This study examined the relationship between asset endowment and stakeholder mobilization for community-driven development (CDD) projects. A survey was administered to 105 community stakeholders in Kisumu West District, Kenya. Statistical analysis found a significant positive correlation between measures of community assets and measures of individual and community mobilization. Specifically, higher scores on measures of assets like human capital, social assets, and economic assets were correlated with higher scores on measures of willingness to participate in CDD projects and endure participation. The results indicate asset endowment has a direct impact on stakeholder mobilization for CDD by determining communities' ability to mobilize and participate in development initiatives.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This paper sets out to portray the complexity of stakeholders, the views associated with them, and the tensions between livelihoods and conservation interests in the Africa Great lakes region. Through an exploratory study and field visits carried out between 2006 and 2012, this study analyses the various socio-economic and politico-institutional arenas impacting on the Kivu Lake watershed with the objective of identifying a win-win scenario for conservation and livelihoods. Drawing on the institutional theory, emphasis was laid on analyzing the structure and forms of institutions, the existing arrangements, and the ways in which these shape access to, use and management of resources. It depicts institutions as social networks (endowment, capability and entitlement) using the case of HELPAGE and the HIMO approach. Overall, this study has demonstrated how many happenings (resource characteristic, political and social processes and various institutional arrangements) contribute to the tensions between conservation and livelihoods. It has also shown that although field efforts try to set a balance between the two processes, for instance through the agroforestry project, many other agendas undermine these efforts such as the scattered and uncoordinated actions of field actors and the multiplicity of resource users’ group. This paper has proposed some guiding rules emanating from the implementation of the HIMO program that if applied, will reduce conflicts between communities and projects.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This paper sets out to portray the complexity of stakeholders, the views associated with them, and the tensions between livelihoods and conservation interests in the Africa Great lakes region. Through an exploratory study and field visits carried out between 2006 and 2012, this study analyses the various socio-economic and politico-institutional arenas impacting on the Kivu Lake watershed with the objective of identifying a win-win scenario for conservation and livelihoods. Drawing on the institutional theory, emphasis was laid on analyzing the structure and forms of institutions, the existing arrangements, and the ways in which these shape access to, use and management of resources. It depicts institutions as social networks (endowment, capability and entitlement) using the case of HELPAGE and the HIMO approach. Overall, this study has demonstrated how many happenings (resource characteristic, political and social processes and various institutional arrangements) contribute to the tensions between conservation and livelihoods. It has also shown that although field efforts try to set a balance between the two processes, for instance through the agroforestry project, many other agendas undermine these efforts such as the scattered and uncoordinated actions of field actors and the multiplicity of resource users’ group. This paper has proposed some guiding rules emanating from the implementation of the HIMO program that if applied, will reduce conflicts between communities and projects.
The village government has an substantial responsibility in managing human resources to produce regional economic benefits. This research aims to identify the stakeholder collaboration to support accountability in village fund management and rural development. This study used an interactive approach with data collection methods such as structured interviews, documentation, and observation. The object of the study is village officials in Pranggang Village,
Plosoklaten District, Kediri Regency, East Java Province. The results of the study showed that the village government has not optimally carried out its role in involving more stakeholders. Collaborative stakeholders in managing village funds involved village government officials, activity management team and
community. They play a positive role in bringing about village accountability in managing village funds. An increased community participation contribute to program evaluation activities and effectiveness in the village financial management. The accountability of the village funds utilization has met the
Home Affairs Ministerial Regulation number 113 of 2014. In addition, social accountability has been applied in various forms of effective interactions between the community and village government. Much efforts are required to improve the quality of human resources through more stakeholder engagement, training activity and community empowerment.
Proposal: Launch a community-based action-learning lab to accelerate innovation and application of systematic approaches to civic stewardship.
Approach: Applies systematic methods in the civic context that are now used in successful organizations to increase local ownership for ambitious goals, and to foster innovation and collaboration for achieving them.
Opportunity: Spur progress on our most persistent and costly socio-economic and environmental problems by cultivating a national network of neighborhood-based civic stewardship initiatives. A critical mass of neighborhood efforts in 300 U.S. cities can save hundreds of billions in annual government costs, while fostering “collective efficacy” and wellbeing in communities nationwide.
Why now: Recent developments in measures (spurred by the proliferation of “public data”), social media (e.g., neighborhood websites), and monetization (e.g., social impact bonds) are “disruptive innovations” that create ripe opportunities for quantum change.
Civic Stewardship -- Boston Action-Learning Labwmsnyder
Proposal: Launch a community-based action-learning lab to accelerate innovation and application of systematic approaches to civic stewardship.
Approach: Applies systematic methods in the civic context that are now used in successful organizations to increase local ownership for ambitious goals, and to foster innovation and collaboration for achieving them.
Opportunity: Spur progress on our most persistent and costly socio-economic and environmental problems by cultivating a national network of neighborhood-based civic stewardship initiatives. A critical mass of neighborhood efforts in 300 U.S. cities can save hundreds of billions in annual government costs, while fostering “collective efficacy” and wellbeing in communities nationwide.
Why now: Recent developments in measures (spurred by the proliferation of “public data”), social media (e.g., neighborhood websites), and monetization (e.g., social impact bonds) are “disruptive innovations” that create ripe opportunities for quantum change.
Impact of People's Participation in the Decentralized Participatory Planning...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Social and Environmental Accountability: A Natural Resources Governance Frame...Emmanuel Nuesiri
How can we hold powerful actors (governments, big business, and international NGOs) to account in natural resources management? This is the major question this ground breaking paper addresses. It comprehensively explores the principle of accountability, particularly the accountability of powerful actors for the social and environmental outcomes of their decision making about natural resources.
Powerful actors are institutions with decision making powers and influence over management of forests, fisheries, land, water, and extractive resources. While it focuses on government and the private sector, accountability is a principle common to all governance systems. Accountability is the requirement for powerful actors to accept responsibility and answer for their actions; it could be vertical and characterized by a hierarchical principal-agent relationship, horizontal where accountee is not hierarchically superior to the accountor, or diagonal and inclusive of citizen initiatives to hold powerful actors accountable. When vertical, horizontal and diagonal accountability practices are primarily civil society or citizen driven, they are referred to as social accountability initiatives (SAIs).
There are five dimensions or aspects to accountability namely transparency, liability, controllability, responsibility, and responsiveness. The main questions being asked by the paper are: why is accountability an essential principle for natural resources governance; how has it been recognized internationally and by whom; and what are the key challenges and good practices related to holding powerful actors around the world to account? The paper finds that government has primary obligation for accountable management of natural resources on behalf of its citizens who are right holders over these resources. However, government is often reluctant to unreservedly hold powerful actors to account, especially business, preferring to allow business to opt for voluntary mechanisms of accountability or to self-regulate.
This has given rise to citizen driven SAIs as external means of holding powerful actors to account, while contributing to strengthening formal internal accountability procedures. Thus supporting citizen driven accountability practices in vertical, horizontal and diagonal accountability systems, is a reliable way to ensure that powerful actors in natural resources management are held accountable for the social and environmental outcomes of their decision making and actions.
