, platforms are being installed significantly
It is the welding process done under the water with the help of two methods : Dry Welding and Wet Welding. The presentation provides basic knowledge on the underwater welding and it's respective techniques.
ONGOING PROGRESS IN ADVANCED WELDING PROCESSES AND MATERIALSRamamSingh
The Primary dynamic for welding process development is the need to improve the total cost effectiveness of joining operations in fabrication and manufacturing industries. Many of the traditional welding techniques described are regarded as costly and hazardous, but it is possible to improve both of these aspects by employing some of the advanced process developments.
Discusses some of the role and future direction of welding technology, welding materials, productivity and efficiency, education and safety having an impact on future growth in welding technology. Analysis of key needs of some manufacturing industries has been researched. It also provides a good foundation for future research of the developmental direction of advanced welding processes and materials in manufacturing industries.
This part deals with introduction to corrosion and corrosion failures.
It is very costly phenomenon and should be fought leadi8ng to corrosion prevention and neutralization of corrosion. The US is loosing Billions of Dollars due to corrosion either due to deterioration and imobilization of structures or due to corrosion means of protection as well as the remedial costs of the effected components.
A Novel Camera Based Mobile Robot With Obstacle Avoidance And Fire Extinguish...IJERA Editor
The project is based on mobile wireless robot technology that performs the dual operation as obstacle avoidance
and fire extinguish. The sensors used here are ultrasonic sensor for obstacle avoidance and flame sensor to
detect the fire. Here, the signals are received by an Arduino board for controlling the robot. The motor drives
are used to drive the robot. A wireless monitoring system is used to display the present scenario.in detail It is a
robot that autonomously detects and extinguish fire. It uses flame sensor for detection of fire, also ultrasonic
sensor to detect obstacles and Arduino board for processing. The Fire extinguisher along with actuator is used to
extinguishing the fire which is been detected. The robot continuously scans for fire. This scanning is performed
by Flame sensors placed on the sides When a fire is detected, it moves in the direction of fire and stops in front
of it and trigger the extinguisher to turn out the fire.In order to achieve the extinguish process a robot has arm
with Electronic valve and a motor is used along with the body to change the angle of the arm. This arm and
motor can be controlled by the Arduino. The power source for the robot comes from a battery.
Smart Remote for the Setup Box Using Gesture ControlIJERA Editor
The basic purpose of this project is to provide a means to control a set top box (capable of infrared
communication), in this case Hathway using hand gestures. Thus, this system will act like a remote control for
operating set top box, but this will be achieved through hand gestures instead of pushing buttons. To send and
receive remote control signals, this project uses an infrared LED as Transmitter. Using an infrared receiver, an
Arduino can detect the bits being sent by a remote control. And to playback a remote control signal, the
Arduino can flash an infrared LED at 38 kHz. With this project we can design a gesture controlled remote by
using a glove, it can be fixed to the hand, we can send any signal of any length, at any related frequency, and
thus we can design a universal remote
ONGOING PROGRESS IN ADVANCED WELDING PROCESSES AND MATERIALSRamamSingh
The Primary dynamic for welding process development is the need to improve the total cost effectiveness of joining operations in fabrication and manufacturing industries. Many of the traditional welding techniques described are regarded as costly and hazardous, but it is possible to improve both of these aspects by employing some of the advanced process developments.
Discusses some of the role and future direction of welding technology, welding materials, productivity and efficiency, education and safety having an impact on future growth in welding technology. Analysis of key needs of some manufacturing industries has been researched. It also provides a good foundation for future research of the developmental direction of advanced welding processes and materials in manufacturing industries.
This part deals with introduction to corrosion and corrosion failures.
It is very costly phenomenon and should be fought leadi8ng to corrosion prevention and neutralization of corrosion. The US is loosing Billions of Dollars due to corrosion either due to deterioration and imobilization of structures or due to corrosion means of protection as well as the remedial costs of the effected components.
