This is a second take on a philosophical understanding of governance, from the point of view of knowledge and power. Here I try to understand the concept and what's it for using three main thinkers: Habermas, Foucault and Merleau-Ponty. While I claim that this is not cherry-picking of concepts, the truth is that there is much more to be said about governance from the point of view of knowledge formation.
Innovating Public Service Delivery Through Crowdsourcing: What Role for The T...CSCJournals
The purpose of this paper is to study the involvement of the “crowd” in designing innovative public policies, and the possibility for the Third Sector to play a role in this process. To do so, we want to answer the following research question: what is the extent to which crowdsourcing is adopted in financing and delivering public services within New Public Governance arenas? In order to answer it, we employ the following approach. First of all, we will set public innovation into the context of New Public Governance; secondly, we will analyse definitions for crowdsourcing, and thirdly, we will provide an overview and crisis of crowdsourcing examples to demonstrate their significance as novel forms of public service finance and delivery. This approach evidences the potential and the outcomes of applying crowdsourcing in the public sector, and indicates the role of the actors involved: the adoption of a leadership role by the Third Sector could facilitate crowdsourcing processes. The outcome of the application of crowdsourcing in the public sector is a greater involvement of the civil society in its relationship with the State.
This is a second take on a philosophical understanding of governance, from the point of view of knowledge and power. Here I try to understand the concept and what's it for using three main thinkers: Habermas, Foucault and Merleau-Ponty. While I claim that this is not cherry-picking of concepts, the truth is that there is much more to be said about governance from the point of view of knowledge formation.
Innovating Public Service Delivery Through Crowdsourcing: What Role for The T...CSCJournals
The purpose of this paper is to study the involvement of the “crowd” in designing innovative public policies, and the possibility for the Third Sector to play a role in this process. To do so, we want to answer the following research question: what is the extent to which crowdsourcing is adopted in financing and delivering public services within New Public Governance arenas? In order to answer it, we employ the following approach. First of all, we will set public innovation into the context of New Public Governance; secondly, we will analyse definitions for crowdsourcing, and thirdly, we will provide an overview and crisis of crowdsourcing examples to demonstrate their significance as novel forms of public service finance and delivery. This approach evidences the potential and the outcomes of applying crowdsourcing in the public sector, and indicates the role of the actors involved: the adoption of a leadership role by the Third Sector could facilitate crowdsourcing processes. The outcome of the application of crowdsourcing in the public sector is a greater involvement of the civil society in its relationship with the State.
Dr. Tri Widodo W. Utomo, SH.,MA
Deputi Kajian Kebijakan dan Inovasi Administrasi LAN
Pengajar Program Doktor Terapan Ilmu Administrasi, Politeknik STIA LAN
Disampaikan pada Kuliah Umum Program Doktor Ilmu Administrasi UNTAG Surabaya
10 Oktober 2020
Report on the GIZ participatory development programme in urban areas (PDP - E...Mennatullah Hendawy
This report was developed individually as part of my master thesis courses at the Integrated Urbanism and Sustainable Design MSc. program at Stuttgart University. Thanks to the course staff of the Urban Planning II – Summer term 2014 (Prof. Dr. Nina Gribat, M. Arch Marisol Rivas Velázquez, Dipl. -Ing. msc. Franziska Laue, MSc. Julia Hartmann) who helped in developing the report.
More about the PDP Project: https://use.metropolis.org/case-studies/participatory-development-programme-in-urban-areas
More about the MSc. IUSD double degree program https://www.iusd.uni-stuttgart.de/
Philosophy of Local Government - Why Local Self Government?Ravikant Joshi
This presentation is about underlying philosophy on which concept of Local Self Governments is based. It examines Why of the Local Self Government Institutions.
STRATEGY FOR STATE-THIRD SECTOR PARTNERSHIP FOR SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY DEVELOP...TANKO AHMED fwc
Confronting complex challenges without strategy amounts to wishful thinking and chaotic approach to solving problems. The third sector has emerged as worthy partner in progress for public and private sectors in sustainable development. This paper discusses strategy for state-third sector partnership for sustainable community development in Nigeria with a view to constructing a working model. The partnership theory provides grounds for a conceptual descriptive discourse for identification of the intermediary space between government and business where community based organizations can be deployed for sustainable community development. A functional community based organisation, Hadejia Ina Mafita Initiative, provides a working model for application of partnership principles and benefits in a mutual state-third sector relationship. The paper established a strategic gap responsible for hindering development from reaching the grassroots and strongly recommends the engagement of community based organisations by government as partners for sustainable community development in Nigeria. The paper is structured into sections including general introduction; conceptual clarification; strategy for state-third sector partnership; a case study of the Hadejia Ina Mafita Initiative; the way forward; and conclusion.
Citizen participation is also sometimes seen as a solution to a quite different problem: shoring up the democratic legitimacy of governance processes. Representative democratic governance now faces several critical legitimating problems
Writing Sample 2 -Bridging the Divide: Enhancing Public Engagement in Urban D...Rahsaan L. Browne
Bridging the Divide: Enhancing Public Engagement in Urban Development
This paper delves into the critical role of public engagement in urban development, emphasizing the need for community involvement to create sustainable and inclusive urban spaces. It discusses the motivations behind public participation, the challenges faced in engaging diverse communities, and the strategies for overcoming these barriers. The paper also highlights successful case studies and explores the use of technology and effective communication to facilitate broader and more meaningful engagement. By examining these elements, the paper underscores the importance of bridging the gap between planners and residents to ensure urban development reflects the collective vision and needs of the community.
Impact of People's Participation in the Decentralized Participatory Planning...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Dr. Tri Widodo W. Utomo, SH.,MA
Deputi Kajian Kebijakan dan Inovasi Administrasi LAN
Pengajar Program Doktor Terapan Ilmu Administrasi, Politeknik STIA LAN
Disampaikan pada Kuliah Umum Program Doktor Ilmu Administrasi UNTAG Surabaya
10 Oktober 2020
Report on the GIZ participatory development programme in urban areas (PDP - E...Mennatullah Hendawy
This report was developed individually as part of my master thesis courses at the Integrated Urbanism and Sustainable Design MSc. program at Stuttgart University. Thanks to the course staff of the Urban Planning II – Summer term 2014 (Prof. Dr. Nina Gribat, M. Arch Marisol Rivas Velázquez, Dipl. -Ing. msc. Franziska Laue, MSc. Julia Hartmann) who helped in developing the report.
More about the PDP Project: https://use.metropolis.org/case-studies/participatory-development-programme-in-urban-areas
More about the MSc. IUSD double degree program https://www.iusd.uni-stuttgart.de/
Philosophy of Local Government - Why Local Self Government?Ravikant Joshi
This presentation is about underlying philosophy on which concept of Local Self Governments is based. It examines Why of the Local Self Government Institutions.
STRATEGY FOR STATE-THIRD SECTOR PARTNERSHIP FOR SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY DEVELOP...TANKO AHMED fwc
Confronting complex challenges without strategy amounts to wishful thinking and chaotic approach to solving problems. The third sector has emerged as worthy partner in progress for public and private sectors in sustainable development. This paper discusses strategy for state-third sector partnership for sustainable community development in Nigeria with a view to constructing a working model. The partnership theory provides grounds for a conceptual descriptive discourse for identification of the intermediary space between government and business where community based organizations can be deployed for sustainable community development. A functional community based organisation, Hadejia Ina Mafita Initiative, provides a working model for application of partnership principles and benefits in a mutual state-third sector relationship. The paper established a strategic gap responsible for hindering development from reaching the grassroots and strongly recommends the engagement of community based organisations by government as partners for sustainable community development in Nigeria. The paper is structured into sections including general introduction; conceptual clarification; strategy for state-third sector partnership; a case study of the Hadejia Ina Mafita Initiative; the way forward; and conclusion.
Citizen participation is also sometimes seen as a solution to a quite different problem: shoring up the democratic legitimacy of governance processes. Representative democratic governance now faces several critical legitimating problems
Writing Sample 2 -Bridging the Divide: Enhancing Public Engagement in Urban D...Rahsaan L. Browne
Bridging the Divide: Enhancing Public Engagement in Urban Development
This paper delves into the critical role of public engagement in urban development, emphasizing the need for community involvement to create sustainable and inclusive urban spaces. It discusses the motivations behind public participation, the challenges faced in engaging diverse communities, and the strategies for overcoming these barriers. The paper also highlights successful case studies and explores the use of technology and effective communication to facilitate broader and more meaningful engagement. By examining these elements, the paper underscores the importance of bridging the gap between planners and residents to ensure urban development reflects the collective vision and needs of the community.
Impact of People's Participation in the Decentralized Participatory Planning...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Case Law Analysis - Intellectual PropertyIn this unit, you will .docxcowinhelen
Case Law Analysis - Intellectual Property
In this unit, you will select a case law pertaining to the topic of intellectual property.
Each case law analysis allows you to express yourself as clearly and fully as possible in dissecting a court decision. The purpose of the assignment is two-fold:
1. To give you the opportunity to read a real court decision.
2. To challenge you to think about how you would have decided the case. In your case law analyses, you must be able to navigate the court's decision and summarize it; you are not expected to act as a judge or an advocate.
Using your selected court decision, prepare an analysis that responds to the following:
1. Articulates the importance, context, purpose, and relevance of law in a business environment:
. Identify the parties who are before the court.
. Provide a brief background to the problem. Summarize the facts in no more than 2–3 paragraphs.
. Identify what is the specific disagreement between the parties.
. Explain the ruling of the court in no more than 1–2 paragraphs.