Packet Learning 2 Community Organizing june 21 2020jo bitonio
Introduction: Concepts, theories, contests, challenges of the 21st Century; Major Approached to Community Practice, Development, organizing, social planning and social change
Community Based Organization, Community building, Coordination , Program Design and Resource Development
Issues and challenges strategies to social change
Leadership for wicked problems. Key Words: Public Leadership and Management, Wicked Problems, Transactional and Transformative, Implementation, Competencies
Measuring and Valuing Social Capital: A Guide for ExecutivesSustainable Brands
The Network for Business Sustainability South Africa research team reviewed 314 studies on social capital. This report outlines the business benefits of social captial and identified measures and tools that can be used to assess the key dimensions of social capital.
Social sustainability. It aims to promote engagement by institutions with communities and global neighbours,
global neighbours, strengthen the surrounding society, foster a sense of social
responsibility among faculty, staff, and students, expand access to education, and empower those who are less privileged.
those who are less privileged.
Alternative medicine to combat memory problems such as Alzheimer's disease, etc. The presentation throws light on the uses of various herbs for memory enhancement
The village government has an substantial responsibility in managing human resources to produce regional economic benefits. This research aims to identify the stakeholder collaboration to support accountability in village fund management and rural development. This study used an interactive approach with data collection methods such as structured interviews, documentation, and observation. The object of the study is village officials in Pranggang Village,
Plosoklaten District, Kediri Regency, East Java Province. The results of the study showed that the village government has not optimally carried out its role in involving more stakeholders. Collaborative stakeholders in managing village funds involved village government officials, activity management team and
community. They play a positive role in bringing about village accountability in managing village funds. An increased community participation contribute to program evaluation activities and effectiveness in the village financial management. The accountability of the village funds utilization has met the
Home Affairs Ministerial Regulation number 113 of 2014. In addition, social accountability has been applied in various forms of effective interactions between the community and village government. Much efforts are required to improve the quality of human resources through more stakeholder engagement, training activity and community empowerment.
Proposal: Launch a community-based action-learning lab to accelerate innovation and application of systematic approaches to civic stewardship.
Approach: Applies systematic methods in the civic context that are now used in successful organizations to increase local ownership for ambitious goals, and to foster innovation and collaboration for achieving them.
Opportunity: Spur progress on our most persistent and costly socio-economic and environmental problems by cultivating a national network of neighborhood-based civic stewardship initiatives. A critical mass of neighborhood efforts in 300 U.S. cities can save hundreds of billions in annual government costs, while fostering “collective efficacy” and wellbeing in communities nationwide.
Why now: Recent developments in measures (spurred by the proliferation of “public data”), social media (e.g., neighborhood websites), and monetization (e.g., social impact bonds) are “disruptive innovations” that create ripe opportunities for quantum change.
Civic Stewardship -- Boston Action-Learning Labwmsnyder
Proposal: Launch a community-based action-learning lab to accelerate innovation and application of systematic approaches to civic stewardship.
Approach: Applies systematic methods in the civic context that are now used in successful organizations to increase local ownership for ambitious goals, and to foster innovation and collaboration for achieving them.
Opportunity: Spur progress on our most persistent and costly socio-economic and environmental problems by cultivating a national network of neighborhood-based civic stewardship initiatives. A critical mass of neighborhood efforts in 300 U.S. cities can save hundreds of billions in annual government costs, while fostering “collective efficacy” and wellbeing in communities nationwide.
Why now: Recent developments in measures (spurred by the proliferation of “public data”), social media (e.g., neighborhood websites), and monetization (e.g., social impact bonds) are “disruptive innovations” that create ripe opportunities for quantum change.
Impact of People's Participation in the Decentralized Participatory Planning...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Social and Environmental Accountability: A Natural Resources Governance Frame...Emmanuel Nuesiri
How can we hold powerful actors (governments, big business, and international NGOs) to account in natural resources management? This is the major question this ground breaking paper addresses. It comprehensively explores the principle of accountability, particularly the accountability of powerful actors for the social and environmental outcomes of their decision making about natural resources.
Powerful actors are institutions with decision making powers and influence over management of forests, fisheries, land, water, and extractive resources. While it focuses on government and the private sector, accountability is a principle common to all governance systems. Accountability is the requirement for powerful actors to accept responsibility and answer for their actions; it could be vertical and characterized by a hierarchical principal-agent relationship, horizontal where accountee is not hierarchically superior to the accountor, or diagonal and inclusive of citizen initiatives to hold powerful actors accountable. When vertical, horizontal and diagonal accountability practices are primarily civil society or citizen driven, they are referred to as social accountability initiatives (SAIs).
There are five dimensions or aspects to accountability namely transparency, liability, controllability, responsibility, and responsiveness. The main questions being asked by the paper are: why is accountability an essential principle for natural resources governance; how has it been recognized internationally and by whom; and what are the key challenges and good practices related to holding powerful actors around the world to account? The paper finds that government has primary obligation for accountable management of natural resources on behalf of its citizens who are right holders over these resources. However, government is often reluctant to unreservedly hold powerful actors to account, especially business, preferring to allow business to opt for voluntary mechanisms of accountability or to self-regulate.
This has given rise to citizen driven SAIs as external means of holding powerful actors to account, while contributing to strengthening formal internal accountability procedures. Thus supporting citizen driven accountability practices in vertical, horizontal and diagonal accountability systems, is a reliable way to ensure that powerful actors in natural resources management are held accountable for the social and environmental outcomes of their decision making and actions.
Packet Learning 2 Community Organizing june 21 2020jo bitonio
Introduction: Concepts, theories, contests, challenges of the 21st Century; Major Approached to Community Practice, Development, organizing, social planning and social change
Community Based Organization, Community building, Coordination , Program Design and Resource Development
Issues and challenges strategies to social change
Leadership for wicked problems. Key Words: Public Leadership and Management, Wicked Problems, Transactional and Transformative, Implementation, Competencies
Measuring and Valuing Social Capital: A Guide for ExecutivesSustainable Brands
The Network for Business Sustainability South Africa research team reviewed 314 studies on social capital. This report outlines the business benefits of social captial and identified measures and tools that can be used to assess the key dimensions of social capital.
Social sustainability. It aims to promote engagement by institutions with communities and global neighbours,
global neighbours, strengthen the surrounding society, foster a sense of social
responsibility among faculty, staff, and students, expand access to education, and empower those who are less privileged.
those who are less privileged.
Alternative medicine to combat memory problems such as Alzheimer's disease, etc. The presentation throws light on the uses of various herbs for memory enhancement
Different Medicinal Plants for Common Diseases
*The animations and transitions could only be seen only if you download this presentation.
*Much better if you will download this presentation.