A Novel Camera Based Mobile Robot With Obstacle Avoidance And Fire Extinguish...IJERA Editor
The project is based on mobile wireless robot technology that performs the dual operation as obstacle avoidance
and fire extinguish. The sensors used here are ultrasonic sensor for obstacle avoidance and flame sensor to
detect the fire. Here, the signals are received by an Arduino board for controlling the robot. The motor drives
are used to drive the robot. A wireless monitoring system is used to display the present scenario.in detail It is a
robot that autonomously detects and extinguish fire. It uses flame sensor for detection of fire, also ultrasonic
sensor to detect obstacles and Arduino board for processing. The Fire extinguisher along with actuator is used to
extinguishing the fire which is been detected. The robot continuously scans for fire. This scanning is performed
by Flame sensors placed on the sides When a fire is detected, it moves in the direction of fire and stops in front
of it and trigger the extinguisher to turn out the fire.In order to achieve the extinguish process a robot has arm
with Electronic valve and a motor is used along with the body to change the angle of the arm. This arm and
motor can be controlled by the Arduino. The power source for the robot comes from a battery.
Smart Remote for the Setup Box Using Gesture ControlIJERA Editor
The basic purpose of this project is to provide a means to control a set top box (capable of infrared
communication), in this case Hathway using hand gestures. Thus, this system will act like a remote control for
operating set top box, but this will be achieved through hand gestures instead of pushing buttons. To send and
receive remote control signals, this project uses an infrared LED as Transmitter. Using an infrared receiver, an
Arduino can detect the bits being sent by a remote control. And to playback a remote control signal, the
Arduino can flash an infrared LED at 38 kHz. With this project we can design a gesture controlled remote by
using a glove, it can be fixed to the hand, we can send any signal of any length, at any related frequency, and
thus we can design a universal remote
The Impact of HumanAttitude andBehaviour for Their Environmental Concerns onN...IJERA Editor
Many people have adopted environmental attitudes but their environmentally responsible behaviours have not
been reflected in life in the same level. This paper emphasis upon the necessity, sustenanceand functioning of
Sewerage Treatment Plants, and also draws attentions towards human attitude, behaviour and their concerns for
healthy environment. The attitude and behaviour of the people living near Sewerage Treatment Plants (STP’s)
situated in Vasant Kunj-I, Timarpur and Okhla,in the vicinity of Delhi city were studied.The significance of the
study is to get the perception of human attitude and behaviour defining their responsibilities & concerns towards
the environment protection. Results obtained from the questionnaire & Statistical tools relates that there is a
direct relationship between human attitude, behaviour and their concerns for environment.Results revealed the
order of effectivenessof the STP’s as Vasant Kunj-I >Timarpur >Okhla.It is also revealed from the study that at
present there is deficit in the current environmental education among the people of Okhla so their belongingness
towards environmental care is very less.
The Consistent Criteria of Hypotheses for Gaussian Homogeneous Fields Statist...IJERA Editor
The present theory of consistent criteria for testing hypothesis of statistical structures of homogeneous Gaussian
fields can be used, for example, in the reliability prediction of different engineering designs. In the paper there
are discussed Gaussian homogeneous fields statistical structures
E S i I ,
i
, i
,
in Hilbert space of
measures. We define the consistent criteria for checking hypotheses such as the probability of any kind of errors
is zero for given criteria. We prove necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of such criteria.
Electronic Hand Glove Through Gestures For Verbally Challenged PersonsIJERA Editor
This paper presents design of Electronic hand glove to facilitate an easy and better communication through
synthesized speech for the verbally challenged peoples. Most Probably, a speechless person communicates
through sign language which is not understood by the majority of people. The proposed system is designed to
solve this problem. Gestures of fingers of a person of this glove will be converted into synthesized speech to
convey an audible message to others. Speech is typically accompanied by manual gestures. Earlier there were
many systems designed for dumb and deaf to interact with ordinary people. But these systems had many
drawbacks and interrupts. We are designing such a system that even a dumb, deaf and blind can communicate
with each other without taking help of ordinary people. This system is going to help them to interact with the
outside world.
