This Power Point Presentation has been made while referring to the research books written by eminent, renowned and expert authors as mentioned in the references section. The purpose of this Presentation is to help the research students in developing an insight about the Sampling Design(Part-II).
This Powerpoint Presentation has been made while referring to the
research books written by eminent, renowned and expert authors as
mentioned in the references section. The purpose of this Presentation is
to help the research students in developing an insight about the Data
Analysis in Research. I hope the students will find this presentation
useful for them.
All the best
Dr. Shaloo Saini
Definition
A procedure used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data.
This is done due to the fact that it is believed that both types of studies will provided a clearer understanding of what is being studied.
“It consists of merging ,integrating ,linking ,or embedding the two “strands””(Ceswell,2012).
This Powerpoint Presentation has been made while referring to the
research books written by eminent, renowned and expert authors as
mentioned in the references section. The purpose of this Presentation is
to help the research students in developing an insight about the Data
Analysis in Research. I hope the students will find this presentation
useful for them.
All the best
Dr. Shaloo Saini
Definition
A procedure used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data.
This is done due to the fact that it is believed that both types of studies will provided a clearer understanding of what is being studied.
“It consists of merging ,integrating ,linking ,or embedding the two “strands””(Ceswell,2012).
A presentation about the added value of combining qualitative and quantitative methods. It begins with a brief discussion of qualitative research and how it is distinct from yet shares basic principles with quantitative research, followed by a discussion of four important ways mixed methods -- integrating qualitative and quantitative -- adds value to our research efforts, and then a discussion of mixed methods research -- what it is, typologies, alternatives to typologies, and the use of diagrams.
Basic Introduction to research and Basis Statistics to be used by the beginners. Also some data representation methods have been provided in end. Lastly it concludes with report / thesis writing. Updated on 16-4-2021
this presentation file is all about the mixed method design for the research study and for those researchers who actually want to mixed two kinds of methods at a time. i hope it will help you and for your research.
A presentation about the added value of combining qualitative and quantitative methods. It begins with a brief discussion of qualitative research and how it is distinct from yet shares basic principles with quantitative research, followed by a discussion of four important ways mixed methods -- integrating qualitative and quantitative -- adds value to our research efforts, and then a discussion of mixed methods research -- what it is, typologies, alternatives to typologies, and the use of diagrams.
Basic Introduction to research and Basis Statistics to be used by the beginners. Also some data representation methods have been provided in end. Lastly it concludes with report / thesis writing. Updated on 16-4-2021
this presentation file is all about the mixed method design for the research study and for those researchers who actually want to mixed two kinds of methods at a time. i hope it will help you and for your research.
Explains the different methods of Sampling with diagram. In statistics, quality assurance, and survey methodology, sampling is the selection of a subset of individuals from within a statistical population to estimate characteristics of the whole population. Statisticians attempt for the samples to represent the population in question.
Indian Social Institutions; A Fundamental IdeaDrShalooSaini
This Power Point Presentation has been made while referring to the sociology books written by eminent, renowned and expert authors as mentioned in the references section. The purpose of this Presentation is to help the research students in developing an insight about the Indian Social Institutions: A Fundamental idea.
Understanding the graphical representation of data in researchDrShalooSaini
This Power Point Presentation has been made while referring to the research books written by eminent, renowned and expert authors as mentioned in the references section. The purpose of this Presentation is to help the research students in developing an insight about the Graphical Representation of Data in Research. I hope the students will find this presentation useful for them.
This Power Point Presentation has been made while referring to the research books written by eminent, renowned and expert authors as mentioned in the references section. The purpose of this Presentation is to help the research students in developing an insight about the Data in Research. I hope the students will find this presentation useful for them.
This Power Point Presentation has been made while referring to the research books written by eminent, renowned and expert authors as mentioned in the references section. The purpose of this Presentation is to help the research students in developing an insight about the Scaling in Research.
Understanding the Scales of MeasurementDrShalooSaini
This Power Point Presentation has been made while referring to the research books written by eminent, renowned and expert authors as mentioned in the references section. The purpose of this Presentation is to help the research students in developing an insight about the Scales of Measurement.
Understanding the Experimental Research Design(Part II)DrShalooSaini
This Power Point Presentation has been made while referring to the research books written by eminent, renowned and expert authors as mentioned in the references section. The purpose of this Presentation is to help the research students in developing an insight about the Experimental Research Design(Part- II).
