This document provides guidelines for citing sources and creating a reference list using the CDU Harvard referencing style. It includes: - An overview and table of contents for the guide - Instructions for formatting the reference list, including order, punctuation, capitalization and dealing with multiple works by the same author - Explanations and examples for citing sources in-text, including direct quotes, paraphrases, multiple authors, and works with no date or author - Sections and examples for citing different source types like books, journal articles, webpages, and more - Information on indirect citations, abbreviations, and personal communications

1. CDU Harvard Referencing Style Guide (Feb 2017)
CDU HARVARD
Referencing Style Guide
(February 2017 version)
CDU Harvard Referencing Style Guide (Feb 2017)
1
Table of contents
Reference List
...............................................................................................
. 2
Citing in the text
............................................................................................ 4
How to cite a direct quote
.................................................................. 4

2. Paraphrasing -
................................................................................... 4
Block quotes
...................................................................................... 4
Abbreviated version of author
........................................................... 5
Personal communications
.................................................................. 5
Examples
...............................................................................................
........ 6
Book and eBook
................................................................................. 6
Journal article
.................................................................................... 6
Web page or individual document from a website
.............................. 6
Books and eBooks
.......................................................................................... 7
Journal articles
..............................................................................................
9
Web sources & Online materials
.................................................................. 10

3. Secondary citation/ indirect citation
............................................................ 12
Newspaper articles
...................................................................................... 11
Multimedia &
Images...................................................................................
12
Lecture notes/ Unit readings/ Personal communication
................................ 13
Reports
...............................................................................................
........ 14
Thesis
...............................................................................................
........... 14
Conference paper
........................................................................................ 15
Legislation and Cases
................................................................................... 16
Standards
...............................................................................................
..... 16
Statistics
...............................................................................................
....... 15
Dataset....................................................................................

4. .................... 17
Abbreviations
..............................................................................................
17
CDU Harvard Referencing Style Guide (Feb 2017)
2
Reference List
1. Before you write your list of references check with your
lecturer/tutor for the bibliographic style they prefer.
2. Your references should appear on a new page, at the end of
your essay/report with entries listed alphabetically by author (or
by title if
there is no author).
3. The list is headed by the title: References, centred and in
bold font.
4. The reference list entry begins with the family name/surname
of the author and is followed by the initials then followed by
year of
publication. There is no comma or full-stop between the name
and the year. Commas are used to separate all other elements.

5. The reference
entry finishes with a full-stop.
Hepburn, S 2014, Australian property law: Cases, materials &
analysis, LexisNexis.
5. Each reference appears on a new line and there’s no hanging
indent or numbering. Double line spacing between each
reference list entry.
6. Capitalisation: In titles and subtitles of articles, chapters, and
books, capitalise only the first letter of the first word; the first
letter of a
subtitle and any proper nouns. For journal titles you must
capitalise the first letter of every word.
Clifford, M 2015, The greening of Asia: The business case for
solving Asia's environmental emergency, Columbia University
Press.
or
Mitchell, A, Madill, J & Chreim, S 2015, ‘Marketing and social
enterprises: Implications for social marketing’, Journal of
Social Marketing, vol.
5, no. 4, pp. 285-306.
7. An item with no author is cited and referenced by its title. In
this case there is no comma or full-stop between the title and
year.
8. If the Reference list includes 2 or more entries by the same
author(s), list them in chronological order with the earliest first.
Hong, BH & Yeung, KL 2001 …

6. Hong, BH & Yeung, KL 2009 …
9. If the Reference list entries by the same author were
published in the same year, add a letter after the date in the in-
text citation and in the
Reference list. See page 17
Smith JR 2008a, Ancient civilization … → in-text (Smith
2008a)
Smith JR 2008b, Roman times … → in-text (Smith 2008b)
10. All sources that are cited in the text must have full details
provided in the reference list.
CDU Harvard Referencing Style Guide (Feb 2017)
3
11. If a reference has no date, use n.d. as the year e.g. Lewnam,
G n.d., Apps for gifted and high-ability learners
http://www.livebinders.com/play/play?id=379477.
12. Order the citations of two or more works by different
authors within the same parentheses alphabetically in the same
order in which they
appear in the reference list. Separate the citations with
semicolons. For example: “reinforced by …” (Comert 2013, p.
59; Faw 2013, p. 374).