Password Based Hand Gesture Controlled Robot IJERA Editor
Gesture is a most natural way of communication between human and computer in real system. Hand gesture is
one of the important methods of non-verbal communications for humans. A simulation tool, MATLAB based
colour image processing is used to recognize hand gesture. With the help of wireless communication, it is easier
to interact with the robot. The objective of this project is to build a password protected wireless gesture control
robot using Arduino, RF transmitter and receiver module. The continuous images are processed and the
command signal is sent to the Arduino Uno microcontroller and according to the number of fingers, it sends the
commands to the RF transmitter which is received by the transmitter and is processed at the receiver end which
drives the motor to a particular direction. The robot moves forward, backward, right and left when we show one,
two, three, four fingers (fingers with some red color band or tape) respectively. As soon as the hand is moved
off from the frame immediately it will stop. This can be used for physically disabled people who can’t use their
hands to move the wheel chair. And it can also be used in various military applications where radioactive
substances which can’t be touched by the human hand
A Real Time Intelligent Driver Fatigue Alarm System Based On Video SequencesIJERA Editor
In automobiles advanced controllers are equipped to control all the data. In this work a new technology is
considered as driver fatigue detection system. Developing intelligent system to prevent car accidents and can be
very effective in minimizing accident death toll. One of the factors which play an important role in accidents is
the human errors including driving fatigue. Relying on new smart techniques; this system detects the signs of
fatigue and sleepiness in the face of the person at the time of driving by capturing the video sequences of the
driver. Then, the frames are transformed from YUV space into RBG spaces. It is one of the inexpensive and
unobtrusive method where face, eyes are detected and edge detection and histogram normalization are
performed on the captured frames using MATLAB as a tool.The face area is separated from other parts with
high accuracy in segmentation, low error rate and quick processing of input data distinguishes this system from
similar ones
Increasing Thermal Conductivity of a Heat Exchanger Using Copper Oxide Nano F...IJERA Editor
A Nano fluid is the evolving concept which is very rarely used in the many core industries. Nano fluids have
found a great application in heat exchangers by increasing the thermal conductivity. We have aimed to
increasing the heat transfer co-efficient by using copper oxide Nano fluid. The Nano particles are formed by
using precipitation method and their fluids are formed by adding surfactants to the base fluid. The comparative
study on the Heat exchanger is made by using the CuO Nano Fluid and Hot water. The analysis and the results
shows that the overall heat transfer rate increases when subjected to Nano Fluids. The ethylene glycol fluid used
along with copper oxide Nano fluid will offer resistance to fouling.
Influence of MHD on Unsteady Helical Flows of Generalized Oldoyd-B Fluid betw...IJERA Editor
Considering a fractional derivative model for unsteady magetohydrodynamic (MHD)helical flows of an
Oldoyd-B fluid in concentric cylinders and circular cylinder are studied by using finite Hankel and Laplace
transforms .The solution of velocity fields and the shear stresses of unsteady magetohydrodynamic
(MHD)helical flows of an Oldoyd-B fluid in an annular pipe are obtained under series form in terms of
Mittag –leffler function,satisfy all imposed initial and boundary condition , Finally the influence of model
parameters on the velocity and shear stress are analyzed by graphical illustrations.
Glaucoma Screening Test By Segmentation of Optical Disc& Cup Segmentation Usi...IJERA Editor
Glaucoma is one of the most common causes of blindness and it is becoming even more important considering
the ageing society. Because healing of died retinal nerve fibers is not possible early detection and prevention is
essential. Robust, automated mass-screening will help to extend the symptom-free life of affected patients. We
devised a novel, automated, appearance based glaucoma classification system that does not depend on
segmentation based measurements. Our purely data-driven approach is applicable in large-scale screening
examinations. The proposed segmentation methods have been evaluated in a database of 650 images with optic
disc and optic cup boundaries manually marked by trained professionals. Our expected Experimental results
may be average overlapping error of 9.5% and 24.1% in optic disc and optic cup segmentation, respectively.
A Review Paper on Power Consumption Improvements in WSNIJERA Editor
Wireless Sensor network (WSN) is a network of low-cost, low-power, multifunctional, small
size sensor nodes which are densely deployed inside a physical environment to collect, process and transmit the
information to sink node. As Sensor nodes are generally battery-powered, it is necessary to balance between
power consumption and energy storage capacity to sustain sensor node's operational life. Therefore one of the
important challenge in WSN is to improve power consumption efficiently to prolong network lifetime by
minimizing the amount of data transmissions throughout the network and maximizing node's low power
residence time. In this paper, two energy optimization techniques, Cluster-Based energy efficient routing
(CBER) scheme and extension to IEEE 802.15.4 standard by dynamic rate adaption and control for energy
reduction (DRACER) protocol for wireless sensor networks has been reviewed. CBER technique increases
network lifetime by reducing Hot Spot problem and end-to-end energy consumption using multi-hop wireless
routing whereas DRACER protocol reduces network latency and average power consumption by minimizing
network overhead using automatic data rate selection process. So, both of these techniques, if utilized in
combination, it is possible to achieve very high energy efficiency in WSN
Mathematical Modeling and Simulation of Photovoltic ArrayIJERA Editor
With the increasing demand of power and depleting resources, PV based power system has been a ray of hope
for the future energy scenario. The non-linear V-I Characteristics of PV module depends on solar irradiance and
other environmental factors. This paper deals with power electronics based simulation model for photovoltaic
integrated module. The model includes the real time behavior of the PV module. Detailed simulink modeling for
PV module along with numerical values has been presented. The simulation model has been verified for 36 W
PV modules. The proposed model has been found to exhibit better and accurate result for any irradiance and
temperature variations
Enhancement in Web Service ArchitectureIJERA Editor
Web services provide a standard means of interoperating between different software applications, running on a
variety of platforms and/or frameworks. Web services are increasingly used to integrate and build business
application on the internet. Failure of web services is not acceptable in many situations such as online banking,
so fault tolerance is a key challenge of web services. This paper elaborates the concept of web service
architecture and its enhancement. Traditional web service architecture lacks facilities to support fault tolerance.