· Evaluates key judicial concepts that influence the decisions related to business:
. Was there a dissenting opinion? If so, explain why some of the judges or justices disagreed with the majority in the decision.
. Do you agree with the court's decision? Why or why not?
You may choose any court case, either state or federal, as the basis for your case law analysis; however, the case should be applicable to the assignment topic. The recommended Web sites for researching and locating a case are listed in the Resources area.
Your analysis should be no more than two pages, double-spaced. References and citations are to adhere to APA formatting and style guidelines. Prior to submitting your assignment, be sure to review the scoring guide to ensure you have met all of the grading criteria.
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Community Driven Urban Design: Social Practice Tactics for
Addressing Issues of the Built Environment
ABSTRACT:
Several professionals in the field of architecture and urban design employ creative tactics focused on social impact, civic
dialogue, and grass roots placemaking. Drawing on socially responsible urban design theory, as well as principles of arts-
based civic engagement and social change, these efforts have gained momentum in the 21st century due to a variety of
economic, governmental, social and technological factors. This research capstone will include an extensive literature
review through two courses – PPPM 523 Urban Revitalization and an independent reading course on “bottom-up”
urban design with Professor Philip Speranza – as well as web-based document analysis of select case studies. The
purpose of this study is to locate these tactics within current urban redevelopment policy and arts-based community
development theory, and outline elements of best practice as a means of advancing the field of community driven urban
design.
KEYWORDS:
Urban revitalization, urban designers, built environm.
Empowering The Urban Poor Through Participatory Planning Process: A Case From Jhenaidah, Bangladesh
* 1Dr. MAHMUDA ALAM, 2Mrs.EMERALD UPOMA BAIDYA
1& 2 Community architect, Platform of Community Action and Architecture, Bangladesh
Email:aritra.ahmed@gmail.com Email: emerald.upoma@gmail.com
A B S T R A C T
The paper analyses a community development project based in Jhenaidah, Bangladesh, which evolved through broadening social capital among slum communities and formal institutions in order to bring positive socio-spatial changes in the neighborhoods. Till date, nine disadvantaged communities have formed a network for city-wide community development, have started to build and manage their own funds, built better houses for themselves, and through this process have managed to draw attention and support from the local government. Started by a small group of architects and a local NGO in 2015, and still broadening its scopes, this project can be regarded as a successful example of people-led development initiative, especially in a context where most development projects exercise limited participatory values and are dominated by unequal power dynamics. Hence issues like scaling up and economic sustainability still concern those, who can see the community-driven development process with an unbiased attitude. The overarching goal of this article is to sketch out these issues with the help of empirical understandings from the field and theoretical findings from literature on social innovation and power in planning in order to understand how to work balance between local and institutional management of projects in order to avoid perceiving bottom-up and top-down initiatives in a dualistic manner.
P5-Poster 1: Critical Alternative Approach to/within Post-disaster Re-Develop...Wouter Pocornie
The project consists out of a research part: ‘Critical Alternative Approach to/within Post-disaster Re-Development’ and a design part: ‘Spatial Strategy to Enable Cultural Resilience in Villa Rosa, Port-Au-Prince (Haiti)’.
The research outcome presents a critical alternative approach in strategy within (post-disaster re-)development. It describes the relevance of urbanism and urban planning in the practice of development. The approach links educational development projects to overall improvement of infrastructure by structuring resilient and sustainable interventions as principal objectives.
The design is a spatial strategy. The design outcome present the materialization of the research findings as well as a critical approach to resilient and sustainable urban planning which reflects the need for urban strategies concerning the contemporary, global issue of rapid urbanization: slumming.
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND THE PERFORMANCE OF PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION IN BUMB...AkashSharma618775
This study focused on community participation and the performance of project implementation, which is
very significant in the economic development of Rwanda and the entire global community. Community
participation has become an increasing aspect key tool of public policy and service delivery within the realm of
good governance across the world. This study hypothesizes community participation and the performance of
project implementation within Bumbogo VUP Water Supply Project, in Gasabo District as case study. The study
used both descriptive and correlation statistics, where the researcher used both qualitative and quantitative
approach. The total population of this study equal to 850; using Yamane formula, the researcher used a sample
size of 89 respondents. The sampling technique used in this study is stratified random and purposive sampling
method. The data was finally analyzed using SPSS. The results of the study indicate that there is a strong positive
correlation between community participation and the performance of the project implementation. The regression
analysis indicated that community participation in need analysis has the greatest influence, followed by
Community participation in M&E. community participation in planning has the least influence on the
performance of project implementation. Overall, success of project implementation improves with greater
community participation throughout the project life cycle.
Towards ProgramsSustainability: Assessment of Institutional Determinants for ...IEREK Press
This paper brings to the fore an assessment of institutional determinants for effective community participation in development programs for the case of Tanzania. It is highly acknowledged in various scholarly literature that there is a strong link between community participation and development programs. In fact, literature shows that community-based development programs that have allowed community membersto be fully involved in various programs have been successful when compared to those where community members are seen as spectators.However, in order for community members to take part in the programs, there are several determining factors, ranging from socio-economic, socio-cultural to institutional based factors.This study therefore sought to assess institutional determinants with the aim of identifying the major institutional determinants capable of influencing effective community participation in development programs. The study used four programs that were categorized as Locally Funded, Government Funded, Donor Funded and Joint Funded development programs.A combined sample size of 316 participants from all the four programs was employed. Collected data were analyzed through the within-case analysis and the comparative analysis approaches. Results of the study revealed thatprogram benefits, objectives and leadership were the major institutional determinants for promoting effective community participation in development programs. when compared to methods used in the other three examined programs. Hence, the study concluded byemphasizing on the need to ensure these institutional based factors (program benefits, objectives and leadership) should always be given due attention in any development program.
The Impact of Community Participation on Community Development in Zambia: Cas...AJSSMTJournal
This study was aimed at assessing the impact of community participation on community
Development in Zambia in general and Nsanjika area of Nsingo ward in Luangeni constituency of the Eastern
province in particular. The research was prompted by the gap that has been prevalent in the provision of
services by government; this gap exists between ‘what people need and what government provides. This gap is
brought about by lack of collaboration between government and the people for which services are being
provided, the aim of this study was to find ways which this gap can be closed and the impact the involvement
of the people has on their development. The study is grounded in David Easton’s systems theory. A
triangulation inquiry was used and questionnaires and in-depth interviews were used to collect data. The data
was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and content analysis. The study revealed
that inasmuch as the citizens are aware of the institutions and structures to promote community
development, there was lack of citizen involvement in decision making and participation in the
implementation of community projects. The study therefore recommends the a bottom up approach to the
identification of community problems and the involvement of the community in the formulation and
implementation of projects in their areas.
Power-Preservation Corruption: A Threat to Internal Security of the GambiaAJSSMTJournal
The Gambia, for more than five decades after independence, produced but two presidents –
Jawara and Jammeh. The presidential election which was won by Barrow to succeed Jammeh was fraught with
crisis that took international intervention to resolve. Political analysts have sweepingly and worryingly
concluded that the threat to internal security of The Gambia is power-preservation corruption. This research
focuses on two-pronged objectives: the broad objective is to examine historical dynamics of powerpreservation corruption by presidents of The Gambia; and the specific objective is to underscore an analysisbased solution to power-preservation as a challenge to internal security of The Gambia. We adopted the ex
post facto (quasi-experimental) design and analysed qualitatively, data assembled from secondary sources of
vast array of literature. Relying on power preservation explanation of power theory, we concluded that powerpreservation corruption constitute the major internal insecurity of The Gambia
This paper is produced on the basis of the on-going work of the Analyzing Development Issues Centre (ADIC) in collaboration with DC Research team working in Dak Dam commune in Mondulkiri Province, Cambodia, since 2013. It is aims to illustrate a different model of development that takes into account the active involvement of the communities for long term social, economic and environmental development. The paper begins with examining the mismatch of development approaches, followed by the concept of going with the flow of community life (GFCL) in participatory action research (PAR) then the emergence of community-corporate partnership (CCP) concept; its relation to social enterprise, and stock taking of CCP in its current practice in the communities.
Different approaches to development interventions in Cambodia have been tested to examine if they offer greater chance of ownership, benefits, and sustainability to the people or communities. Often, the claim of the intended beneficiaries to the approach comes nil when these factors are brought in. In one instance, community people were urged to advocate for their rights and access to land and forest resources when these were encroached on by powerful individuals or companies. Community people’s motivation comes to despair when the intended achievements end up beyond their reach. On the other hand, there are approaches such as the community forestry program that seeks to improve livelihoods in line with environmental conservation; however, the outcome is not realized because of the dependency on external support and the lack of subsidy to those who sacrifice for forest protection. This paper argues that there is an alternative to build a strong individual or household economic base before they effectively start engaging in protecting their resources. This lends itself to the concept of community-corporate partnership (CCP), which taps into available resources such as land from community people while capital and technical inputs come from outside for collective production that is based on mutually agreed principle of shared benefits and losses. Cases of coffee, pepper production and a few other cash crops are being experimented over the past year with indigenous people in upland Mondulkiri Province. Over the period, there have been manifestations of shared understanding, trust, control of processes and challenges, which indicate a promising path to long term benefits. This has long term potential for strengthening community solidarity for defending their rights to land and natural resources they presently depend upon for their living.