7. 13. It is possible to use an abbreviated version of an
organisational author in-text, but you must use it in full the first
time. In-text example:
(World Health Organization [WHO] 2014). Use square brackets
if it is within parentheses. In your Reference list use the full
name of the
author.
14. Remember to set your Word preferences to remove
hyperlinks from URLs.
15. If you export, copy and paste your referencing information
(e.g. from Library Search), check it adheres to CDU Harvard
Referencing style.
16. If you use EndNote software to manage your references you
will be advised throughout this document of the recommended
EndNote
reference type. Ensure you download and select CDU-Harvard
style from the EndNote LibGuide:
http://libguides.cdu.edu.au/endnote

8. http://libguides.cdu.edu.au/endnote
CDU Harvard Referencing Style Guide (Feb 2017)
4
Citing in the text
How to cite a direct quote:
Paraphrasing - expressing the meaning
in your own words
When you incorporate a direct quotation into a sentence, you
must cite the source. Fit quotations within your
sentences, enclosed in quotation marks, making sure the
sentences are grammatically correct.
E.g: Issues surround the imitation of real world buildings as
they “serve the important function of grounding
users’ expectations and providing affordances for them to
effectively move through space, they can also be
limiting” (Ball & Bainbridge 2008, p. 118). Full stops go after
the brackets.
When you paraphrase, you must cite the original author and the
date of publication. Check with your lecturer
to see if page numbers are required. If you paraphrase specific
results, information or details include a page
number in your citation e.g. In Australia 29% of students select

9. the incorrect sample (Lew 2015, p. 12)
Block quotes: If a quotation is 40 words or more, omit quotation
marks and use a block format in which the quotation is
indented about 1cm (or 5 spaces) from the left margin and
double-space the entire paragraph.
Twice in NASA history, the agency embarked on a slippery
slope that resulted in catastrophe. Each
decision, taken by itself, seemed correct, routine, and indeed,
insignificant and unremarkable. Yet in
retrospect, the cumulative effect was stunning (Columbia
Accident Investigation Board [CAIB] 2003,
p. 26).
How to cite sources with no author: When a work has no author,
cite the title of the document in-text
e.g. (Behaviour modification 2007).
How to cite a work with an anonymous
author:
When an author is designated as "Anonymous", cite in the text
the word Anonymous followed by the date
e.g. (Anonymous 2006). Only cite and reference an author as
anonymous if it is clearly stated as such. If
there is no author, reference/cite the work by its title
How to cite a work with an editor
instead of author
Where a work has an editor instead of an author cite the work
by the editor’s surname

10. e.g. (Hallinan 2006)
How to cite multiple authors: An ampersand (&) is used to
connect authors’ names within brackets, but not when they
appear as part of a sentence e.g. (Samuelson & Marks 2015) or
According to Samuelson and
Marks (2015) …
CDU Harvard Referencing Style Guide (Feb 2017)
5
For three or more authors, et al. (meaning “and others”) may be
used in all citations in-text
e.g. (Kotabe et al. 2014)
All names must be written in the Reference list e.g. Kotabe, M,
Marshall, A, Ang, SH, Griffiths, K, Voola, R,
Roberts, RE & Helsen, K 2014, International marketing, 4th
Asia-Pacific edn., John Wiley and Sons.
How to cite the same idea from
different works
When citing more than one publication the authors’ names are
ordered alphabetically inside the brackets.
Use a semicolon (;) to separate the works cited inside the
brackets e.g. Multiple papers show … (Taylor 2012;
Webster 2001). If the author is the same but the publication
years are different use this format: (Smith 2012,
2015), ordering chronologically with just a comma separating

11. them.
How to cite a work if no page numbers
are available:
If the source indicates paragraph numbers, use the abbreviation
“para.” and the relevant number in the
parentheses. If the paragraph number is not visible, cite the
heading and the paragraph number following it.
For example: As Myers (2000 para. 5) suggested… , or …
(Beutler 2000, Conclusion, para. 1)
Indirect citation or secondary source Provide the reference for
the book/article you actually read.
Sometimes an author writes about research that someone else
has done, but you cannot read the original
research report. In this case, because you did not read the
original report, you will include only the source
you did read in your References. The words “as cited in” in the
in-text citation indicate you have not read the
original research. Only include the date of the source you read
and not the original research.
For example, if Miller’s work is cited in Lister and you did not
read Miller’s work, you would provide Lister’s
details in the reference list. In the text use this citation:
Miller’s simple definition of social justice (as cited in Lister
2007) ...
In the reference list: Lister, R 2007. ‘Social justice: Meanings
and politics’, Benefits, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 113–125.
How to cite a work with no date … (Bliss n.d.)
Abbreviated version of author The first time you cite a long