To better cope with the fundamental issues of the traditional client-server based web service architecture, peer to
peer web service architecture have been introduced. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate the architecture,
construction methods and steps of web services and possible weaknesses in scalability and fault tolerance in
traditional client server architecture and a solution for that, peer to peer web service technology has evolved.
Proactive Secret Sharing using a Trivariate PolynomialIJERA Editor
Secret sharing technique is a tool in cryptography which refers to distribution of a secret data among a group of
n participants .The secret can be reconstructed by combining the individual share. To reconstruct secret,
minimum of any t threshold subgroup or more shares are combined together. By secret sharing technique we can
acquire secured and decentralized communication. The shares of the participants may be compromised because
of huge exchange of messages. Secret sharing technique can be easily implemented by using polynomials. We
propose a proactive secret sharing scheme, where shares are distributed and renewed periodically without
changing the secret. This scheme also allows us to reconstruct and recover the share if share is lost. The share
can also be verified to ensure its validity. Major contribution of the paper is implementing Proactive secret
sharing scheme using Elliptic Curve cryptography and Trivariate polynomial [1].
Evaluation Studies on Hybrid up Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor for Tre...IJERA Editor
Dairy industries have shown us great growth in size and number in most countries of the world. In recent times,
the dairy industries have started incorporating sophisticated processing equipments with CIP cleaning systems
and PLC based process automation systems. The dairy mill effluent is characteristically biodegradable with
BOD 5, of 2500-3500 mg/l and COD restricted to 4000-5000 mg/l and pH
from 5.6-8.6 .The biodegradability
range of dairy effluent is from 0.63 to 0.72 .The hybrid anaerobic reactor is assessed with a pilot model (8 litres)
for the treatment of dairy effluent .The present study evaluates the performance of hybrid anaerobic reactor
under different seasons, viz , rainy and winter for treating dairy effluent .The model was made run under varying
operating conditions , viz ,influent flow rate(2.083,2.500,3.571,5.000,8.330lit/hr) and influent COD
(1599.88,2091.98,2564.46 mg/l), OLR(Rainy season) (0.025,0.031,0.036 kg/COD/m2
day),(winter
season)(0.018,0.026,0.032kg/COD/m2
day) and HRT (6.00,10.00,14.00,20.00,24.00hrs)are interpreted for the
respective conditions .The COD removal was observed for minimum of 78.10% starting from 78.86% for rainy
season and maximum of 79.10% from 80.61%COD removal for winter season
Study Of Coded Based Mechanism In WSN SystemIJERA Editor
Wireless Sensor networks (WSN) is an emerging technology and have great potential to be employed in critical
situations like battlefields and commercial applications such as building, traffic surveillance, habitat monitoring
and smart homes and many more scenarios.One of the major challenges wireless sensor networks face today is
QoS. In order to ensure data security and quality of service required by an application in an energy efficient
way, we propose a mechanism for QoS routing with coding and selective encryption scheme for WSNs.Our
approach provides reliable and secure data transmission and can adapt to the resource constraints of WSNs.
Verilog Implementation of 32-Bit CISC ProcessorIJERA Editor
The Project deals with the design of the 32-Bit CISC Processor and modeling of its components using Verilog
language. The Entire Processor uses 32-Bit bus to deal with all the registers and the memories. This Processor
implements various arithmetic, logical, Data Transfer operations etc., using variable length instructions, which
is the core property of the CISC Architecture. The Processor also supports various addressing modes to perform
a 32-Bit instruction. Our Processor uses Harvard Architecture (i.e., to have a separate program and data
memory) and hence has different buses to negotiate with the Program Memory and Data Memory individually.