The urban development of learning is a key goal of the United Nations
Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). However, the
drive to achieve urban learning requires several key points. Citizenship and
cooperation are associated with developing the city of learning. This research
studies the relationship between citizenship and cooperation in driving the
learning city. The study uses the methodology of the structure-equation model
(SEM) to study citizenship relationships. Cooperation and learning cities are
based on civic data analysis of 500 samples. The result showed that the two
observed variables were public participation and The four observed variables
are: policy collaboration's positive effect on cooperation; citizen-subjectivity,
citizen-intersubjectivity, citizen-sub politics, and citizen-globality's positive
effect on citizenship; Furthermore, the six observed variables are: inclusive
learning in the education system; revitalized learning in families and
communities; effective learning for and in the workplace; expanded use of
modern learning technologies; improved learning quality; and a vibrant
culture of lifelong learning. In part of the regression between latent variables,
we found that cooperation has a positive effect on learning cities (b=0.882),
and citizenship has a positive effect on learning cities (b=0.056) and
cooperation (b=0.217).
Prospecting Socially-Aware Concepts and Artefacts for Designing for Community...COMRADES project
Defining flexible and consistent methods and artefacts to design for social impact is a current challenge for HCI. The ephemeral and vulnerable conditions of people living as refugees add even more questions about the suitability of design methods to the complexity of real — and many times tough — life . In this position paper we briefly introduce two concepts embraced by the Socially-aware Design Approach, the Semiotic Onion and the Basic Block of Culture. We then reflect about the potential contributions of applying these concepts and artefacts to inform design for boosting community resilience of people living as refugees.
http://oro.open.ac.uk/49641/1/prospecting-socially-aware.pdf
The Impact of Transit-Oriented Development on Fast-Urbanizing Cities: Applied analytical study on Greater Cairo Region
* 1 MS.c. Mohamed Kafrawy Image result for research orcid , 2 Professor Dr. Sahar Attia Image result for research orcid , 3 Professor Dr. Heba Allah Khalil Image result for research orcid
1, 2 &3 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt
1 E-mail: en.kafrawy@gmail.com , 2 E-mail: saharattia16@eng.cu.edu.eg , 3 E-mail: hebatallah.khalil@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 16 May 2021
Revised: 25 August 2021
Accepted: 27 August 2021
Available online: 8 September 2021
Keywords:
Transit-oriented Development;
Fast-Urbanizing cities;
Sustainable transportation;
Sustainable development;
Greater Cairo region.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Transportation has always been the backbone of development. Transit-oriented development (TOD) has been theorized, piloted and expanded increasingly in the past few decades. In this regard, this paper investigates the relationship between urban development, the transportation process, and the required implementation guidelines within fast-urbanizing cities, such as Cairo. After reviewing different related sustainable development theories, the study investigates pioneering case studies that have applied TOD and provided adequate implementation frameworks. The authors then extract and compare a set of required policies. The current Egyptian development paradigm is then discussed in relation to these enabling policies, focusing on Greater Cairo Region, Egypt. The authors debate previous development plans, progress, and newly proposed ones, focusing on the transportation process as the means for development. The study concludes with a set of required guidelines to ensure the integration of transportation with land-use planning, thus ensuring a more prosperous and inclusive urban development.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 83-95.
Developing Design Criteria for Sustainable Urban Parks
* Dr. Didem Dizdaroğlu Image result for research orcid
Department of Urban Design and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Art, Design, and Architecture, Bilkent University, Turkey
E-mail: dizdaroglu@bilkent.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 28 February 2021
Revised: 15 August 2021
Accepted: 19 August 2021
Available online: 30 August 2021
Keywords:
Sustainable Cities;
Urban Parks;
Green Spaces;
COVID-19;
Sustainable Design.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
This study investigates how urban parks can contribute to helping cities become more sustainable through developing a set of criteria for the sustainable design of urban parks. Today, there is no example around the world where all the proposed sustainable design criteria are applied together in a specific urban park. In this context, this study aims to make a novel contribution by systematically reviewing the literature on the sustainable design of urban parks. In the light of research findings, this study contributes to the implementation of a comprehensive sustainable park design practice in our cities in the future. These design criteria may further serve as performance indicators to offer information and know-how to local authorities, practitioners, communities, and other actors in this field to help them assess their success levels and progress over time.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 69-81.
The Role of “Scale” on the Acceleration of Social Interaction in Urban Spaces
1 * Dr. Kaveh Hajialiakbari Image result for research orcid , 2 Dr. Mohammad Zare Image result for research orcid ,
3 Mitra Karimi Image result for research orcid
1 Shahid Beheshti University, Faculty of Architecture and urbanism, Tehran, Iran
2 & 3 University of Tehran, Faculty of Fine Arts, Tehran, Iran
1 E-mail: Kaveh.haa@gmail.com , 2 E-mail: zare.md@ut.ac.ir ,
3 E-mail: mitrakarimi@modares.ac.ir
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 8 March 2021
Revised: 25 July 2021
Accepted: 8 August 2021
Available online: 18 August 2021
Keywords:
Urban Space;
Obsolescent Neighborhoods,
Social Interaction,
Evaluation Indicators,
Functional Scale.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Rehabilitation projects are interventions that can lead to the transformation of the socio-spatial structure of obsolescent neighborhoods. The main intention of such projects is the creation and/or improvement of social interactions after physical and functional interventions. Urban Renewal Organization of Tehran (UROT) is tasked with identification of target obsolescent neighborhoods, preparation of neighborhood development plans and implementation of rehabilitation projects to improve the quality of space and stimulate social interactions. In this paper, three urban spaces in different scales (“micro” for neighborhoods, “meso” for local and “macro” for trans-local scales), designed and implemented by UROT, were selected as a case study. By designing and filling a questionnaire and after analyzing research findings, the effect of the scale of the urban project on different activities was evaluated based on the Gehl model. Overall, in the expanded model based on the scale of space, an inverse ratio between the scale of space and both optional selective and social activities has been revealed.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 59-68.
Living Space Needs of Small Housing in the Post-Pandemic Era: Malaga as a case study
* Professor Dr. Carlos Rosa-Jiménez Image result for research orcid , B. Arch. Cristina Jaime-Segura Image result for research orcid
1 and 2 Institute for Habitat, Tourism, Territory, Edificio Ada Byron, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, University of
Malaga, Malaga, Spain.
1 E-mail: cjrosa@uma.es , 2 E-mail: jscristina@uma.es
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 18 June 2021
Revised: 3 August 2021
Accepted: 10 August 2021
Available online: 14 August 2021
Keywords:
Architectural Design;
Lockdown;
Post-Covid City;
Remote Working;
Terraces;
Hygienism.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The COVID-19 lockdown period has highlighted the ability of housing to accommodate a comprehensive programme typical of the city and its public space. Housing units of under 60 m2 and in blocks of flats are the more vulnerable, as they have a higher percentage of non-community open spaces. That problem was analysed using a methodology based on psychological, urban planning and architectural indicators applied to two coastal cities in the Mediterranean area of southern Spain. The results highlight three aspects in this type of dwelling: the need to consider the orientation of the housing to improve the quality of indoor and outdoor space; the need in public housing policies for a greater number of rooms to facilitate remote working; and finally, the importance of functional terraces overlooking green areas.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 51-58.
Mathematical Model Applied to Green Building Concept for Sustainable Cities Under Climate Change
1 Professor Dr. Md. Haider Ali Biswas Image result for research orcid , 2* M.Sc. Pinky Rani DeyImage result for research orcid
3 Asst. Prof. Md. Sirajul Islam Image result for research orcid , 4 M.Sc. Sajib Mandal Image result for research orcid
1 Mathematics Discipline, Science Engineering and Technology School, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh
2, 3 & 4 Department of Mathematics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj-8100, Bangladesh
E-mail 1: mhabiswas@gmail.com , E-mail 2: pinkydey.math@gmail.com
E-mail 3: sirajulku@gmail.com , E-mail 4: sajibmandal1997@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 20 May 2021
Revised: 25 July 2021
Accepted: 11 August 2021
Available online 16 August 2021
Keywords:
Green Building;
Sustainable Cities;
Climate Change;
Mathematical Model;
Numerical Simulations.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Recently the effect of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is worldwide terrified anxiety to the public and scholars. Even this global problem is one of the great issues that continuously makes worrying the governments and environmentalists, but its solution findings are not out of the image at all. In this study, we have proposed and analysed a mathematical model for the solvable management of GHGs by sowing the seeds of green building dynamic systems. Moreover, in the model, the human community is used to enhance the production power of individuals of green buildings by absorbing the GHGs. The model is analysed by stability analysis at the equilibrium points: trivial and global equilibrium, and also by convincing the stability and instability of the system of equations. The behaviour of the propound model has been developed by numerical simulations which shows the rate of the fruitfulness of GHG components.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 36-50.
Sustainable Construction for Affordable Housing Program in Kabul
1 MSc. Mohammadullah Hakim Ebrahimi Image result for research orcid , 2* Professor Dr. Philippe Devillers Image result for research orcid
3 Professor Dr. Éric Garcia-Diaz Image result for research orcid
1 Construction Faculty, Kabul Polytechnic University, Afghanistan
2 LIFAM, École Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture de Montpellier, France
3 LMGC, IMT Mines Ales, University of Montpellier, CNRS, France
E-mail 1: M.HEbrahimi@kpu.edu.af , E-mail 2: Philippe.devillers@montpellier.archi.fr
E-mail 3: eric.garcia-diaz@mines-ales.fr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 13 April 2021
Revised: 18 July 2021
Accepted: 6 August 2021
Available online 17 August 2021
Keywords:
Earth Construction;
Local Materials;
Sun-Dried Brick;
Compressive Earth Block;
Stabilization;
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Afghanistan has suffered from four decades of war, causing a massive migration of the rural population to the cities. Kabul was originally designed for 1,5 million people, whereas there are now 5 million in the city. The importation of modern western styles housing for rapid reconstruction reveals apparent cultural conflict and a significant environmental footprint. The new drive for sustainable reconstruction should consider the use of local materials combined with modern technologies. Earthen architecture underlies the embodiment of Afghan architecture. This research aims to revisit traditional Afghan earthen construction with the tools of industrial modernity. The three soils of the Kabul region are first characterized. Sun-dried mud brick and compressive earth block, with and without stabilization have been prepared and tested in the laboratory to develop the most suitable earth construction element which is cost-effective and easily available compared to imported modern products.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 23-35.