Enjoy! :)
Towards ProgramsSustainability: Assessment of Institutional Determinants for ...IEREK Press
This paper brings to the fore an assessment of institutional determinants for effective community participation in development programs for the case of Tanzania. It is highly acknowledged in various scholarly literature that there is a strong link between community participation and development programs. In fact, literature shows that community-based development programs that have allowed community membersto be fully involved in various programs have been successful when compared to those where community members are seen as spectators.However, in order for community members to take part in the programs, there are several determining factors, ranging from socio-economic, socio-cultural to institutional based factors.This study therefore sought to assess institutional determinants with the aim of identifying the major institutional determinants capable of influencing effective community participation in development programs. The study used four programs that were categorized as Locally Funded, Government Funded, Donor Funded and Joint Funded development programs.A combined sample size of 316 participants from all the four programs was employed. Collected data were analyzed through the within-case analysis and the comparative analysis approaches. Results of the study revealed thatprogram benefits, objectives and leadership were the major institutional determinants for promoting effective community participation in development programs. when compared to methods used in the other three examined programs. Hence, the study concluded byemphasizing on the need to ensure these institutional based factors (program benefits, objectives and leadership) should always be given due attention in any development program.
Key Drivers in Sustainable Community Water Projects: Lessons from Elgeyo-Mara...AI Publications
Debate about sustainable development can be traced to the Rio Summit on environment and development where emphasis was placed on empowering local communities to take charge of their own development. Sustainable development advocates for inclusiveness of all in development especially the local community. Participation of stakeholders in any development endeavour guarantees delivery of project benefits to intended users. The recent transition from MDGs to SDGs with a focus on communities clearly demonstrates the relevance of community participation in projects. This paper assesses the significance of various drivers in community led water projects in Elgeyo-Marakwet County. The paper examines different drivers at play in a typical community led water project and assesses how such drivers contribute to project sustainability. The paper concludes that for successful water project implementation, key project drivers should be strengthened by all participating actors.
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND THE PERFORMANCE OF PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION IN BUMB...AkashSharma618775
This study focused on community participation and the performance of project implementation, which is
very significant in the economic development of Rwanda and the entire global community. Community
participation has become an increasing aspect key tool of public policy and service delivery within the realm of
good governance across the world. This study hypothesizes community participation and the performance of
project implementation within Bumbogo VUP Water Supply Project, in Gasabo District as case study. The study
used both descriptive and correlation statistics, where the researcher used both qualitative and quantitative
approach. The total population of this study equal to 850; using Yamane formula, the researcher used a sample
size of 89 respondents. The sampling technique used in this study is stratified random and purposive sampling
method. The data was finally analyzed using SPSS. The results of the study indicate that there is a strong positive
correlation between community participation and the performance of the project implementation. The regression
analysis indicated that community participation in need analysis has the greatest influence, followed by
Community participation in M&E. community participation in planning has the least influence on the
performance of project implementation. Overall, success of project implementation improves with greater
community participation throughout the project life cycle.
This paper is produced on the basis of the on-going work of the Analyzing Development Issues Centre (ADIC) in collaboration with DC Research team working in Dak Dam commune in Mondulkiri Province, Cambodia, since 2013. It is aims to illustrate a different model of development that takes into account the active involvement of the communities for long term social, economic and environmental development. The paper begins with examining the mismatch of development approaches, followed by the concept of going with the flow of community life (GFCL) in participatory action research (PAR) then the emergence of community-corporate partnership (CCP) concept; its relation to social enterprise, and stock taking of CCP in its current practice in the communities.
Different approaches to development interventions in Cambodia have been tested to examine if they offer greater chance of ownership, benefits, and sustainability to the people or communities. Often, the claim of the intended beneficiaries to the approach comes nil when these factors are brought in. In one instance, community people were urged to advocate for their rights and access to land and forest resources when these were encroached on by powerful individuals or companies. Community people’s motivation comes to despair when the intended achievements end up beyond their reach. On the other hand, there are approaches such as the community forestry program that seeks to improve livelihoods in line with environmental conservation; however, the outcome is not realized because of the dependency on external support and the lack of subsidy to those who sacrifice for forest protection. This paper argues that there is an alternative to build a strong individual or household economic base before they effectively start engaging in protecting their resources. This lends itself to the concept of community-corporate partnership (CCP), which taps into available resources such as land from community people while capital and technical inputs come from outside for collective production that is based on mutually agreed principle of shared benefits and losses. Cases of coffee, pepper production and a few other cash crops are being experimented over the past year with indigenous people in upland Mondulkiri Province. Over the period, there have been manifestations of shared understanding, trust, control of processes and challenges, which indicate a promising path to long term benefits. This has long term potential for strengthening community solidarity for defending their rights to land and natural resources they presently depend upon for their living.
This study focused on the relationship between resource
capacity and performance of local community organizations in Bureti Sub County. Organizational capacity has gained interest especially as it relates to performance of community organizations.Community organizations provide avenues for its members to improve their lives through their participation, however the potential contributions of these organizations to community development has been limited by low organizational capacity among these organizations to effectively deliver services and meet their objectives. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of resources and skills on performance of local community organizations. The general systems theoryguided this study. The study sample was drawn from local community based organizations registered in Bureti Sub County; stratified sampling was used to select community organizations from which 100 members from the sampled organizations were randomly selected and 5 technical
officers. Data was collected through interview method with both open and close ended questions. Data was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively,quantitative analysis used the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer software to generate frequencies and percentages which were interpreted and discussed in line with the study objectives. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically to provide in-depth explanations. This current study found a significant and positive relationship between resource capacity and performance of community organizations, but found no strong relationship between skills capacity and performance. These findings suggest that improved resource capacity would lead to better performance of local organizations. Recommendations to practitioners and policy makers are that efforts should be directed at improving the overall organizational capacity of community organizations in order to raise their performance and the benefits to the members and the community. This study is expected to contribute to the body of knowledge on the relationship between organizational capacity and performance of community organizations.
Developing Sustainable Tourism through Social Entrepreneurshipijtsrd
The research was an effort to examine the relationship between social entrepreneurship SE and sustainable Tourism ST within the framework of India tourism. Thirdly, the study proposes a plan of motivating SEinside the industry. The methodology involves a case study mechanism or an approach that inculcates a systematic and comprehensive examination of associated literature to decide the situation of Indian tourism with reverence to sustainability. Findings revealed that there is inadequacy of SEprojects in context with India hospitality and tourism sector, lack of awareness is one of the major reasons for this. The learning has evaluated the circumstance in India and even though it was all inclusive within the environment of limited data accessibility. Further, the investigation makes three key commitments to the literature on sustainable hospitality and the tourism industry. First, It requires continues commitments of innovative social entrepreneurs, if the business is to turn out to be all the more extensively sustainable. Second, this research explores the degree of action needed in Indian tourism industry to understand whether its development and advantages are measurable. Manzoor Nabi Naikoo "Developing Sustainable Tourism through Social Entrepreneurship" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45189.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/45189/developing-sustainable-tourism-through-social-entrepreneurship/manzoor-nabi-naikoo
SOCIAL PROBLEM RESEARCH4Social Problem ResearchFebruar.docxrosemariebrayshaw
SOCIAL PROBLEM RESEARCH 4
Social Problem Research
February 24, 2020
Running head: SOCIAL PROBLEM RESEARCH 1
Social Problem Research
The National Association of Social Workers (NASW) boasts over 130,000 members, making it the largest professional social workers’ membership organization globally. The organization protects, develops, and promotes professional social work practice and the welfare of its members. It also deals with the creation and maintenance of professional standards and seeks to enhance the well-being of people, families, and communities within the society through advocacy practices. Furthermore, it aims to improve the quality of life of all people in the nation through the practical tackling of social problems such as homeless, HIV/AIDs and other infections, racism and sexism, etc. It enhances the well-being of individuals and groups through its charitable organization, National Association of Social Workers Foundation (NASWF), which was founded in 2001.