This feature enhances the speed of our processor. Hence it has two different Program Counters to point to the
memory locations of the Program Memory and Data Memory.Our processor has ‘Instruction Queuing’ which
enables it to save the time needed to fetch the instruction and hence increases the speed of operation. ‘Interrupt
Service Routine’ is provided in our Processor to make it address the Interrupts.
A Stratified Methodology for the Marine Electronic Highway for Policy Makers ...IJERA Editor
The Main objective is to present evaluation and judgment model for computing of Marine Electronic Highway
(MEH) system & technologies. By achieving MEH system, the environmental impact has reduced along with the
improvement of quality and reliability in the freedom of navigation at sea. The dissertation is a study, to examine
the need for the Policy Makers along the west coast of India and south coast of Sri Lanka, to identify the critical
areas of the coastline, which require urgent attention because of traffic density as well as environmental
sensitivity and to propose suitable solutions to manage the shipping traffic in this region safely and effectively
For this target, a multi-attribute decision making (MADM) method is applied in the selection of options with
respect to various attributes as it becomes difficult in part of authorities to arrive a suitable decision on choosing
the type of parameters and factors depending for a particular area or region. TOPSIS method and AHP are used
to find the parallel importance of the chosen attributes at various regions and based on this, suitable options are
determined. Key deliverables of the system have been identified considering the needs of India and Sri Lanka.
Its a small and precise presentation about under water welding.
It cover two types of under water welding i.e. wet under water welding and dry under water welding.
i wish this small presentation help many students.....
thank you..
Welding processes have become increasingly important in almost all manufacturing industries and for structural application. Although a large number of techniques are available for welding in atmosphere, many of these techniques cannot be applied in offshore and marine application where presence of water is of major concern. In this regard, it is relevant to note that a great majority of offshore repairing and surfacing work is carried out at a relatively shallow depth, in the region intermittently covered by the water known as the splash zone. Though numerically, most ship repair and welding jobs are carried out at a shallow depth, the most technologically challenging task is repair at greater depths, especially in pipelines and repair of accidental failure. The advantages of underwater welding are largely of an economic nature, because underwater-welding for marine maintenance and repair jobs by passes the need to pull the structure out of the sea and saves valuable time and dry docking costs. It is also an important technique for emergency repairs which allow the damaged structure to be safely transported to dry facilities for permanent repair or scrapping. Underwater welding is applied in both inland and offshore environments, though seasonal weather inhibits offshore underwater welding during winter. In either location, surface supplied air is the most common diving method for underwater welders. Underwater welding is an important tool for underwater fabrication works.
Underwater hyperbaric welding was invented by the Russian metallurgist Konstantin Khrenov in 1932.
Hyperbaric welding is the process of welding at elevated pressures, normally underwater. Hyperbaric welding can either take place wet in the water itself or dry inside a specially constructed positive pressure enclosure and hence a dry environment. It is predominantly referred to as "hyperbaric welding" when used in a dry environment, and "underwater welding" when in a wet environment. The applications of hyperbaric welding are diverse—it is often used to repair ships, offshore oil platforms, and pipelines. Steel is the most common material welded.
A concise presentation about underwater welding. It briefly discusses about the main types, risks involved and practices involved in underwater welding
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Runway Orientation Based on the Wind Rose Diagram.pptx
Underwater Welding techniques
1. Esam F. Alajmi. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 3, (Part - 6) March 2016, pp.86-88
www.ijera.com 86|P a g e
Underwater Welding techniques
Esam F. Alajmi
The Public Authority For Applied Education And Training
ABSTRACT
Welding demand in offshore and marine applications is increased with the increasing in oil and gas activities as
well as increasing in the marine transportation and industrial applications. In this paper, a brief description of the
different commercial underwater techniques will be presented taking into account showing detailed description
of a few advanced welding techniques
.
I. INTRODUCTION
The increasing demand for oil and gas has
led to increase the offshore oil and gas activities
and to move the exploration into the deep water.