Sustainability of Tourism Development in the city of Ain-Sukhna, Egypt
* Professor Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Image result for research orcid
Faculty of Architecture, Galala University, Egypt
E-mail: ymahgoub@gu.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 18 June 2021
Accepted 5 August 2021
Available online 14 August 2021
Keywords:
Coastal Tourism;
Sustainable Development;
Cultural Resource;
Ain-Sukhna;
Galala City.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Tourism is a major economic source for Egypt, due to its significant natural and cultural attractions. Yet, rapid development and construction of touristic facilities have a negative impact on the fragile natural and cultural heritage. This paper studies the recent touristic developments of the coastal stretch of Ain-Sukhna on the Red Sea coastal region of Galala Mountain, and their impact on the surrounding natural and cultural attractions. Coral reefs and rich marine life have made this stretch among the prime fishing and scuba diving destinations in the world. The area is also famous for its year-round sunny beaches and the spectacular coastal scenic drive where Galala Mountain reaches the Red Sea. Recently, development has started on the mountains following the construction of Galala Mountain Road. Galala City started with Galala University and several residential, touristic, and commercial facilities. This paper studies the pattern of development in the area during the past 40 years and assesses its impact on natural and cultural resources.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 13-22.
Proclaiming Colonial Urban Heritage: Towards an Inclusive Heritage-interpretation for Colombo’s Past
* Professor Dr. Harsha Munasinghe Image result for research orcid
School of Architectural Studies, George Brown College, Toronto, Canada
E-mail: hmunasinghe@georgebrown.ca
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 13 April 2021
Accepted 18 July 2021
Available online 26 July 2021
Keywords:
Urban Heritage;
Colonialism;
Contested-Past;
Historic-City;
Inclusive heritage Interpretation;
Colombo.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Colombo, Sri Lanka’s commercial capital is a forceful creation of European colonialists who occupied the island for over four centuries. Its urban structure displays the social fragmentation sought by the rulers. Colombo elaborates an extraordinary process of city-making, stratified with its Dutch-origin, British-reshaping, and post-colonial adaptation. Proclaiming such a contested past as an inheritance requires an inclusive heritage interpretation. The recent renovation of monumental buildings for potential market values and demolishing minor architecture do not display such a heritage interpretation. This, placing undue attention on a selected social group, is found to be further emptying the compartmentalized city. The exclusion of some sub-societies also cost possible stewardship to urban heritage. Having observed the non-sustainability of current heritage-interpretation practised in Colombo, we searched for alternative means to unify societies in time-space thus sustaining the diversity of urban spaces. Our empirical studies have established the need to integrate the inherent cultural values of the colonial-built urban fabric in heritage interpretation. The results of vibrant heritage-interpretation results have been studied through a literature survey with aims to contribute towards the development of an inclusive heritage interpretation practice to protect Colombo’s colonial past sustainably.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 1-12.
Heritage Preservation as Strategy for Recomposing Conflict Territories
Prof. Dr. José Manuel Pagés Madrigal Image result for research orcid
Architecture & Urban Design, German University in Cairo, Egypt
E-mail: jose.madrigal@guc.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 18 May 2021
Accepted 20 October 2021
Available online 29 October 2021
Keywords:
Conflict territories;
Heritage Preservation;
Cultural heritage;
Reconstruction;
Cyprus;
Kosovo.
ABSTRACT
Heritage admits diverse readings depending on different territorial spaces, contexts, and knowledge fields. The relation between Heritage and the social contexts is one of these knowledge areas. But Heritage accepts a dual perception as a cultural reflection. It may be considered either as the origins of the conflicts or the engine for recomposing disrupted territories. The paper proposes a reflection on the topics related to conflict territories and the roles currently played by Cultural Heritage. The recomposition of conflict territories is based on a continuous intercultural approach with important contributions from human rights, genders equality, intercultural dialogue perspectives and the fact of taking heritage as a territorial stabilization factor. The paper presents specific practical cases in the Eastern Mediterranean region where actions on Heritage religious elements collide with the national sovereign of the respective current countries. A comparative study among these different actions proves that the initial clashes can be progressively transformed into strategies able to become the future guideline for the resolution of heritage regional conflicts. These conflicts reflect two discourses: political (with strong links between national identity and religion) and scientific (with a clash between static concept and dynamic vision) where objects interact with the visitors.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 252-264.
Investigating Built Environment Indicators to Develop a Local Walkability Index
* 1 B.Sc. Menna Tarek Image result for research orcid , 2 Prof. Dr. Ghada Farouk Hassan Image result for research orcid
3 Prof. Dr. Abeer Elshater Image result for research orcid , 4 Dr. Mohamed Elfayoumi Image result for research orcid
1, 2, 3 and 4 Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo, Egypt.
E-mail 1: menna.tarek@eng.asu.edu.eg , E-mail 2: Ghadafhassan@eng.asu.edu.eg
E-mail 3: abeer.elshater@eng.asu.edu.eg , E-mail 4: m_fayoumi@eng.asu.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 8 June 2021
Accepted 20 August 2021
Available online 29 August 2021
Keywords:
Local Walkability Index;
Pedestrian Walking Behaviour;
Urban Design;
Mixed-use Street,
Cairo.
ABSTRACT
Many studies have been conducted over the last 20 years to determine and measure factors that affect the walkability of city streets. Walkability is an essential factor in deciding whether a city is green or sustainable. This paper creates a comprehensive walkability index by analysing built environmental indicators that affect walkability. This research was conducted on mixed land use streets in Cairo, Egypt, combining the results from an online survey and a walkability assessment model developed by multi-criteria decision analysis techniques. The results were based on a three-pillar approach starting with the theoretical background to frame the walkability indicator, numerical assessment over the Egyptian cases using a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) technique and a qualitative user perception survey. Our results confirm that determining to what extent Cairo’s streets are walkable is crucial to enhancing pedestrians’ perceptions of the walking environment. Furthermore, the results illustrated the essential factors within the built environment indicators that influence pedestrian walking behaviour.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 235-251.
Liveability Dimensions in New Town Developments: An Overview of Senri New Town and Purbachal New Town
* 1 M. Eng. Tahmina Rahman Image result for research orcid , 2 Dr. Md. Nawrose Fatemi Image result for research orcid
1 Division of Global Architecture, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
2 Department of Architecture, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
E-mail 1: ar.tahminarahman@gmail.com , E-mail 2: nawrose@uap-bd.edu
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 April 2021
Accepted 10 August 2021
Available online 15 August 2021
Keywords:
Dimensions of Liveability;
New Town Development;
Satellite Townships;
Osaka;
Dhaka.
ABSTRACT
Since the 1960s, new town developments within large metropolises have been widely adopted to decongest the city centres, especially in Asian cities. This paper provides a brief account of the liveability dimensions of two new townships developed in large metropolitan areas: Senri New Town in Osaka and Purbachal New Town in Dhaka. The study primarily draws on master plans of the two developments to identify how the components of the plans reflect the physical, social, functional and safety dimensions of a proposed liveability framework. The methodology combines a review of masters plans with scholarly and grey literature on the two new town developments. The findings show while the social and functional dimensions are integrated with Senri New Town; Purbachal New Town, though more recent, appears to have missed opportunities for diversifying density, social mix and mass transit. The paper concludes that the comparative case, Senri-New Town provides insights on how public-private people participation can leverage citizen-centred design for more liveable residential living environments in developing cities.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 221-233.
Monitoring and Landscape Quantification of Uncontrolled Urbanisation in Oasis Regions: The Case of Adrar City in Algeria
* 1 Dr. Assoule Dechaicha Image result for research orcid , 2 Assist. Prof. Adel Daikh Image result for research orcid , 3 Prof. Dr. Djamel Alkama Image result for research orcid
1, 2 and 3 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, 8 May 1945 University, Guelma, Algeria
E-mail 2: dechaicha.assoul@univ-guelma.dz , E-mail 1: alkama.djamel@univ-guelma.dz
E-mail 3: daikh.adel@univ-guelma.dz
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 March 2021
Accepted 25 July 2021
Available online 12 August 2021
Keywords:
Uncontrolled Urbanisation,
Satellite Images,
Landscape Metrics,
Palm groves,
Oasis Ecosystem.
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, uncontrolled urbanisation is one of the major problems facing Algerian oasis regions. The monitoring and evaluation of its landscape transformations remain a key step for any oasis sustainability project. This study highlights the evolution of spatial growth in the city of Adrar in southern Algeria during the period 1986-2016 by establishing a Spatio-temporal mapping and landscape quantification. The methodological approach is based on a multi-temporal analysis of Landsat satellite images for 1986, 1996, 2006 and 2016, and the application of landscape metrics. The results show two opposite spatial trends: significant growth of built-up areas against an excessive loss of palm groves. The landscape metrics allowed the identification of a progressive fragmentation process characterising the palm groves. Thus, the findings of this study show the utility of satellite imagery and landscape metrics approach for monitoring urbanisation patterns and assessing their impacts on oasis ecosystems.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 209-219.