Understanding The Experimental Research Design(Part I)DrShalooSaini
This Power Point Presentation has been made while referring to the research books written by eminent, renowned and expert authors as mentioned in the references section. The purpose of this Presentation is to help the research students in developing an insight about the Experimental Research Design(Part –I).
Understanding the Descriptive/ Diagnostic Research DesignDrShalooSaini
This Power Point Presentation has been made while referring to the research books written by eminent, renowned and expert authors as mentioned in the references section. The purpose of this Presentation is to help the research students in developing an insight about The Descriptive/Diagnostic Research Design.
Understanding Exploratory Research DesignDrShalooSaini
This Power Point Presentation has been made while referring to the research books written by eminent, renowned and expert authors as mentioned in the references section. The purpose of this Presentation is to help the research students in developing an insight about The Exploratory Research Design.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
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Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2. Sampling Techniques
Determining the sampling technique to
be employed in the research study is
an important component of sampling
design. The researcher has to decide
the probability or non probability
sampling techniques to be adopted for
sample selection. This decision is
based on the objectives of the study,
time, cost and level of accuracy
desired.
3. Classification of Sampling
Techniques
The sampling techniques can be
classified as:
Sampling
Techniques
Probability
Simple Random
Sampling
Complex
Random
Sampling
Systematic
Sampling
Stratified
Sampling
Multistage
Sampling
Cluster
Sampling
Sequential
Sampling
Sampling with
Probability
Proportional to
Size
Non Probability
Quota Sampling
Judgement
Sampling
Convenience
Sampling
Snow Ball
Sampling
4. Probability Sampling
Techniques
The Probability sampling techniques
are those in which every element of
the population have equal chance of
being selected as the sample for the
research study.
The Probability Sampling techniques
can be categorised as Simple
Random Sampling and Complex
Random Sampling.
5. Types of Probability Sampling
Techniques
Simple Random Sampling: Simple Random Sampling is
one in which each element of the population has an equal
and independent chance of selection. It can be drawn using
Random Number Table or Lottery Method. The Simple
Random sampling can be done in two different ways i.e. ‘with
replacement’ or ‘without replacement.’
Complex Random Sampling: Complex Random Sampling is
one in which a mixture of probability and non probability
sampling methods are adopted. These sampling methods are
superior to Simple Random sampling since these methods
have more statistical and practical efficiency. The various
types of Complex Random sampling techniques are
systematic, stratified, cluster, multistage, sequential, and
sampling with probability proportional to size.
6. 1. Systematic Sampling
It is very versatile and simple form of
probability sampling.
In this method every nth item within a
defined population is selected in the
sample.
It involves beginning with a random start
of an element in the range of 1to n.
The sample ratio vis-a vis the total
number of entries is worked out and after
a random start every nth item is chosen.
For Example every 20th person in the list
or every 10th house could be chosen as
a part of the sample.
7. 2. Stratified Sampling
This method of Sampling is used in the situation where
the population can be easily divided into group or strata
which are distinctly different from each other, but the
elements within a group are homogeneous with respect
to some characteristics.
For example students of college can be divided into
strata on the basis of gender, courses offered, age etc.
In this the population is first divided into strata and then
a simple random sample is taken from each stratum.
Stratified Sampling is of two types:
1. Proportionate Stratified Sampling: In this sampling
equal number of units are selected from each strata.
2. Disproportionate Stratified Sampling: In this sampling
unequal number of units are selected from each strata
due to the variations in the size of strata itself.
8. 3. Sequential Sampling
It is a complex form of Sampling.
It involves drawing samples in sequence but data
collection and analysis is done at each stage.
The size of the sample is not fixed in advance
but a decision rule is stated before the sampling
begin.
At each stage after analysis has been done, the
decision rule is checked to see if further sampling
is to be continued or not.
For example, sample of consumers is drawn to
study their preference for domestic or foreign
brands in AC’s. In this the sampling is continued
till the time sufficient data is collected to establish
their preference.
9. 4.Cluster Sampling
In Cluster Sampling group of elements that are
heterogeneous in nature within group, are
chosen randomly.
Unlike stratified sampling where group are
homogeneous and few elements are randomly
chosen from each group, in cluster sampling the
group with intra group heterogeneity are
developed and all the elements within the group
become a part of a sample.
Thus in cluster sampling the total population is
divided into a number of relatively small sub
divisions which are themselves clusters of still
smaller units and then some of their clusters are
randomly selected for inclusion in the overall
sample.