The desire to build, maintain and repair offshore
structures has brought the need for underwater
welding. Underwater welding is the process of
welding at elevated pressures, normally
underwater. Underwater welding can either take
place wet in the water itself or dry inside a
specially constructed positive pressure enclosure
and hence a dry environment. It is predominantly
referred to as "hyperbaric welding" when used in a
dry environment, and "underwater welding" when
in a wet environment.Principle of Operation
The welding circuit must include usually a knife
switch operated on the surface and commanded by
the welder and is used for safety reasons. When DC
is used with (+ve) polarity, electrolysis will take
place and cause rapid deterioration of any metallic
components in the electrode holder. For wet
welding AC is not used because of electrical safety
and difficulty in maintaining an arc underwater.
Classification of Underwater Welding
Underwater welding can be divided into
two main types:
1- Wet Welding
2- Dry Welding
1- Wet Welding
Wet welding process is carried out
atambient water pressure in which, the weld is
exposed to the water. This is carried out by a
special water-proof stick electrode, with no
physical barrier between water and welding arc.
The increased freedom of movement makes wet
welding the most effective, efficient and
economical method. Welding power supply is
located on the surface with connection to the
diver/welder via cables and hoses. When DC is
used with +ve polarity, electrolysis will take place
And cause rapid deterioration of any
metallic components in the electrode holder. Fig. 1,
shows
the overall wet welding process diagram. For wet
welding AC is not used because of electrical safety
and difficulty in maintaining an arc underwater.
Figure 1: Schematic Diagram of Underwater Wet
Welding Technique
Equipment for underwater wet welding
The underwater wet welding equipment
has to meet all the safetyaspects. Due to the limited
time spent under water,the diver-welder has to be
provided with satisfactory operating conditions.
Equipment has to beregularly maintained according
to stipulated regulations in order insure itsproper
functioning. Main equipment needed for wet
underwater welding can be summarized in the
following:
Diving equipment
The diving equipment includes dry diving
suit, dry suit full-face mask, surface supply
umbilical cord, air tank on the surface
withregulation manometer and compressor for
filling the air tank.
Welding power sources
Intensive dynamic behavior ofthe power
source is necessary to obtain a stable electric arc in
greater depths. Welding power sourcemust be
adjusted for underwater wet welding, not only in
the matter of good arc behavior but also in
theaspect of diver-welder safety.
Safety switch
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Esam F. Alajmi. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 3, (Part - 6) March 2016, pp.86-88
www.ijera.com 87|P a g e
For safety reasons, the electrical circuit is
fitted with a safety switch, which interrupts or
establishes theflow of current necessary for
underwater welding or cutting as diver request or in
case of accident.
Communication system
For constant connection and coordination
of works between the surface and the diver, two-
waytelephone communication system has to be
applied in order to facilitate the realization and
organizationof underwater activities.
Welding cables, and welding and cutting
holders
Special cables with special insulation class
have to be used for underwater welding and cutting
in orderto prevent breakthrough of electric current
into the water or to the platform structure, which
may causesafety problems and difficulties in
welding.
Mechanical tools system
Mechanical tools for underwater works
may be driven electrically, hydraulically and
pneumatically.Electric drive is avoided because of
safety problems, and mostly hydraulic and
pneumatic tools are used.
The advantages and disadvantages of wet
underwater welding techniqueare indicated in
Table 1.
Advantages
-
-
-
-
-
-
The versatility and low cost of wet welding makes
this method highly desirable.
Fast method.
It is less costly compared to dry welding.
The welder can reach portions of offshore structures
that could not be welded using other methods.
No enclosures are needed and no time is lost
building.
Minimalequipment needed for mobilization.
Disadvantages
-
-
-
There is rapid quenching of the weld metal by the
surrounding water. Although quenching increases
the tensile strength of the weld, it decreases the
ductility and impact strength of the weldment and
increases porosity and hardness.
Hydrogen Embrittlement– Large amount of
hydrogen is present in the weld region, resulting
from the dissociation of the water vapour in the arc
region. The H2
dissolves in the Heat Affected Zone
(HAZ) and the weld metal, which causes
Embrittlement, cracks and microscopic fissures.
Cracks can grow and may result in catastrophic
failure of the structure.
Another disadvantage is poor visibility. The
welder some times is not able to weld properly.
Table 1: Advantages and Disadvantages of Wet
Underwater Welding Process
2- Dry Underwater Welding
Underwaterwet welding is primarily used
at shallow depths when need for largerdepths
emerge underwater dry welding procedures is first
choice. Moreover, usage of underwater drywelding
methods offers completion of full penetration
welds with mechanical properties adequate
towelding in normal conditions. Additionally, it is
possible to perform preheating or post weld
heattreatment in order to decrease hydrogen content
and improve weld properties.