Community Participation in Decision Making Processes in Urban Planning: The Case of Kaunas
M.A. Laura Jankauskaitė-Jurevičienė Image result for research orcid, Dr. Aušra Mlinkauskienė Image result for research orcid
a and b Kaunas University of Technology, Civil engineering and architecture faculty, Kaunas, Lithuania
E mail 1: laura.jankauskaite-jureviciene@ktu.lt, Email 2: ausra.mlinkauskiene@ktu.lt
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 July 2020
Accepted 29 August 2020
Available online 18 September 2020
Keywords:
Community;
Urban planning;
Spatial planning;
Decision-making processes.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Participation in decision-making processes foreshadows enabling citizens, communities, non-governmental organizations and other interested parties to influence the formulation of policies and laws affecting them. The purpose of this study is not only to review Lithuanian legal documents but also to analyse recent processes in Kaunas city planning. Kaunas city is undergoing various urban processes, which do not always meet the needs of the community. This study presents an analysis of the forms of community involvement in the urban planning processes and survey data on the effectiveness of community involvement. The methodology requires using a sociological survey with representatives of the city community and a comparative analysis between legal obligations and actual urbanization process.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 197-208.
The Impacts of Urban Morphology on Housing Indoor Thermal Condition in Hoi An City, Vietnam
1 * M.A. Thien Huong Luu Image result for research orcid, 2 Dr. Juan-Carlos Rojas-Arias Image result for research orcid, 3 Dr. Dominique Laffly Image result for research orcid
1and 2 Laboratory of Research in Architecture (LRA), National School of Architecture of Toulouse, France
3 University of Toulouse-Jean Jaurès, France
E-mail 1: thien-huong.luu@toulouse.archi.fr , E-mail 2: juan-carlos.rojas-arias@toulouse.archi.fr ,
E-mail 3: dominique.laffly@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 July 2020
Accepted 25 August 2020
Available online 14 September 2020
Keywords:
Urban Morphology;
Indoor Thermal Condition; Ancient Town;
Vernacular House;
Modern Terraced House.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Assessing the impact of urban morphology on the indoor thermal condition of housing in a tourism city in central Vietnam — Hoi An City is the main objective of this study. The research process is carried out by a variety of methods including in situ surveys, measuring with temperature sensors, data analysis and map analysis. Four houses, located in two areas with different urban forms, were selected for measurement within one month to investigate the differences in housing indoor temperature. The impact of urban morphology on housing was thereafter determined. Temperature sensors were permanently installed in 4 houses; based on these empirical measurements and data collected, the paper addresses solutions to improve urban morphology and indoor thermal condition.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 183-196.
E-participatory Approaches in Urban Design
* 1 Araf Öykü Türken Image result for research orcid, 2 Assoc. Prof. Dr Engin Eyüp Eyuboğlu Image result for research orcid
1 Department of City and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey
2 Department of City and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Email 1: araf.turken@gmail.com, Email 2: eyuboglu@itu.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 June 2020
Accepted 20 Augustus 2020
Available online 8 September 2020
Keywords:
E-participation;
Public Participation;
Urban Design.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The phenomenon of planning involving citizen’s participation in planning literature has been from the second half of the 20th century. Indeed, different methods and techniques have been used in the process. However, participatory practices are time-consuming and negotiations are tiresome. Accordingly, the integration of developing digital technologies into participatory processes has been seen as a potential to reach large audiences and provide time-space independence. Within the scope of this research, a detailed literature review was done regarding e-participation, and ten (10) examples representing the upper levels at the ladder of participation were examined within the context of the project, participation, and socio-technical criteria. SWOT analyzes were structured by grouping similar applications, and current trends for the use of e-participation in urban design have been revealed. The analysis showed that citizens e participation- participation tend to allow citizen design or location-based interaction, playful interfaces and game elements which can be sources for encouragement.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 169-182.
Roles of Drop-in Centers in Street Children Interventions: Design Guidelines and Humanitarian Emergency Architecture Adaptations
* M.Sc. Ruba Azzam Image result for research orcid, Dr. Karim Kesseiba Image result for research orcid, Dr. Ahmed Abdelghaffar Image result for research orcid
Dr. Mennat-Allah El Husseiny Image result for research orcid
a, b, c and d Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering and Building Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
Email 1: ruba-azzam90@hotmail.com , Email 2: karimkesseiba@gmail.com , Email 3: amaghaffar@gmail.com
Email 4: mennatallahelhusseiny@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 July 2020
Accepted 3 September 2020
Available online 8 September 2020
Keywords:
Street Children;
Drop-in centers;
Child-Rehabilitation centers;
Architecture for Humanitarian Emergencies;
Child Friendly Spaces (CFS).
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
For decades, numerous countries have been witnessing the Street Children phenomenon where millions of children worldwide are subjected to risks. Despite the crucial role of intermediate non-residential interventions - using drop-in centers- in protecting and rehabilitating street children, there is a paucity of research addressing the quality of design of these centers and how architecture might influence their operational process. Those observations invite investigating drop-in centers used in practice from a design perspective and question adapting architectural applications for humanitarian emergencies, focusing on “Child-Friendly Spaces”. The study aims to provide solutions for better quality design, facilitating operational challenges. The methodology undertakes the investigation through primary and secondary axes. This involves conducting literature and international precedents review and secondarily, an Egyptian contextual first-hand documentation and qualitative analysis of selected centers.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 151-168.
Towards the Egyptian Charter for Conservation of Cultural Heritages
1 Associate Professor Dr. Corinna Rossi , 2 * Sara Rabie
1 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture, Politecnico di Milano Cairo, Milan, Italy
2 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
1 E-mail: corinna.rossi@polimi.it , 2 E-mail: sarah.rabie@guc.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 5 April 2021
Accepted 15 June 2021
Available online 25 June 2021
Keywords:
Cultural Heritages;
Conservation;
History;
Value;
Authenticity;
Europe;
Egypt.
ABSTRACT
The notion of “Cultural heritage” is quite modern compared to other humanistic fields developed in the last century. Conservation as a science has emerged and took shape during international conventions and treaties in many places in Europe and developed various frameworks to recognize the heritage and its value but based on “Eurocentric bias” criteria. The fact of sharing universal values and common practices during the age of globalization had a significant impact on conservation actions in contexts utterly different from western societies and don’t share the same historical or cultural dimensions. Therefore, this study traces the history of the evolution of conservation in the west from two perspectives; the historical one and the developing methodologies, and the philosophies behind the main theories in conservation. Cultural heritage is a reflection of the identity of the society and its past; thus, this study outlines the development of conservation practices in Egypt within the international approaches in a chronological order to investigate the social response and the impact of the political and cultural influence of the cultural consciousness of the society and the conservation actions in the Egyptian context. Furthermore, to investigate the contribution of international charters in developing national policies in Egypt.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 101-111.
Enhancing Security in Affordable Housing: The Case of Prince Fawaz Project
Professor Dr. Maged Attia Image result for research orcid
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Planning, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
Email: mattia@kau.edu.sa
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 March 2021
Accepted 15 May 2021
Available online 30 May 2021
Keywords:
Environmental crime;
Enhancing security;
Crime rates;
Prince Fawaz project;
Saudi Arabia.
ABSTRACT
The present study argues that the urban form of affordable housing projects affects safety and security. The study examines the level of safety and security in the Prince Fawaz project proposing recommendations that enhance it. Theories and approaches concerned with the environmental crime are initially reviewed. Then, urban and architectural features as well as crime rates and patterns are documented. Also, trace and behaviour observations are carried out. The observations monitored urban features and behaviours associated with crime or fear of crime. Residents’ perception for security and fear of crime is extracted through a questionnaire. A Space Syntax is processed and linked with the questionnaire and observation outputs. Observations demonstrate a semblance of fear of crime which is supported by records of car and home theft. Although the questionnaire reflects a suitable level of security, it points to peripheral spaces and areas around mosques and shops as the less secure. However, enhancing security in the Prince Fawaz project requires urban interventions including controlling access to peripheral spaces, reviving areas detected to be unsafe, repositioning elements causing visual obstacles and enhancing appearance by vegetation and sustainable maintenance. Besides, reformulating the movement network so that an appropriate integration between residents and strangers is achieved. On the conceptual level, the study proves that none of the theories of environmental crime can act as a comprehensive approach; but each can partly work.
This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license
C:\Users\Hourakhsh\Desktop\CC_By_2020_licnece1.jpg
This article is published with open access at www.ijcua.com
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 85-100.
Urban Land-use and Traffic Congestion: Mapping the Interaction
1 * Ph.D. Candidate James Kanyepe Image result for research orcid, 2 Prof. Dr. Marian Tukuta Image result for research orcid, 3 Prof. Dr. Innocent Chirisa Image result for research orcid
1 and 2 Department of Supply Chain Management, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Zimbabwe
3 Department of Demography Settlement & Development, University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe
E-mail 1: jameskanyepe@gmail.com, E-mail 2: paidamoyo2016@gmail.com
E-mail 3: innocent.chirisa@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 25 October 2020
Accepted 15 December 2020
Available online 19 December 2020
Keywords:
Land-Use;
Peak Hour;
Traffic Congestion;
Transport;
Travel Patterns;
Travel Behavior.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The interaction between transport, land-uses and travel patterns produce diverse transportation problems in urban cities with traffic congestion as the most visible manifestation. Traffic congestion is a frequent phenomenon in most cities around the globe. This paper reviews the interaction between land-use traffic congestion through published literature. The objective of this study is to encourage and provide researchers with future research directions in land-use and traffic congestion. For this purpose, a systematic review was performed analysing 45 articles from the year 2010 to 2020 using a descriptive approach. Subsequently, the results of the study show that although the interaction between land-use and traffic congestion has gained currency in developed countries far less is known on this subject in developing parts of the world, though new evidence is steadily accumulating. Consequently, limitations of this work are presented, opportunities are identified for future lines of research. Finally, the conclusion confirms the need for further research addressing the methodological concerns.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 77-84.