Working under the auspices of NASWF, NASW has the goal of rapidly assisting with social crises response, promotion of [practice-based and evidence-based research, supporting education and research, etc. In a nutshell, NASW provides intervention to various social problems, including tackling the issue of homelessness. Hence, this program will address the problem of homelessness in Michigan. The program evaluation will be conducted using both qualitative and quantitative social research methods.
Therefore, first, how do I know that I have a legitimate research problem in Michigan? Homeless people refers to those who lack regular, fixed, and adequate residences to spend in at night, or those whose primary residences are temporary, or any place that is not recommended for people to get sleeping accommodation or those who live in temporary and supervised shelter. Homeless people do not have stable housing in both rural and urban areas and come from various demographic backgrounds. They also face several health concerns. Hence, it poses a severe public healthcare concern that needs a quick and structured social work service.
Apart from the qualitative underpinning, homelessness is as widespread in Michigan as it is in the entire US. Over 744,313 people, including children, women, and men, were homeless in the US by 2005 (Social Work Policy Institute, 2010). Globally, over a billion people lack adequate housing, of which 100 million are entirely destitute of homes. About 5.4 million families are at risk of becoming homeless because of sufficient income to afford to pay their rent. It is highly probable that over 66,051individuals in Michigan are considered homeless, with the statistics including 41,338 unsheltered and 24,713 sheltered homeless people. The majority of the people considered homeless in Michigan are adults.
Delineating the subparts of the homelessness as a social problem in this research project would be a complicated process. The evaluation criteria follo.
SOCIAL PROBLEM RESEARCH4Social Problem ResearchFebruar.docxsamuel699872
SOCIAL PROBLEM RESEARCH 4
Social Problem Research
February 24, 2020
Running head: SOCIAL PROBLEM RESEARCH 1
Social Problem Research
The National Association of Social Workers (NASW) boasts over 130,000 members, making it the largest professional social workers’ membership organization globally. The organization protects, develops, and promotes professional social work practice and the welfare of its members. It also deals with the creation and maintenance of professional standards and seeks to enhance the well-being of people, families, and communities within the society through advocacy practices. Furthermore, it aims to improve the quality of life of all people in the nation through the practical tackling of social problems such as homeless, HIV/AIDs and other infections, racism and sexism, etc. It enhances the well-being of individuals and groups through its charitable organization, National Association of Social Workers Foundation (NASWF), which was founded in 2001.
Working under the auspices of NASWF, NASW has the goal of rapidly assisting with social crises response, promotion of [practice-based and evidence-based research, supporting education and research, etc. In a nutshell, NASW provides intervention to various social problems, including tackling the issue of homelessness. Hence, this program will address the problem of homelessness in Michigan. The program evaluation will be conducted using both qualitative and quantitative social research methods.
Therefore, first, how do I know that I have a legitimate research problem in Michigan? Homeless people refers to those who lack regular, fixed, and adequate residences to spend in at night, or those whose primary residences are temporary, or any place that is not recommended for people to get sleeping accommodation or those who live in temporary and supervised shelter. Homeless people do not have stable housing in both rural and urban areas and come from various demographic backgrounds. They also face several health concerns. Hence, it poses a severe public healthcare concern that needs a quick and structured social work service.
Apart from the qualitative underpinning, homelessness is as widespread in Michigan as it is in the entire US. Over 744,313 people, including children, women, and men, were homeless in the US by 2005 (Social Work Policy Institute, 2010). Globally, over a billion people lack adequate housing, of which 100 million are entirely destitute of homes. About 5.4 million families are at risk of becoming homeless because of sufficient income to afford to pay their rent. It is highly probable that over 66,051individuals in Michigan are considered homeless, with the statistics including 41,338 unsheltered and 24,713 sheltered homeless people. The majority of the people considered homeless in Michigan are adults.
Delineating the subparts of the homelessness as a social problem in this research project would be a complicated process. The evaluation criteria follo.
Quality of Residents' Lives in Autonomous Regions of North Sumatrainventionjournals
There are various factors that can improve the quality of life of the population such as physical quality factor, the quality of non-physical factors and attitudes about environmental management. These factors are not only important in promoting improved quality of life of the population in sustainable development, but also as the dominant factor affecting the implementation of the political life, social life, the use of functions in ecological dimension and the implementation of applicable legislation.
The Vital Role of Social Workers in CommunityPartnerships T.docxssusera34210
The Vital Role of Social Workers in Community
Partnerships: The Alliance for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual,
Transgender and Questioning Youth
Michael P. Dentato • Shelley L. Craig • Mark S. Smith
Published online: 25 June 2010
� Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010
Abstract The account of The Alliance for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender,
and Questioning (GLBTQ) Youth formation offers a model for developing com-
munity-based partnerships. Based in a major urban area, this university-community
collaboration was spearheaded by social workers who were responsible for its
original conceptualization, for generating community support, and for eventual
staffing, administration, direct service provision, and program evaluation design.
This article presents the strategic development and evolution of this community-
based service partnership, highlighting the roles of schools of social work, aca-
demics, and social work students in concert with community funders, practitioners
and youth, in responding to the needs of a vulnerable population.
Keywords GLBTQ youth � Sexual orientation � Community-based partnerships �
Empowerment � Participatory action research
Introduction
A rich history of collaboration exists between community and university-based
social workers in the conceptualization, development, and administration of service
partnerships. As means for establishing these partnerships, participatory action
M. P. Dentato (&)
School of Social Work, Loyola University Chicago, 820 North Michigan Avenue, 12th Floor,
Chicago, IL 60611, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
S. L. Craig
The Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
M. S. Smith
School of Social Work, Barry University, Miami Shores, FL, USA
123
Child Adolesc Soc Work J (2010) 27:323–334
DOI 10.1007/s10560-010-0210-0
research is recognized as a preferred methodology for gathering necessary data about
community needs, and the utilization of an empowerment perspective is seen as a
complementary lens for guiding practice. Participatory action research involves a
collaborative process that attends to the engagement of, and reflective dialogues
concerning, ideas and viewpoints that have been excluded or privileged in traditional
research processes (Guishard 2009), thus suggesting empowerment as a preferred
practice approach. Additionally, such collaborations offer a venue through which
academics and social work researchers can influence practitioners’ understanding of
and willingness to use evidenced based practice (Bellamy et al. 2008).