12. author, use the full author’s name followed by the abbreviated
form in square
brackets e.g. (World Health Organization [WHO] 2014).
Subsequent citations can use the abbreviated form
e.g. (WHO 2014). Put the full name in the Reference list.
Personal communications Cite personal communications only
in-text, e.g. R Smith (class handout, January 28, 2012).
Personal
communications conversations, interviews, spoken lectures,
personal files, telephone conversations, letters
and e-mail messages. These materials are unpublished and are
not included in reference lists. Citing your
own unpublished work is considered personal communication,
however it is NOT RECOMMENDED to
reference your previous essays/assignments.
CDU Harvard Referencing Style Guide (Feb 2017)
6
Examples
Here are some basic examples of CDU Harvard author-date
style. More detailed examples are included throughout this
guide, but where no
exact example is provided then these general principles should
be followed.
Book and eBook:

13. Author(s) date book title edition (if applicable) publisher
Samuelson, W & Marks, SG 2015, Managerial economics, 9th
edn., John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Journal article:
Author(s) date ‘Journal article title’
Journal Title vol. no.
Chuah, S, Hoffmann, R & Larner, J 2014, ‘Chinese values and
negotiation behaviour: A bargaining experiment’, International
Business Review, vol. 23, no. 6, pp.
1203-1211.
pages
Web page or individual document from a website:
Author(s) date Web page title web page URL.
Australian Human Rights Commission 2008, Corporate social
responsibility & human rights,
https://www.humanrights.gov.au/publications/corporate-social-
responsibility-human-rights

14. CDU Harvard Referencing Style Guide (Feb 2017)
7
Books and eBooks
Cite and reference eBooks in the same way as print
Author, AA & Author, BB Year of publication, Title of book,
Edition, Publisher.
Reference Type
In-text example Reference list example EndNote
Reference
Type
Single author (Dawkins 2012) Dawkins, R 2012, The magic of
reality, Black Swan. Book
2 authors
Roitman and LaFontaine
(2012) ...
“...to achieve consistency”
(Roitman & LaFontaine
2012, p. 45)

15. Roitman, JL & LaFontaine, TP 2012, The exercise
professional’s guide to optimizing
health: Strategies for preventing and reducing chronic disease,
Wolters Kluwer Health.
Include the author’s initials as they appear on the document,
e.g. John Edward Smith
is Smith, JE or Jill Fisher will be Fisher, J
Book
3 authors or more
First and subsequent
citation:
(Hancock et al. 2014)
(Nankervis et al. 2013)
Hancock, P, Robinson, P & Bazley, ME 2014, Contemporary
accounting: A strategic
approach for users, 9th edn., Cengage Learning.
Nankervis, AR, Baird, M, Coffey, J & Shields, J 2013, Human
resource management:
Strategy and practice, 8th edn., Cengage Learning.

16. ALL authors are listed in the Reference list entry
Book
No author
… (Employment the
professional way…2000)
OR
the book Employment the
professional way … (2000)
Shorten title in-text
Employment the professional way: A guide to understanding the
Australian job search
process for professionally qualified migrants 2000, Australian
Multicultural
Foundation.
Book
CDU Harvard Referencing Style Guide (Feb 2017)
8

17. Multiple works by the
same author
…geology of Queensland’s
national parks (Willmott
2004; 2006).
Willmott, WF 2004, Rocks and landscapes of the national parks
of southern
Queensland, Geological Society of Australia, Queensland
Division.
Willmott, WF 2006, Rocks and landscapes of the national parks
of central Queensland,
Geological Society of Australia, Queensland Division.
Order chronologically in the reference list.
Book
Book: series
Book: edited
… (Healey 2012)
Hallinan (2006) states …
Healy, J (ed.) 2012, International aid, Issues in Society, vol. 34,
Spinney Press.