More from Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs (20)
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
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developed by private market in Bangladeshi
cities and the market is driven by profit. A large
portion of the population cannot avail good
quality housing available in the market; that is
when the illegal settlements or slums come in
the picture.
There are around 50,000 illegal and low income
settlements in Bangladesh’s 29 largest
municipalities (NHA, 2014). Poor housing
materials, high rent, limited access to public
services, densely crowded and unsanitary living
conditions, lack of tenure security etc. are
some characteristic problems of these
settlements. The settlements lack healthy living
environment that is necessary for well-being of
adults and children. By now it is well established
that slum eviction is a violation of basic human
rights and it involves high social and economic
costs. The government is becoming
increasingly aware that slum-development/
integration efforts can be the appropriate
approach.
The government has attempted to perform
integrated approaches to slum development
with the help of international development
organizations such as UNDP, UK Aid etc. Urban
Partnership for Poverty Reduction, in short, UPPR
is such a project which runs in 21 cities of
Bangladesh. In seven years until 2015, UPPR has
successfully mobilized and empowered slum
communities (especially the women) to
develop their own savings, infrastructure etc.
With UPPR, some communities have now
started to also develop housing (UPPR, 2011).
PPSIP (Pro-Poor Slum Integration Project) started
with an intention to expand UPPR’s efforts with
housing development.
Participatory design/planning is a central
element in many contemporary slum
integration initiatives as in the case of PPSIP.
The main objective of such participatory
projects is to assist disadvantaged individuals
and groups in changing their own living
condition; and to do this by valorizing local
knowledge and resources. Participatory
design/planning projects bring people from
different social-educational-financial
backgrounds around the table in negotiating
terms. Often the interests and enrolment are
too difficult to be determined in preliminary
phases. Eventually even the most community-
centered/ democratic project might derail
from its goals due to obdurate power hierarchy
among stakeholders. Through this research I try
to understand and decode related
stakeholders’ and project participants’ interest,
capacity and enrolment in different projects
and explain whether or how structures and
dynamics of power relations in these projects
serves the beneficiary group.
1.1. Research methods
This is a qualitative research. The main insights
of the study is drawn from my professional
experiences in the project PPSIP and my
involvement in other activities with the
architects who were involved in this project. A
vital part of empirical understanding comes
from active participation in facilitating and
participating in workshops, community visits,
interviewing locals, architects and NGO
representatives etc. Through extensive report
writing and journal keeping, I have made
observations on how participatory processes
are carried out, how the communities and
community leaders respond to programs, or
how professionals respond to communities’
concerns and so on. Active involvement in
other slum development projects as
community architect have also allowed me to
sketch out the problems in a broader scale and
also understand ethical positions and interests
of different actors in similar projects. A number
of research questions which have guided this
research:
1.How accurately do the project understand
the beneficiary community's social reality,
needs and resources? How far do the
processes and mechanisms of the project
resonate with community's needs and
aspiration?
2.How is power exercised by different actors in
the process
2. Literature review
2.1. Strategic Spatial Planning
The interpretation of planning systems with an
actor-structure perspective by Van den Broeck
and Servillo in their article, The Social
Construction of Planning Systems: A Strategic-
Relational Institutionalist Approach provides
with an understanding of dialectic interplay of
agency and institutions shaping the specificities
of planning systems, and thus influencing
external changes (Van Den Broeck & Servillo,
2012). According to the authors, along with its
technical role of economic and social
development, changed courses of spatial
planning also focus on democratic decision-
making process, empower weaker groups;
changes in actors and social groups and their
positions and practices also bring complex
changes in relevant institutions and agency.
These dynamics can be interpreted as the
effect of non-dominant groups challenging the
dominant group in planning system. They argue
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that dialectic among hegemonic and counter-
hegemonic groups have transformative power
in planning system, because counter-
hegemonic groups are able to bring changes
in institutional frames through action.
Albrechts in his writings about Strategic Spatial
Planning has insisted a shift in planning style
that is based on designing “shared futures and
the development and promotion of common
assets.” The essence of SSP is also to find
alternative approaches to “instrumental
rationality". This alternative way refers to value
rationality, a method of making dialogues
where value based images, which are
embedded in specific contexts, are generated
collectively, validated by belief, practice and
experience. This method is a reaction to the
trend of making “future that extrapolated the
past, and maintains the status quo”. This
approach includes reaching the ‘other’ part of
the population, who are victim of prejudice
and exclusion; and giving them the power to
create their own image, and to take into
account the “unequal balances of power”
(Albrechts, 2004).
2.2. Power in planning
In Albrechts’ study of power in planning, he
argues that planning is essentially shaped by
complicated power relations and because the
dominant interests are not necessarily always is
in line with the “force of better argument”; the
process of negotiations among plan-making
actors, decision-making actors and
implementation actors usually results in a
consensus which neutralizes important/
significant opinions.
An important reflection is also built with
Albrechts’ view on citizen’s ambivalence on
power system; according to him, the citizens
are not convinced of the power of informal
structures and frameworks in shaping the flow
of events in planning field. He establishes that,
although dominant power relations are not
easy to change, empowerment has the
potential to support collective efforts to
change such relations. Albrechts argues that
spatial planning, with the help of a number of
mediating instruments and processes can take
steps forward to achieve participative
democracy. (Albrecths, 2013).
2.3. Post-Politics
Our experience in PPSIP has inspired us to think
about participatory planning in a critical way.
Sometime participatory planning becomes a
buzzword, something which certifies a project
as socially sustainable. Reading on post politics
has served us with understanding of why only
consensus building is not enough in establishing
rights and justice. In his presentation on post-
politics, Metzger explains how post-politics
refers to a number of aspects of contemporary
planning practices that are deficient in many
perspectives; these practices have an
uncritical attitude towards partnership
governance and participatory consensus
building. Although the process of participation
is supposed to bring clarity of opinion from
different actor groups; participatory planning
might instead result in nightmarishly complex
governance arrangements, making it difficult
to clearly understand, analyze and reproduce
the processes with success. Because many
different actors are involved and their interest,
stake and enrolment is not always clearly
sketched out, it becomes difficult to assign
authority to actions. The literature on post-
politics also highlights how participatory
planning might sometimes be used as a mean
to suppress dissent on difficult issues; this
happens because all actors sitting around a
table are not given equal right of say what
they have in mind. Thus in reality, participatory
process only serve a part of the purpose, not
the whole of it- it might bring people who were
deprived of right of opinion in the scene, but
the agenda of discussion might not allow
everyone to properly voice their concern, and
at the end of the day, it’s the most powerful
actor whose interest will be served. This way
consensus building only works as a way of
social control by reducing the possibility for
other actors to oppose the most powerful
actor.
An important aspect of the post-political
approach is the recognition of this conflict of
interest and accepting that the political
difference should not be suppressed, rather
expressed on public platform, so that they are
“explored and articulated in ways that can
contribute to “taming” potentially violent
antagonism into democratically productive
agonism” (Metzger, 2016). Agonism allows for
“fundamentally opposed political ideals and
interests to play out against each other in
democratically acceptable forms based on – if
not sympathy or understanding – at least a
mutual recognition of legitimacy and respect
for difference” (Metzger, 2016).
Irina Velicu and Maria Kaika’s paper animates
the story of years long anti-mining struggles in
Rosia Montana, Romania with a theoretical
basis adopted from Jacques Rancière’s
writings on postpolitics. Rancière argues about
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consensual politics that, “within an established
framework, disagreement can only be
articulated around opinions and values or
around best solutions for a contested situation.
The situation itself, the framework itself within
which this dialogue operates (e.g. Continuous
development, neoliberalism, etc.) is not
(supposed to be) contested” (Velicu & Kaika,
2014, p.3). So, to make changes that matter, it
is important that the framework within which a
project operates should remain flexible to some
extent.
3. Background of Pro-Poor Slum Integration
Project
3.1. Pro-Poor Slum Integration Project
Pro-Poor Slum Integration Project or PPSIP
started in 2014 and aims to complete
implementation in 2021. The analysis of the
case will firstly illustrate the thematic guideline
of the project which is extracted from multiple
reports (NHA, 2014) and then identify the
complexities of implementation in the first
several months of the pilot phase of the
project.
The objective of Pro-Poor Slum Integration
Project is to improve shelter and living
conditions in selected low income and informal
settlements in a number of municipalities in
Bangladesh. The project also aims to develop
infrastructure, e.g. road, drainage etc. in these
neighborhoods. An additional focus of this
project is to introduce collaborative learning in
poverty stricken urban areas with the means of
Community Support Centers. The beneficiary
communities and municipalities are selected
through strategic steps and the project aims to
scale up the development endeavours to
additional municipalities in the future through
demonstration.
3.1.1. Integration of policies
The project reflects Bangladesh’s Seventh Five
Year Plan. According to this, “specific priorities
of housing development are: (i) enabling land
markets to work efficiently; (ii) improving the
mechanism for financing housing and (iii)
encouraging participation of the private
sector, community based organizations, and
non-government organizations to participate in
service provision, particularly through policies
to support inclusion.” (Seventh Five Year Plan
(FY16-20) , n.d.) The National Housing Policy
(1993/2004) recognizes the rights of the
inhabitants in slums and informal settlements.
This further focuses on the development of
alternative housing supply programs to address
the needs of the economically marginalized
group.