Social workers have historically worked within communities as practitioners,
researchers, and advocates for policy change serving vulnerable and oppressed
populations: this has, by necessity, involved efforts to develop partnerships among
organizations. In order to best meet the identified needs of groups of individuals and
oppressed communities, social workers often have to first mob ...
doi 10.1111padm.12214TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND THE.docxelinoraudley582231
doi: 10.1111/padm.12214
TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND THE USE
OF NORMATIVE PUBLIC VALUES: CAN EMPLOYEES BE
INSPIRED TO SERVE LARGER PUBLIC PURPOSES?
SANJAY K. PANDEY, RANDALL S. DAVIS, SHEELA PANDEY AND SHUYANG PENG
This article asks whether and how transformational leadership in the public sector can influence the
use of normative public values in organizational decisions. We focus on transformational leader-
ship’s influence on three core normative public values (representation, equity, and individual rights).
The extent to which public organizations and their employees emphasize normative public values in
their decision-making can signal important messages to external stakeholders about respect for and
responsiveness to all citizens, valuing citizens from different walks of life equally, and respect for
constitutionally guaranteed rights. We propose a model in which transformational leadership has a
direct influence (infusing) and an indirect influence (convincing others) on employee use of public
values in organizational decision-making. Empirical tests provide support for the proposed model,
with the indirect influence (convincing others) providing a stronger impetus. The article concludes
with a discussion of the results and implications.
Building on Burns’s (1978) seminal contribution, a number of generic/mainstream man-
agement scholars have made significant contributions to the study of transformational
leadership (see Bass and Riggio 2006 for a synthesis). The use of values is at the heart of
transformational leadership and therefore a number of scholars have characterized trans-
formational leadership as ‘values-based leadership’ (e.g. Shamir et al. 1993; Brown and
Trevino 2009). This scholarship, however, does not seek to identify specific values or study
the inculcation or use of specific values as an important outcome. Instead, the outcomes
of interest pertain to business metrics such as quality, teamwork, cost effectiveness, and
profitability (Bass et al. 2003; Cha and Edmondson 2006).
Studies referring to public sector transformational leadership confirm a similar pattern
(Fernandez 2005; Kuipers et al. 2014; Moynihan et al. 2014). For example, two recent stud-
ies focus on the effect of transformational leadership on employee use of performance
information (Moynihan et al. 2012; Kroll and Vogel 2014). Other studies examine the influ-
ence of transformational leadership on follower satisfaction, organizational goal clarity,
and performance (Oberfield 2012; Vigoda-Gadot and Beeri 2012; Bellé 2013; Caillier 2014;
Jacobsen and Andersen 2015).
As a result, we know little about whether and how transformational leadership can fos-
ter the use of normative public values in the public sector. This is matter of great import,
and many public administration scholars have made a case for the important role of pub-
lic sector leaders in upholding and advancing normative public values (Terry 1998; Beck
Jørgensen 1999; Denhardt and D.
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Assets endowment determinant factor for stakeholder mobilization and retention for community driven development projects
1. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.4, No.19, 2013
www.iiste.org
Assets Endowment: The Determinant Factor for Stakeholder
Mobilization and Retention for Community Driven Development
Projects
Okoth-Okelloh Abel M.1* Onyango George Mark2
1.
School of Public Health, Maseno University Kenya, P. O box Private Bag, Maseno Kenya
2.
School of Planning and Architecture (SPA), University, Private Bag, Maseno-Kenya, E-mail:
georgemarkonyango@yahoo.com, Telephone: +254722610210
* E-mail of the corresponding author: okothokelloh@gmail.com
Abstract
Resource and Stakeholder Mobilization are significant in Community Driven Development (CDD). Stakeholder
identification, engagement and management are recognized as key project management skills and categorized as
resource based as 'soft skills’ requiring both intuition and a strong capacity for analysis. While many studies have
focused on the two independently, the relationship between assets and stakeholder participation still remain
uncovered with the question being, "to what extent does assets influence Mobilization and vice versa?" This
study sought to investigate the relationship between Asset endowment and stakeholder mobilization for CDD
initiatives by focusing on the question; “Is there a significant correlation between the asset endowment and
individual and community mobilization and willingness to participate in CDD?” A research model comprising
three construct variables representing the building blocks of Assets endowment namely; Community Assets
building blocks, Individual Mobilization and Community Mobilization was proposed on the basis of the
theoretical linkages of prior studies. This was developed into research instruments namely; Community Assets
Survey (CAS), Individual Mobilization Survey (IMS), and Community Mobilization Survey (CMS) and
correlated as follows; CAS vs CMS, CAS vs IMS, CAS vs ICMS. Where CAS represented components of the
larger construct variable – Community assets and its building blocks, while IMS and CMS components of
community mobilization. Using the model tool (Jakes et al 2002), the concept was empirically tested by
administering questionnaires to 146 gatekeepers randomly sampled from communities in Kisumu West District.
A response rate of 72% was achieved well above the 70% rate considered sufficient. The variables were used for
stratification of the respondents to determine if they are factors in the correlation between the major constructs.
Reliability and validity of measures were tested using the factor analysis and results analyzed to determine
relationships. Spearman's rho was employed to determine the relationship between asset endowment and
stakeholder mobilization. The results indicate that asset endowment has a direct impact on stakeholder
mobilization for CDD. Major determinants assets of community mobilization were revealed to be human capital,
motivation, self-efficacy, social assets, physical assets, economic assets and perceived local support. These
findings are significant to community development experts, project planners and managers in enabling prediction
of participatory trends and advance the development of a theory regarding the CDD.
Keywords: Key Words: Community Driven Development; Assets Endowment; Stakeholder Mobilization
1. Introduction
Background to the Study
Community development - a planned effort to build assets that increase the capacity of residents to improve their
quality of life (Haines and Green, 2011) has various theories, approaches and methodologies such as
participatory approach and community-driven development (CDD) approach. A central element of community
development is the participation and development of the members of a community and its resources hence the
calls for capacity building and empowerment (Achatz, 2011). The term “Community-Driven Development”
CDD describes projects that enhance a community's control over the development process (Dasgupta and Beard,
2007). It is a variant of Community-based development (CBD) and a fast growing mechanism for channeling
development assistance (Mansuri et al., 2004).While CBD is an umbrella term for projects that actively include
beneficiaries in their design and management, CDD refers to community-based development projects in which
communities have direct control over key project decisions, including management of investment resources
(Mansuri et al., 2004). CDD is viewed as a mechanism for enhancing sustainability, improving efficiency and
effectiveness, allowing scaling of poverty reduction efforts, making development more inclusive, empowering
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poor people, building social capital, strengthening governance, and complementing market and public sector
activities (Dongier et al., 2003). CDD combines the principles of popular participation and demand-driven
finance, seeking to place the control of decisions and resources with the beneficiaries. Consequently, a CDD
project is successful when it stimulates resource transfer and more development-oriented and inclusive
community organization. This reasoning insinuates that ideas about ‘community’, ‘social capital’ and
‘empowerment’ are central in any CDD approach (Strand et al., 2003). It can therefore be argued that community
mobilization is the foundation upon which CDD is built. Central to the CDD theory is the triumvirate essential of
“community mobilization, Assets and distribution”. Central to this triumvirate essential of community
development is assets. An asset is defined as the “gifts, skills and capacities” of “individuals, associations and
institutions” within a community (Haines and Green, 2011). It is a special kind of resource that an individual,
organization, or entire community can use to reduce or prevent poverty and injustice. It is a “stock” that can be
drawn upon, built upon, or developed, as well as shared or transferred across generations (Haines and Green,
2011). Consequently, it is this concept of triumvirate essential of community mobilization, assets and distribution
that CDD seeks to address.