10. 5.Multi Stage Sampling
Multi Stage Sampling is a further development of
the principle of Cluster Sampling.
This sampling is applied in big inquiries
extending to a considerable large geographical
area for example the entire country.
For example to interview the Principals of the
Private schools. The first stage is to select the
large primary sampling units such as states in
the country, Then certain districts may be
selected and all the Private School Principals
from that districts will be interviewed.
This may be a two stage sampling design with
the ultimate sampling units being cluster of the
districts.
11. 6. Sampling with Probability
Proportional to Size
In case where the cluster sampling units do not
have the same number of elements. It is
considered appropriate to use a random
selection process where the probability of each
cluster being included in the sample is
proportional to the size of the cluster,
Firstly list the number of elements in each cluster
irrespective of the method of ordering the cluster.
Then systematically select the appropriate
number of elements from each cluster either by
simple or systematic random sampling .
The result of this sampling are equivalent to
those of simple random sampling and this
method is less cumbersome and also relatively
less expensive.
12. Non Probability Sampling
Technique
In the Non Probability Sampling
Technique each element of the
population does not have equal chance
of being selected as sample.
The elements for the sample are
deliberately selected by the researcher,
and his choice concerning the items
remains supreme.
There are various methods of Non
Probability Sampling like Quota,
Judgement, Convenience and Snow Ball
sampling.
13. 1. Quota Sampling
In this sampling technique groups are
created which are homogeneous within
and a quota is fixed for each group.
This method is used where the
researcher needs certain group to be
adequately represented.
A quota is fixed for each group and
sample units are drawn from the group.
This method is similar to stratified
sampling with the difference that the
sample is selected according to the will
of the researcher and not randomly.
14. 2. Judgement Sampling
Judgement sampling is a purposive
sampling where those respondents are
deliberately made a part of sample which
meet research purpose based on
researchers own judgement.
This method is suitable when only a
limited number of people have access to
knowledge or information required for
research.
This method does not allow for
generalization to a specific population
since it does not represent a population
15. 3. Convenience Sampling
This is most common, convenient and
economic non probability sampling
method without any restrictions.
The sample is selected as per the
convenience of the researcher.
The respondent is selected because of
their being at the right place at right time.
For example taking interview of the
customers at the newly opened mall.
This method lacks in precision,
objectivity and proper representation of
population.
16. 4. Snow Ball Sampling
In snow ball sampling a set of
respondents are selected initially and
interviewed and they further recommend
the names of the people as respondents.
This technique is like setting the ball in
motion whereby referrals are obtained
from referrals thus creating snow ball
effect which keeps on increasing in size
as it rolls down.
This technique has the advantage of
locating right people with the desired
characteristics at a low cost.
17. Summary
Determining the sampling technique to be
employed in the research study is an
important component of sampling design. The
researcher has to decide the probability or
non probability sampling techniques to be
adopted for sample selection. This decision is
based on the objectives of the study, time,
cost and level of accuracy desired. In
Probability Sampling Technique each element
of the population has equal chance of being
selected as sample and in Non Probability
Sampling Technique the selection of
respondents as sample depends upon the
choice and convenience of the researcher.
18. References
Bajpai N. (2015). Research design formulations. In Business
research methods (pp. 49). Nodia: Pearson Education.
Cooper, D. R., Schindler, P. S., & Sharma, J. K. (2012).
Measurement scales. In Business Research
Methods (8th ed., pp. 341). New Delhi: Mc. Graw Hill
Education (India).
Gupta S.K. & Rangi P.(2017). Research Designs In Research
Methodology (4th ed., pp3.5).Punjab: Kalyani
Publishers(India).
Kerlinger F. N.(1986) Foundations of Behavioural Research.
(3rd ed.,pp.279). New York: Holt, Rine Heart&
Winston.
Kothari C. R. & Garg G.(2019). Research Designs. In
Research Methodology Methods and Techniques( 4th
ed., pp.29-38) New Delhi: New Age International
Publishers(India).
19. Thank You
This Power Point Presentation has been
made while referring to the research
books written by eminent, renowned and
expert authors as mentioned in the
references section. The purpose of this
Presentation is to help the research
students in developing an insight about
the Sampling Design(Part-II). I hope the
students will find this presentation useful
for them.
All the Best
Dr. Shaloo Saini