3.1.2. Community driven approach
This project is designed with a community-
driven and people centered approach. It
adopts the Asian Coalition for Community
Action- ACCA approach practiced in different
countries of South-east Asia. The approach is
based on building funding capability within the
community and empowering community
people to improve their own living conditions.
ACCA includes a people centered approach
to slum upgrading, including tenure and
housing rights. The first step is community
mobilization and organization- gradually
building social cohesion through collective
action
Figure 1: Diagrammatic representation of Actor relationship and enrolment in PPSIP.
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ACCA then provides loans for larger housing
projects and supports communities with
architectural and planning assistance for site
layout and design. This big and small funds
goes to a city as a set of funds in order to make
city-wide development. In this mechanism, in
order to sustain the process, communities are
mobilized to be connected by networks so they
can take collaborative action towards
common habitat development goals. The
solution comes through forming larger- scale
revolving funds; all involved communities take
part in it – these funds are called community
development funds (CDFs) and they may
operate at different levels: the district level, city
level, provincially or even nationally.
ACCA funds pass through a city level CDF
(Community Development Fund) rather than
going directly to the community. This CDFs can
also be supplemented by a welfare fund and
an insurance fund. CDF also serve as the
institutionalization of community processes
while it incorporates multiple different
stakeholders, such as community members,
academics, NGOs, and government officials.
ACCA supports communities in acquiring
formal land title through negotiated purchases,
or securing land grants or long term leases
through communication with land authorities.
ACCA encourages the communities to
develop their savings, so they can avail other
sources of finance (e.g. Bank loans). Successful
communities are linked with other communities
on the city level which provides them the
opportunity to learn from each other’s
experiences, links city wide savings efforts and
through this, communities feel empowered and
connected. (ARCHER, 2012)
3.1.3. Partnership with UPPR
The project is designed to work with cohesive
community groups of UPPR, who already has a
history of savings, and are experienced in
planning and developing small scale
infrastructure projects, e.g. neighbourhood
road, toilets etc. Urban Partnerships for Poverty
Reduction Project (UPPR) started in 2000 with
organization and mobilization of the
community, savings and livelihoods programs,
and simple infrastructure development through
community contracting with awards of small
grants. Until now, in 21 different municipalities
of the country, UPPR communities manage
30,000 primary groups organized under 2,588
community development committees. With
community collaboration, they build
community action plans to implement
livelihood programs and basic infrastructure
development. Up to date, UPPR has over 5
million USD savings rotating among 26,000
community based savings and credit groups.
UPPR started in many municipality an effort to
control viability of community based lending
products for housing, this is called Community
Housing Development Funds (CHDF). The PPSIP
project aims to broaden these operations with
the means of housing and further infrastructure
development.
3.1.4. Institutional plurality
The national-scale project draws on expertise
and capacities from different institutions. The
project fund (a total of USD 50 Million) is lent to
Bangladesh Bank by International
Development Association (IDA). In this project,
the housing finance for the urban poor comes
through community based lending models.
That requires development of a number of
tailored funding products (e.g., personal, joint
liability, group guarantee etc.) with which
households will get access to credits as
qualified borrowers, the financial models are to
be developed by Palli Karma Sayahak
Foundation (PKSF). National Housing Authority
(NHA) is responsible for employing technical
consultants for environmental and social
assessment and implementation of the project.
For the pilot phase of the project, NHA
employed a number of institutions affiliated
with BRAC University- C3ER (Climate Change
and Environmental Research) , a team of
architects and a team of social scientists from
BID (Brac Institute of Development).
3.2. Selection of communities
The pilot phase started with an aim to test
feasibility of the project. This required selecting
communities which will help the project to
succeed in the pilot phase, so that the efforts
can later be more or less replicated for the next
communities and next towns.
Through many stages of shortlisting five towns
were selected- Sirajgonj, Narayangonj, Comilla,
Barisal and Dinajpur. The consultant teams
visited the five towns to rank them in an order
of ‘readiness’ of each town, so that they know
from in which town the pilot phase should start.
The consultant team shared the prospects of
the project with local authorities (District
comissioner, mayor etc.); ranked prospective
communities through meetings with community
leaders and visited communities. From this, the
consultant team prepared a list of strengths
and threats for each town. Both in the cities of
Comilla and Sirajgonj, there is good
cooperation within communities and among
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communities and local government. However,
in Comilla a new City Corporation masterplan
was in the process and starting the PPSIP
project in Comilla could mean incorporation of
slum development initiative in the masterplan,
and that could facilitate in creating a good
example of urban planning for other cities with
slum problems.
The initial activities which led to selection of the
first five communities were meeting with UPPRP
cluster leaders, local NGOs and ward
councillors. Through meeting these local
representatives, 71 communities were
shortlisted. After this shortlisting, the selection
criteria were revised in order to find
communities which could increase the
likelihood of success in the pilot phase, these
criteria were, in order of importance:
availability of land, performance of savings
and credit scheme and possibility of
demonstration of various housing options
(defined by geographical quality,
morphological setting of household etc.).
With the revised criteria, 11 high ranked
communities were chosen from this list and
categorized on the basis of some
characteristics or issues- pond-side
communities, lake-side communities,
embankment-side communities and socially-
disadvantaged communities. This
categorization was made with an attempt of
forming networks of communities, so that as the
project progresses, communities can easily find
solutions to their problems with the help of their
network.
Eventually, through further revisions of
indicators, five communities were chosen for
the pilot phase. These communities are:
Molobhipara Baburchibari, Shongraish,
Hatipukurpar, Shubhopur Gangpar and Uttor
Bhatpara.
Though the inclinations of different groups are
not explicit, it can be imagined that varying
interests in different stakeholders led to a time
consuming trial and error process of selection.
Regardless of what consultant teams, city
representatives and community representatives
suggested, a major deciding factor that was
set by the design of the program was
beneficiary communities’ ability to repay loan
and their access to legal land. How the
deciding power of certain stakeholders played
role in the selection process is further
elaborated in the next section.
3.3.Reflections on the community selection
process
Legal access to land and capacity to repay
loan were two major criteria in the community
selection process. However, in the communities
of Comilla and Sirajgonj, it is rarely the case
that a family who has legal and private
ownership and are well-off enough to repay
the loan easily- are in dire need to build a new
house. Comparing to the ultra-poor slum
communities, these families have good houses
which only need improvements or repairing.
According to Islam, the households in
communities of Sirajgonj privately owned their
lots. The income of the majority of these
household is about 30,000 BDT while the target
group decided in the project was of families
with monthly income of BDT 7000-15000. Those
families only needed improvements, such as a
good kitchen or a pucca (permanent) roof.
(Islam, 2016)
The infrastructural improvement objectives
included: 1. Developing access with improved
roads 2. Ensuring electricity supply 3. Ensuring
gas supply 4. Developing proper waste
management 4. Developing drainage for
waste-water 5. Ensuring water supply. The first
two communities (Shongraish and
Moulobhipara) to work with already had basic
provision of all these infrastructure, except
good drainage and waste disposal system.
According to the project design only
communities who take part in the housing loan
program will receive free of cost infrastructural
improvement support. So eventually, the
project was practically functioning like a bank
housing loan program addressed to lower-
middle/middle income families, instead of a
slum improvement project. The consultants on
field were increasingly uncomfortable with this
pattern, but nevertheless, they would continue
with the project if the community agreed to
the financial scheme that was presented.
A number of communities without land security
were highly ranked in the selection process
because of cohesion in the community,
willingness etc. In spite of being the least
developed in terms of infrastructure, housing,
land security; those communities were not
chosen. It was decided that in the pilot phase
the project will work with only communities with
legal access to land because the time period
for pilot phase (2 years) was too short for any
kind of acquisition of land or mitigation
addressing land conflict. Another major
selection criterion was presence of community
cohesiveness and willingness to take part in the
project. The communities were always
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Emerald Upoma Baidya 162
approached through the UPPR leaders and
mostly their cooperation and involvement was
taken as indicative of the ‘readiness’ of
community. Naturally, UPPR leaders’ interest
were very much associated with the programs
and achievements of UPPR. Through UPPR
programs, they have built saving activities and
performed infrastructural projects (communal
toilets, communal water taps, improves roads
etc.). These processes have gradually
improved the communities’ socio-physical
environments, and equally importantly,
empowered the community women by
capacitating them with leadership roles and so
on. These leaders who worked for the
communities for many years seemed to be
feeling out of place with the new project when
the programs of PPSIP were not in line of UPPR
projects.
Although the selection involved local people,
eventually it was top-down process. Producing
some visible result (as housing) in the pilot
phase would be necessary to produce a
demonstration effect for the project, and
hence the criteria were designed in a way to
achieve that goal; but some criterion had a
strong focus on the interest of the Bank rather
than the communities. In other words, the
“community-driven” project could not
eventually motivate any community to
continue with the project.
3.4.Context of Comilla
Comilla is a district situated in the east of
Bangladesh. The urban population of Comilla is
7,07,597 and population density is 1712/ sq. km
(BBS, 2014). The landscape of Comilla is defined
by water bodies; rivers (Little Feni and Gomoti),
natural lakes and man-made ponds of small
and large size. While the water bodies served
as water source for city neighborhoods in the
past, with the introduction of piped water, the
developed neighborhoods do not need to use
them now. Many ponds are now a days being
filled for developing structures. However, for the
disadvantaged neighborhoods, the ponds still
remain a source of water for household
purposes- cleaning clothes, utensils, bathing
etc. Locals from slum communities say that, the
pond banks serve as gathering spaces for
them, especially in summer when power-cuts
are frequent and dense slum settlements are
difficult to live in. The ponds serve as an
important source of water also in case of fire-
hazards, especially for neighborhoods which
are not easily accessible to fire trucks.