While it is evident that community development and mobilization go hand in hand, different aspects of the
community development and mobilization process must be understood to facilitate successful CDD. On this,
scholars advance several theories, one being the question of community assets as the building block of
community change (Jakes and Shannon, 2002). In this theory, “As we break down the community mobilization
and change processes, many necessary components to creating change become apparent. In particular, changes in
individual empowerment and general human capital need to be paired with adequate community infrastructure
and financial resources (or improvement efforts in these areas) to provide people with the power, resources, and
motivation that are needed to effectively create community change.” (Jakes and Shannon, 2002). Previous
studies reveal that recruiting stakeholders in a CDD initiative is an experience full of challenges as it is often
guided by existing local power structures, leading to people being selected who were not necessarily the most
adequate persons to perform the tasks (Bonell, 2005). The greatest challenge is is the failure to successfully
recruit and retain stakeholders throughout the project life span as in some cases a selection procedure directed by
the facilitating organization and based on competence rather than position in the community might generate
fierce opposition to the intervention from community elites(Bonell, 2005).
The benefits and capacity of CDD has been extolled as indubitably rewarding as it is one of the increasingly
popular anti-poverty instruments to emerge in recent years priding itself for embracing the virtues of community
participation. In recent review of this new anti-poverty instrument, community participation is singled out as a
major factor explaining ‘success’(Dulani, 2003). The question is what motivates people to participate in CDD
interventions given the triumvirate essential of “community mobilization, Assets and distribution”? Knowing this
is critical for the success of CDD initiatives in terms of systems effectiveness and efficiency given that the
selection procedure of stakeholders often proves central to their performance.
While majority concur that mobilization of stakeholders and their retention is critical to the success of CDD
initiatives, a plethora of theories abound on the determinants of successful mobilization and retention of
stakeholders in development initiatives. Among these is the theory of change and its building blocks (Jakes and
Shannon, 2002).
Central to the theory of change and its building blocks is the insinuation that endowment of community assets is
the most critical aspect of community change and eventual development. While evidence of research exists on
assets as a determinant of change, little evidence exists on the role of assets endowment on successful
stakeholder mobilization and retention in CDD. This is yet to be dealt with systematically in the research models
that have explored its antecedents and consequences.
Consequently, this study sought to examine the relationship of assets endowment and stakeholder mobilization
and retention for CDD initiatives by identifying levels of specific building blocks of community change among
the community “gatekeepers” in Kisumu west district and establishing a correlation between the measures of
assets endowment and the measures of successful mobilization and retentions in CDD. This study did not seek to
scrutinize every linkage of the possible antecedents and consequences of CDD, but to test the relationship of the
community assets and its building blocks and the willingness of stakeholders to participate in CDD projects.
Consequently it went a long way to identify assets endowment as a determinant of successful stakeholder
mobilization and retention in CDD interventions.
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Methods
Instead of an integrative model, the study developed and tested theoretical linkages between constructs by
showing their statistical associations since testing an integrative model requires unbiased path coefficients
between all variables that are both the causes of endogenous variable and are correlated with endogenous
variables at the same time (James C. Anderson and Gerbing, 1988). In such a case, omitting key variables could
have led to erroneous results. The survey design was chosen due to its suitably in determining existence and
extent of a problem. (Frankfort-Nachmias Chava and Nachmias, 1996)
Study Population: This was a cross-sectional survey comprising of 105 stakeholders (community
gatekeepers/representatives) drawn from Kisumu West District in Kenya. This is a mixed neighborhood on the
shores of Lake Victoria comprising both fast growing and deteriorating community of approximately 144,907
mixed income earners of 68,814 males, 76,093 females in 32,992 households/ 359 Sq. km (Mars-Group).
Several government and non-governmental development agencies intervene in this region through various
community based programmes. The selection of Kisumu West District was due to its socio-economic status,
geographical expediency and a site for many CBD initiatives. A database of the gatekeepers in the community
per sub-location- the lowest administrative unit was built with the help of the regional NGO network and
respondents interviewed at random. A research model comprising nine construct variables representing building
blocks of community change and mobilization (human capital, social assets, physical assets, economic assets,
self-efficacy, motivation, perceived local support, community participation and individual participation) adopted
from “The Community Change Survey.” - a group of five surveys designed to measure different aspects of the
community development and mobilization process (Jakes and Shannon, 2002) was employed. The survey was
administered to each of the respondents and an average score of each multiple-item construct utilized in the
statistical analysis by factor analysis using SPSS.
Sampling Design: An enumeration of the study area comprising 24 administrative units (sub-locations) was
undertaken at the grassroots to ensure a comprehensive stakeholder identification and engagement. Using the
formula by Yamane (Yamane, 1967), a sample of 146 from 562 potential respondents was calculated at a 95%
confidence level and P = 0.5 .
N
n
= -------------------2
1 + N (e)
563
n = ---------------- = 146 Gatekeepers
1 + 563(.07) 2
Where n is the sample size, N is the population size, and e the level of precision.
A randomization based on the 24 administrative units was done giving rise to 6 respondents per unit who were
randomly targeted for interview. This approach enabled the research to minimize any element of chance left,
obtain highest level of accuracy (Kothari, 2004) and ensure equal opportunity for each stakeholder to participate
in the study.
Data Instrumentations: In line with the original tool - “The Community Assets Survey” developed by Jakes et al.
(2002), comprising several subscales developed from the building blocks of CDD namely; Community Assets,
Community Change, Individual Mobilization and Community Mobilization, the adopted version had the
response categories follow the Likert response format (Gadermann et al., 2012). The adopted corresponding
surveys - Community Assets Survey (CAS), Individual Mobilization Survey (IMS), and Community
Mobilization Survey (CMS) were developed into a questionnaire for this study. The Stakeholders were asked to
respond to each question item on the Likert scales and the average score from the response of each multiple-item
construct utilized in statistical analysis. Specific questions were administered on a reverse score basis to prevent
the participants from determining the intent of the survey (Pfohl, 2007) and choice of measures based on validity
and reliability as per previous observations (Shelby D. Hunt et al., 1985 , John L. Pierce et al., 1979 ). A
response rate of 105 out of intended 146 respondents was realized resulting in a response rate of 72% well above
the threshold of 70% (Babbie, 1995).