18. Hallinan, MT (ed.) 2006, Handbook of the sociology of
education, Springer.
Edited book
Book : multi volumes … (Christensen 2010) Christensen, TH
2010, Solid waste technology and management, vol. 2, Wiley.
Book
Chapter in an edited
book
(Groundwater-Smith 2007)
Groundwater-Smith, S 2007, ‘As rain is to fields, so good
teachers are to students’, in S
Knipe (ed.), Middle years schooling: Reframing adolescence,
Pearson Education.
Book chapter from Authored book - Reference as a whole book.
Book
section
Dictionary or
Encyclopedia entry
(eBook or print)
Ferricrete is “… iron rich
compounds” (Widdowson,
2013, p.365)
entry with author in an edited Book

19. A portion of a company’s
earnings are distributed to
shareholders (Dividend,
2016).
entry without author in an edited
Book
Widdowson, M 2013, ‘Ferricrete’, in M Panizza & A Goudie
(eds.), Encyclopedia of
geomorphology, Taylor and Francis.
‘Dividend’ 2016, in J Law (ed.), A dictionary of business and
management, Oxford
University Press.
Book
section
CDU Harvard Referencing Style Guide (Feb 2017)

20. 9
Journal articles
Author, AA & Author, BB Year of publication, ‘Article title’,
Journal Title, vol., no./iss., p/pp.
Cite and reference electronic and print journal articles using the
same format.
When citing journal articles with multiple authors, follow the
same format for the author field as for books with multiple
authors.
Reference type In-text examples Reference list example
EndNote
ref type
Journal article:
print or online
Articles appearing
online should be cited
in the same manner
as articles in print
journals
Direct quotes must have a page
number in the citation.

21. “30 percent were
dissatisfied and 8 percent
were outright disengaged”
(Mirvis 2012, p. 95).
… advantages such as fixed
and higher variable costs
(Banke et al. 2014, p. 840)
Mirvis, P 2012, ‘Employee engagement and CSR: Transactional,
relational and
developmental approaches’, California Management Review,
vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 93-
117.
Banke, R, Byzalov, D & Plehn-Dujowich, J 2014, ‘Demand
uncertainty and cost
behaviour’, Accounting Review, vol. 89, no. 3, pp. 839-855.
Journal
article
Journal articles:
pre-print (submitted,
before peer review)

22. post-print (accepted &
peer reviewed - not yet
published)
It is recommended to use
the published version of a
paper if it is available
Barclay (2008) asserts …
… (Turnbull 2010)
Barclay, L 2008, ‘Women and midwives: Position, problems and
potential’, submitted
to Midwifery, [pre-print],
http://espace.cdu.edu.au/view/cdu:6640
Turnbull, B 2010, ‘Scholarship and mentoring: An essential
partnership?’,
International Journal of Nursing Practice, [post-print],
http://espace.cdu.edu.au/view/cdu:10014
Electronic
article
Add details in
“type of work”
field

23. CDU Harvard Referencing Style Guide (Feb 2017)
10
Web sources & Online materials
Webpage: Author(s) Year, Title of page or document, URL
Streaming video (e.g. YouTube clip): Title Year, streaming
video, URL
Reference type In-text examples Reference list example
EndNote
ref type
Webpage with author
The author can be an
individual author,
government body or
an organisation
…this agreement (Yates
2009)
… these rulings (Australian
Taxation Office [ATO]
2012)
(Australian Competition
and Consumer Commission

24. [ACCC] 2015)
Ford (2016) …
Yates, J 2009, Tax expenditures and housing,
http://www.ahuri.edu.au/publications/download/ahuri_judith_ya
tes_research_paper
Australian Taxation Office 2012, Income tax: Deductibility of
self-education expenses
incurred by an employee or a person in business,
http://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?DocID=TXR/TR989/NA
T/ATO/00001&PiT=999
91231235958
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission 2015,
Report on the Australian
petroleum market: June quarter 2015,
http://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/1004_ACCC%20Petrol%20
Report_Macro_July%
202015_FA.pdf
Ford 2016, About Ford Australia,
http://www.ford.com.au/aboutfordaustralia
Web page
Dictionary or
Encyclopedia
Online
… cause climate change
(‘Climate change’ 2016)

25. ‘Climate change’ 2016, in Dictionary.com,
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/climate-change
‘Acetaminophen’ 2017, in Encyclopedia Britannica,
http://academic.eb.com.ezproxy.cdu.edu.au/levels/collegiate/arti
cle/3503
Web page
YouTube or
Streaming Video
Monty Python (2008)
shows the importance of
communication
… this procedure (Wound
management 2010)
Monty Python 2008, The parrot sketch: Monty Python’s the
flying circus, streaming
video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=npjOSLCR2hE
Wound management: A nurses’ guide 2010, streaming video,
http://vea.com.au/vLearn/Player/VEcGo2vy.aspx
Online
multimedia
http://www.ford.com.au/aboutfordaustralia