Despite the city’s role in shaping the history of
the country (and of the region before the
formation of the Republic) over many centuries
through its economic and cultural presence;
the city has received little urban, infrastructural
or technological upgrade in recent decades. Ill
equipped to function as a modern city, it now
struggles to cope with aggressive urban
development. As with many cities in
Bangladesh, whose infrastructural and resource
capacities are collapsing under the weight of
ever growing demands to deliver economic
value and to take in rapidly increasing
population, the city of Comilla is being regularly
cut and stitched to enhance its economic and
industrial production capacity and to
accommodate the growing number of migrant
inhabitants. These modifications on the
cityscape have taken a heavy toll on the
quality of life of individuals and entire
neighborhoods: more so among those less
privileged.
Figure 2: Skyline of Comilla
Figure 3: Moulobhipara Baburchibari community.
3.5.Project activities on the field
Shongraish and Moulobhipara were two of the
first communities who participated in the
project. Both communities have savings
committees with UPPR and have developed
their infrastructure (especially communal toilets
and roads) over past years with UPPR
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development projects. The communities were
first briefed in detail about the project- its
objectives and program. Then, based on
discussions with the UPPR leaders, the architects
fixed project boundaries for each community,
i.e. parts of a community were chosen as
defined by their geographical characteristics,
or bounded by infrastructures. However, a
possible extended area was also decided for
future consideration.
With the help of ARCHITECTS' TEAMconsultants,
the communities then prepared community
maps to locate the respective positions of their
houses, toilets, kitchens etc., type of houses
(permanent/temporary) and ownership of lots.
Through informal community workshop,
inhabitants also discussed what improvements
they desire in their living environment. These
processes were performed in community
courtyards or houses. While a part of the team
were involved in mapping and collaborating
directly with the communities, other parts of the
team were involved in extracting and
analysing maps from GIS databases, reviewing
and appropriating building codes etc.
Along with these activities, land experts from
SOCIAL SCIENTISTS' TEAM started to extract and
analyze land status of other communities
(Shubhopur Gangpar, Uttor Bhatpara etc.) on
the list in order to facilitate future negotiations
about land. However, in spite of numerous
attempts from the SOCIAL SCIENTISTS' TEAM
and ARCHITECTS' TEAM, negotiations with the
Land Ministry could not be made because
local government was not very helpful. It was
difficult to make negotiations for land transfer
from other ministries to housing ministry. The
project applied to the Prime Minister to
facilitate land negotiation processes, but didn’t
receive any response.
During community meetings, the consultant
teams shared with the communities about
successful community-led slum improvement
projects in other South-east Asian countries
(Burma, Fiji, Vietnam, India and Philippines).
Through sharing about successful examples,
architects' team attempted to create dialogue
with the community about the importance of
combined efforts of professionals and locals in
creating cost-effective design solutions.
Figure 4: Community map of Moulobhipara (NHA, 2014)
Figure 5: Consulting design with house owner in
Moulobhipara (NHA, 2014)
3.1. Financial mechanism
According to the financial scheme, one
household will be granted a maximum amount
of BDT 2,00,000 (USD 2548) as loan which they
have to repay in 5 years with an interest rate of
15%. A household who takes a BDT 1,00,000
(USD 1274). loan would have to repay a total of
BDT 1,42,740 (USD 2379). This fund will be
disbursed from World Bank as loans, through
Bangladesh Bank and then a local NGO and
finally to a saving committee that the
communities would form for this project.
In Shongraish, the first response to the numbers
was that the interest rate is too high for them. In
this project architects and social teams were
the only group directly communicating with the
community and naturally, because finance is
not their core skill, neither of this group had very
clear understanding of how the financial
mechanism works. PKSF and the finance team
from BRAC University only agreed to
collaborate from Dhaka. With the absence of a
financial team to explain, decode or modify
the financial scheme properly, the consultant
teams on the field attempted to broaden their
skills on this issue with the help of visiting
consultants, studying financial models from
other projects etc.
9. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 156-165 / 2019
Emerald Upoma Baidya 164
Conflict arising on interest rate became a
recurrent event during a particular phase in
Comilla. Although the project derived its
participatory design approaches from ACCA
projects, a major difference between this
project and any ACCA was the funding
mechanism. In ACCA funded projects the fund
reaches to a city-wide community network in
the form of donation. Therefore, when it is
disbursed within community household in the
form of loan the interest rate is lower and also
because the loan is repaid to their own
community-network, the participants are less
hesitant to repay the loan with an interest.
Islam, one of the community architects says,
“We were talking about examples like Baan
Mankong, Bang Bua and CODI, we didn’t
probably yet realize the biggest difference
between PPSIP and those examples were the
funding mechanism. In Thailand the
communities were receiving grants, and here
the community was offered loan. That makes
all the difference. We were too focused on the
physical product, the housing.” - (Islam, 2016).
Eventually no productive dialogue took place
between the community and PPSIP and the
consultant teams decided that before the
financial scheme is revised to fit communities’
affordability, it was of no use to design/plan
further along with the community. However,
the architects' teamcarried on with designing
infrastructure, housing prototypes, cost
estimation etc. so that they can further consult
with the community when and if the conflict is
resolved and the social scientists' team would
continue with the social awareness program.
The consultant teams didn’t have any clear
idea about the financial mechanism even
when the project moved to the next city
Sirajgonj after working in Comilla for almost an
year. According to Islam, the architects' team
was aware that discussing financial mechanism
in detail will only complicate the situation, so
they only performed programs on housing and
land. Design workshops, community mapping,
interviews etc. In order to create dialogue with
the families about their aspiration of housing
improvement within a cost frame of BDT 200000
(USD 2550) per household.
3.7.Disputes among different stakeholders
One of the reasons why the community lost
trust in the project, was because too many
stakeholders were involved in this project and
they visited the community at different times
with different agenda. The values, working
method and language of communication
were different in all these different teams.
Conflict among consultant teams, community
leaders and current UPPR officials proved to be
strongest factor for certain disruptions along
the project. The UPPR town manager, the
official responsible for supervising UPPR efforts in
communities, although verbally agreed to
collaborate with PPSIP, was not fully convinced
of the importance of PPSIP in “his”
communities. He complained that he did not
feel enough involved in the project. His
dissension proved to be a deciding factor of
UPPR leaders’ non-cooperation with the
project, just as the leaders’ non-cooperation
with the project closed the line of
communication with the communities. When
architects' teamattempted to bring ACCA
fund for housing and infrastructure
improvement in communities out of UPPR
network, the disagreement from town
manager leaders grew even stronger because
this effort seemed to him as a token of
contesting UPPR’s capacity.
The different consultant teams in PPSIP could
not fully utilize the potential of a multi-
disciplinary professional environment. Only
architects' team and social scientists' teams
were mainly working in the field. Except
periodical meetings and site visits, the other
stake holders (representatives and professionals
from NHA) were not involved in the field for
long periods of time. This resulted in conflicted
understanding of the context, goal and
therefore compromising of the field
professional’s capacity.
According to Islam, the leading team on the
field was the architects’ team, and they were
not fully equipped with the vast array of
organisational skill that was required for a
project like this. The limits of their skills were
constantly challenged by cumbersome
bureaucratic processes. The mind-set and
working method of several groups were very
different. The architects' team was mobilized by
an ambitious humanistic result, the finance
team was too pragmatic to find an alternative
mechanism. An integrated approach of socio-
technical innovation was missing (Islam, 2016).
4. Conclusion
The design of the project addresses grave
issues as housing and infrastructure crisis in
urban poor, intends to adopt a community-
driven approach in integrated slum
development. Yet, in the pilot phase
coordination between communities and the
project has failed in unfortunate ways. Two
main reasons can be sketched out in order to
understand why this happened.
10. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 156-165 / 2019
Emerald Upoma Baidya 165
a. Participatory design/planning was seen in an
uncritical way: The notion of participatory
design was accepted as if when the
community participates in decision making
processes, everything falls in place magically.
Even if community always stays in the center of
the discussion, the project actually failed to
measure their financial capacity, eventually it
was made sure that the Banks profit through
this project. Not only participation from the
community was ritualistic, serving only a face-
value, the task force on the field was also put in
a complete dead-end situation, they were
always under pressure to meet World Bank’s
criteria. Even though consultant teams were
free to take decisions on the field, practically
they were merely executives offered with
remuneration, devoid of power to make the
really important decisions or challenge the
institutional framework that they were part of.
b. The interest and enrolment of different
stakeholders were not realistically sketched out:
The design of the project had foreseen high risk
around stakeholder participation and
institutional consensus. This risk could not be
averted. The unequal power dynamics could
be changed if there were less number of
stakeholders involved. With repetitive
consensus building exercises, it was difficult to
assign responsibility to any one actor for an
action, the consultant teams on the field were
completely perplexed in the process of
considering every related stakeholders’
interests before and after any activities they
carried out on the field. Although World Bank,
NHA, PKSF etc. had more power in taking
decisions, their enrolment in the project was
not sufficient. On the other hand, the task force
on the field was responsible for continuously
reporting to these stakeholders. Although they
could well realize how these dynamics were
affecting the project negatively, there weren’t
any stage available which allowed to flexibly
negotiate these inequalities when the project
already started; the power inequalities were
too strong to mediate and the consultant
teams could not deviate the fixed structure,
although unlike the niche development
projects, the architects did not have to search
for funds etc. and had institutional support,
they failed to create any real impact on the
field.
It is agreeable that the project deals with
urgent planning issues and started as a way
forward to incorporate societal changes into
the country’s planning field, but it certainly will
take alternative efforts to bring real change in
the field in future.
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