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Testing the relationships: A combined set of two variables namely, individual and community mobilization
surveys were used as control variables (Jakes and Shannon, 2002) in a questionnaire comprising a total of 49
questions utilized in the measurement of the variables. All question items were scored from 1 to 5 indicating the
lowest to highest value in a likert format. Reverse scored items were “blinded” until the analysis stage.
Statistical analysis was quantitative comprising verification and organization of the primary data generated by
the questionnaires, reliability and validity of measures tests using the reliability coefficients and factor analysis
and reporting in relation to the satisfactory standard of 0.6 (Nunnally, 1978). Data was coded in SPSS then
exported to STATA for factor analysis. The relationship between willingness to participate in CDD and endure
in that participation till the goals are achieved and the asset endowment was analyzed by Spearman's rho and
factor analysis. All results where P £ 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
General Characteristics of the Study Population: A total of 105 respondents were included in the study 50
male and 55 female representing 48% and 52% of the population respectively.
Community Assets vs Community Mobilization (CAS vs CMS & IMS)
A Spearman’s rho correlation analysis test was run between the results of community assets survey and the
results of mobilization survey for the same respondents. The tests returned results of a positive correlation
significant at the <0.01 level (2-tailed) – CAS vs IMS at 0.854** while CAS vs CMS at 0.720. (Table 1)
The means of dimension of the subscales were then plotted to show the trends in the relationship between the
variables. Evident is the consistency in the trends of the two graphs. When one variable increases the other also
increases and vice versa. The ability of Community to mobilize herself and participate in CDD is determined by
the rate of asset endowment at her disposal. The higher the rate asset endowment, the higher the rate of
mobilization Figure 1 . A scatter gram classifying results by gender showed the same trend- Figure 2.
A further test on effect of asset endowment on mobilization was done by testing the correlation between the
results of community assets survey and the results of a combined survey pitting both individual and community
mobilization surveys (ICMS). Spearman’s rho correlation analysis between community assets and mobilization
for the same community is significant at the <0.01 level (2-tailed) – CAS vs ICMS at 0.955** - Table 3
Consequently revealing a significant correlation between CAS and ICMS.
Similarly, a similar trend is revealed when the means of the dimensions are plotted on a graph, the higher the rate
asset endowment, the higher the rate of mobilization. and likelihood of participating in CDD and enduring into it
(Figure 3, Figure 4).
Strength of the relationship between the measures of community Assets and the measures of successful
mobilization and retentions in CDD
In order to establish the strength of relationship between all the measures of community change and all the
measures of successful mobilization and retentions in CDD, the survey results from all nine dimensions of the
community assets and mobilization surveys were analyzed and correlations isolated. The Data summaries of the
dimensions (Human Capital, Social Assets, Physical Assets, Economic Assets, Self-efficacy, Motivation,
Perceived Local Support, and Participation (Community) and Participation (Individual)) were exported to
STATA after coding in SPSS where the initial factors analysis was done. A correlation table was then obtained
but it was conditioned to put a star on the statistically significant correlations for easier identification at 95%
confidence level. This was also to help in identifying the strength of this correlation from the magnitude of the
value and its sign (-or +) tells the direction of the relationship. Correlation ranges from -1 to +1. The existence of
a correlation suggests a relationship between the correlated factors. The results are presented in Table 4.
Elements of Assets Endowment Key to successful mobilization and retentions in CDD
A correlation existed between the following measures of assets-endowment and the measures of successful
mobilization and retentions in CDD. Regression analysis revealed approximately 80% (r = 0.82) of variance in
asset endowment (CAS) and mobilization (ICMS) with determinants being human capital (p=0.035), motivation
(p=0.008), self-efficacy (p=0.033), social assets (p=0.0295), physical assets (p=0.0344) and perceived local
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support (p=0.020). Their presence are consequently a key to successful mobilization and retention in CDD since
their presence elicits high levels of tendency to participate in CDD and hence a significant influence on
stakeholder mobilization and retention in CDD.In sum, this study has confirmed an empirical relationship
between the seven dimensions of assets endowment and the outcome variable. These are; Human Capital, Social
Assets, Physical Assets, Economic Assets, Self-efficacy, Motivation and Perceived Local Support. Economic
Assets was not found to have any significant association with stakeholder mobilization.
DISCUSSION
The survey results demonstrated a significant relationship between asset endowment and sustainable
mobilization and participation in CDD initiatives, a position whose basis of support can be implied from
previous studies in adjacent topical areas. Studies in Pakistan and India on the role of human capital in economic
growth, (Qaisar, 2000), showed investment in human capital to be a major source of economic growth and
pointed the evidence of this close link between investments in human capital and economic growth. His
reasoning is that human capital embodies knowledge and skills, and economic development on the other hand
depends on advances in technological and scientific knowledge, development presumably depends on the
accumulation of human capital (Qaisar, 2000). This insinuation mirrors Eve Parts 1994 who refers to social
capital as the creation of human capital (Parts, 2003), an idea reinforced by the significance of Human capital
asset as the productive potential of individual knowledge and actions involving individual characteristics such as
intelligence, visions, skills, self-esteem, creativity, motivation, ethics, and emotional maturity (Parts, 2003) and a
determinant of physical assets (Qaisar, 2000). Consequently Human capital plays a significant role in both
individual and community mobilization. Capacity building in various areas of development and management
would guarantee alongside other factors participation and sustainability in CDD. The survey results singles out
human capital as a significant factor in community mobilization for CDD. As such given the importance of
stakeholder identification, management and engagement which are recognized as key project management skills,
(Walker et al., 2008) stakeholder profiling should by design have human assets endowment as a critical
component for planning successful CDDs.
The relationship between physical assets, social assets and human capital can be explained side by side given the
chain and bond that binds them. While human capital is critical, community development does not merely deal
with renewable resources (human and social capital) but recognizes the interrelation between them with other
capitals (Achatz, 2011). That physical capital is significant in mobilizing communities for development
initiatives such as CDD is supported by other studies hence the belief that those who are endowed with physical
assets seem to have a higher tendency to participate in CDD. Physical capital refers to endowment such as
buildings, possessions, infrastructure and related investments with the ability of generating returns or profit to
individual owner and other community residents as well (Gary Paul Green and Haines, 2000). Physical assets
influence individuals as it brings in a sense of presence and belonging due to its unique aspect of immobility.
They are costly endeavors which endures over a long time and is rooted in place (Gary Paul Green and Haines,
2000). On the other hand, social assets refers to social relationships, networks, trust and norms shaping the
quality and quantity of a society’s interactions (World-Bank, 2006) and the productive potential resulting from
strong relationships, goodwill, trust, and corporative effort. Its the foundation to the creation of human capital
(Parts, 2003). This consequently underpins the significance of social capital to community mobilization and
participation in CDD. With the dimensions such as shared visions, goals, trust, mutual respect, friendships,
empowerment, teamwork, win-win negotiations, and volunteering (Gary Paul Green and Haines, 2000), it
follows that the quality of local physical capital and human capital within the context of community
development is intricately linked to social capital hence CDD. This is because, social capital is vital in tapping
individual human capital which in turns taps the physical capital for the good of the CDD via knowledge sharing
and networking. Social capital is the fabric that binds the community together. The stronger the social fabric that
binds a community, the higher the inclination to join together and participate in CDD. Hence the presence of
social assets elicits high levels of tendency to participate in CDD.