Underwater welding in a dry environment
is carried out in chamber sealed around the
structure to be welded. The chamber is filled with a
gas (commonly helium containing 0.5 bar of
oxygen) at the prevailing pressure. The habitat is
sealed onto the pipeline and filled with a breathable
mixture of helium and oxygen, at or slightly above
the ambient pressure at which the welding is to take
place.
This method produces high-quality weld joints that
meet X-ray and code requirements. The gas
tungsten arc welding process is employed for this
process. The area under the floor of the Habitat is
open to water. Thus the welding is done in the dry
but at the hydrostatic pressure of the sea water
surrounding the Habitat made possible by
encompassing the area to be welded with a physical
barrier (weld chamber) that excludes water. The
weld chamber is designed and custom built to
accommodate braces and other structural members
whose centerlines may intersect at or near the area
that is tobe welded. The chamber is usually built of
steel, but plywood, rubberized canvas, or any other
suitable material can be used. Size and
configuration of the chamber are determined by
dimensions and geometry of the area that must be
encompassed and the number of welders that will
be working in the chamber at the same time.
There are different dry underwater welding
methods, it can be achieved by:
2-1 Dry Habitat Welding:
Using a chamber in ambient pressure (at
ambient water pressure) in a large chamber from
which water has been displaced, in an atmosphere
such that the welder/diver does not work in diving
gear. This technique may be addressed as dry
habitat welding. As shown in fig. 2, welders are
completely in dry environment and weld properties
are equivalentto one welded in normal conditions.
However, much more fit-up time is necessary to fix
the habitat andprepare it for welding.
3. Esam F. Alajmi. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 3, (Part - 6) March 2016, pp.86-88
www.ijera.com 88|P a g e
Figure 2: Specially designed habitat
2-2 Dry Chamber Welding:
Welding at ambient water pressure in a
simple open-bottom dry chamber that
accommodates the head and shoulders of the
welder/diver in full diving gear as shown in Fig.3.
Figure 3: Dry welding in mini-habitat where the
diver-welder is partially immersed inwater
2-3 Dry Spot Welding:
Welding at ambient water pressure in a
small transparent, gas filled enclosure with the
welder/diver in the water and no more than the
welder/diver’s arm in the enclosure.
The advantages and disadvantages of dry
underwater welding techniques are indicated in
Table 2.
Advantages
-
-
-
-
-
Better diver safety
Better quality welds
No build up of hydrogen and oxygen pockets
Allows for heat treatment before and after
welding
Surface monitoring possible
Disadvantages
-
-
-
-
Requires large and complex equipment
Chamber has to be fabricated differently
for different applications
Cost is very high and increases with depth
More energy requirement
Table 2: Advantages and Disadvantages of Dry
Underwater Welding Process
3- Application of underwater welding
The important applications of underwater welding
are:
Offshore construction for tapping sea resources
Temporary repair work caused by ships
collisions or unexpected accidents
Salvaging vessels sunk in the sea
Repair and maintenance of ships
Construction of large ships beyond the
capacity of existing docks
Repair and maintenance of underwater
pipelines
4- Future Scope for Underwater Welding
Considerable industrial effort has been
made to improve process performance and control
strategies for thevarious underwater welding
processes. For future scope in underwater welding,
the major efforts on research and development
should be focused on the following topics:
Automation of the underwater joining and
inspection of the welded structures
Mechanized underwater welding for actual
usage of a very large floating structures
Investigation of the potential of using a robot
manipulator for underwater ultrasonic testing
of welds injoints of complex geometry
Application of advanced welding technique,
like friction, laser welding and understand the
behavior ofmaterials after the welding and
process optimization
Invention of new welding techniques and
explore the possibility of its application in
underwater welding
Generation of research data book on weld
ability of materials during underwater welding
REFERENCES
[1]. Amit Mukund Joshi, Underwater Welding,
Indian Institute of Technology.
[2]. Kralj, I. Garašić, Study of underwater
welding of the spud can on the Labin
platform 59, University of Zagreb,2006
[3]. Habitat technology-innovative underwater
techniques, www.hydrex.be,2006
[4]. Anand, A. and Khajuria, A., Welding
Processes in Marine Applications: A
Review, IJMERR, Vol. 2, No. 1, January
2013