The second group of determinants of stakeholder mobilization and endurance in CDD comprises the tripartite
combination of Self-Efficacy, Motivation and Perceived local support. This is a triumvirate of our perception of
self ability and of the other. Perceived self-efficacy refers to people's beliefs about their capabilities to produce
designated levels of performance and influence over events that affect their lives. Such beliefs determine how
people feel, think, motivate themselves and behave (Bandura, 1994). This is closely related to motivation having the encouragement to do something. A motivated person seeks to overreach himself by reaching for a
long-term goal or a more short-term goal (Lonergan, 1957). Given that one can only seek to over-reach self for
the better (change), motivation as a concept is so central to the very development and prosperity of humans
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hence CDD. These findings are in line with the insinuations of Albert Bandura that strong sense of efficacy
enhances human accomplishment and personal well-being. That individuals with high self-efficacy are more
likely to make efforts to complete a task, and to persist longer in those efforts (Bandura, 1977). Like the three
legs of African stool, the importance of these two aspects cannot stand without the third component namely the
perceived local support. Perception is a critical ingredient in the epistemological process (Lonergan, 1957). It
is the route by which one becomes aware of the environment as it grants an individual a chance making sense of
the world around (Lane, 2005). Cognitively and practically, one’s perception determines how one acts or reacts
to various activities in the environment (Bandura, 1977). This points to the reason as to why perceived local
support is a key determinant for mobilization for CDD.
Conclusions
Stakeholder identification, management and engagement are recognized as critical project management skills
and determinants of project success (Walker et al., 2008). Defined as anyone involved in or directly impacted
either positively or negatively as a result of the project, a stakeholder is a core component of project management
(Kerzner and Saladis, 2009). Consequently stakeholder analysis and profiling forms the foundation of feasibility
study – an equally critical component of project planning and management. Stakeholder analysis provides
information on key stakeholders to help manage relationship with them (Schwalbe, 2006). The relationship
between project management and CDD is hinged on their goal. Both seek to achieve change or development. A
project like any CDD initiative is considered successful when it meets or surpassed the expectations and often
competing demands of the stakeholders (Stackpole, 2010). Consequently, genuine involvement and participation
of stakeholders in every aspect of the project throughout its lifespan is critical for project sustainability
(Chambers, 2002).
The goal of this study was to investigate the determinants of stakeholder mobilization and retaintion for CDD
initiatives. The study confirmed empirical relationship between the dimensions of assets endowment and the
outcome variable: stakeholder mobilization and retention in CDD initiatives with the constructs demonstrating
acceptable internal consistency. Consequently, it follows that, assets endowment is a critical factor in community
mobilization and a critical determinant of successful CDD initiatives. The results of this study calls for a more
simple but detailed way of stakeholder analysis, profiling and determining stakeholder engagement and
management in project management and CDD approaches. Stakeholder profiling and management should
incorporate endowment profiling as a key to determining terms of engagement and handling of stakeholder to
manage their expectations throughout the project lifespan. The main components of the profiling tool should be
the major determinants assets of community mobilization viz human capital, motivation, self-efficacy, social
assets, physical assets, economic assets and perceived local support. Such a tool like the findings of this study
will be significant to community development experts, project planners and managers in enabling prediction of
participatory trends in development initiatives and advance the development of a theory regarding the
stakeholder management for project planning and management. Development of such a tool would complement
the limitations that this study carries with it and which are worth noting. Being a cross-sectional inquiry, the
outcomes could typically be relevant to the time during the study hence calls for additional support in form of a
longitudinal research assessing the standard measures for stakeholder management in for project management.
Acknowledgements
We thank the Study respondents for their support having participated in the study and the NGO Network Western
Kenya region Kisumu Office. These data are published with the approval of Department of Urban and Regional
Planning, School of Planning and Architecture (SPA), Maseno University, Kenya.
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100
8. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.4, No.19, 2013
www.iiste.org
First A. Author (Abel M. Okoth-Okelloh), Maseno University, School of Public Health and Community
Development (ESPUDEC), E-mail: okothokelloh@gmail.com, Telephone +254722440992,:
Second A. Author (George Mark Onyango), School of Planning and Architecture (SPA), Maseno University, ,
Department of Urban and Regional Planning, , Private Bag,, Maseno, E-mail: georgemarkonyango@yahoo.com,
Telephone: +254722610210.
Tables and Figures
Table 2 - Correlation Community Assets Vs Community Mobilization
Spearman's rho
CAS
IMS
CAS
IMS
CMS
Correlation Coefficient Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Corrélation Coefficient Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Corrélation Coefficient Sig. (2-tailed)
N
1.00
105
0.854(**)
105
0.720(**)
105
0.854(**)
105
1
105
0.470(**)
105
CMS
0.720(**)
105
0.470(**)
105
1
105
Note: ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Table 3: Correlation: Community Assets vs Individual & Community Mobilization
Spearman's rho
CAS
ICMS
Correlation Coefficient Sig. (2-tailed)
1
CAS
0.955(**)
N
105
105
Correlation Coefficient Sig. (2-tailed)
1
ICMS
0.955(**)
N
105
105
Note: ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Table 4: Correlation between the measures of community change and measures of successful mobilization
and retentions in CDD
EASS
SASS
MSS
PLSSS
CMS
HCSS
-0.2526
0.0093
0.8500
0.0000
0.6354
0.0000
0.1036
0.2927
0.3053
0.0015
SASS
0.0815
0.4083
-0.4186**
0.0000
-0.4488**
0.0000
-0.0428
0.6649
-0.7871**
0.0000
PASS
0.4058**
0.0000
-0.2757
0.0044
-0.2042
0.0367
-0.1444
0.1416
0.0633
0.5214
SEfSS
MSS
1.0000
0.6828**
0.0000
0.0475
0.6307
0.3902**
0.0000
1.0000
0.3161
0.0010
0.4688**
0.0010
0.1083
0.6828**
-0.4601**
0.6827**
0.2736
IMS
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
Note: ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
101
0.7816**
0.0000
PLSSS
1.0000
0.3051**
0.0016
0.9344**
0.0200
9. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.4, No.19, 2013
www.iiste.org
Figure 1 Correlation CAS vs CMS
CAS vs IPS
Male
Famale
-2
-1
0
1
2
CAS vs IPS
-3
-2
-1
0
1
-3
-2
-1
0
individual participation
Fitted values
Community asset survey
Graphs by Gender
Figure 2. Assets Endowment vs Mobilization (by Gender)
102
1
10. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.4, No.19, 2013
www.iiste.org
Figure 3: Correlation CAS vs ICMS
-2
-1
0
1
2
Community Asset vs Community-Individual Participation
-2
-1
0
1
cummunity Individual participation
Fitted values
Community asset survey
Figure 4. Correlation CAS vs ICMS
103
2
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