26. http://www.dictionary.com/browse/climate-change
CDU Harvard Referencing Style Guide (Feb 2017)
11
Hidden harm 2015, streaming video,
http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/stories/2015/11/02/4341366.htm
Facebook and Twitter (Gillard 2011) Gillard, J 2011, Facebook
update, 11 November,
https://www.facebook.com/juliagillard/posts/263639040354656
Web page
Blog Cite as a webpage Web page
Newspaper articles
Author, AA Year of publication, ‘Article title’, Newspaper
Title, Day Month, URL (if electronic)
Reference type In-text examples Reference list example
EndNote
ref type
Newspaper article:
Print
…increased sales
(Loussikian 2014)

27. Loussikian, K 2014, ‘New house sales build to a record’, The
Australian, 28 November.
Newspaper
Article
Newspaper article:
no author
… remote communities
(‘Govt splashes cash on
remote NT pools’ 2011)
‘Govt splashes cash on remote NT pools’, 2011, The Koori
Mail, 9 February.
Newspaper
Article
Newspaper article:
Database or website
Government policies are
lacking (Fitzpatrick 2016)
As Lahoud (2011) suggests
as essential for…
Fitzpatrick, S 2016, ‘Indigenous policies failing’, The
Australian , 20 May,
http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.cdu.edu.au/docview/178980

28. 9904?accountid=10
104
Lahoud, M 2011, ‘Indigenous input essential to survival of
endangered species’, The
Sydney Morning Herald, 25 July,
http://www.smh.com.au/environment/indigenous-
input-essential-to-survival-of-endangered-species-20110724-
1hvef.html
Newspaper
Article
CDU Harvard Referencing Style Guide (Feb 2017)
12
Secondary citation/ indirect citation
An indirect or secondary citation is when the ideas of one
author are published in another author’s text but you have not
read or accessed the original
author’s work. In the list of References provide the details of
the author of the work you have read.
Reference type In-text examples Reference list example
EndNote

29. ref type
Secondary source or
indirect citation
Miller (as cited in Agrios
2005) found…
… was found (Miller, as
cited in Agrios 2005).
Small & James (as cited in
Teeple et al. 2009) …
Agrios, GN 2005, Plant pathology, 5th edn., Elsevier.
Teeple, R, Caplan, J & Stern, T 2009, ‘Visual hallucinations:
Differential diagnosis and
treatment’, Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical
Psychiatry, vol. 11, no.1,
pp. 26-32.
Appropriate
ref type.
Add “cited in”
manually
using “Edit
and manage
citation”
option

30. Multimedia & Images
Author(s), Year of publication, Title, image, Publisher or URL
Reference type In – text examples
Reference list example
EndNote
ref type
Image : eBook
… as seen in this image of
the interconnection
(Gevorkian 2011)
If you are using an image in your
essay, put the in-text citation
under the image
Gevorkian, P 2011, Photovoltaic cell interconnection, image,
http://accessengineeringlibrary.com/browse/large-scale-solar-

31. power-system-design-
an-engineering-guide-for-grid-connected-solar-power-
generation/c9780071763271ch01
Figure or
Chart/Table
– add ‘image’
to “type of
image” field
CDU Harvard Referencing Style Guide (Feb 2017)
13
Image : website …presence of these
animals (Crocodile 1930)
Smith’s (2015) infographic
…
If you are using an image in a
PowerPoint, put the URL under
the image and full details in your
reference list

32. Crocodile 1930, image,
http://territorystories.nt.gov.au/handle/10070/10824
Smith, A 2015, Distribution of time spent, image,
http://www.nielsen.com/au/en/insights/news/2015/mobile-
mania-australians-spend-
on-average-more-than-an-hour-a-day-on-their-smartphones.html
Note: The original source of the image should be referenced
rather than the search tool (e.g. Google
Images) used to find the image.
DVD (Crocodile Dundee in Los
Angeles 2001)
Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles 2001, DVD, Universal
Studios, Australia. Film or
Broadcast
episode &
series title in
the TITLE field
Lecture notes/ Unit readings/ Personal communication
Lecture Notes/ Unit Readings
Name of author(s) or institution responsible Year of
publication, Title and subtitle of publication, Type of medium,
Name of institution.
Reference type In-text examples Reference list example
EndNote
ref type

33. PowerPoint slides or
lecture notes from
Learnline Module
… amongst some parents
(Johnson 2012)
(Foster 2004)
Johnson, A 2012, Breastfeeding, PowerPoint slides, Charles
Darwin University.
Foster, T 2004, Balance sheets, lecture notes, University of
Western Australia.
Audiovisual
material
“Add details of
format in “type”
field
Article from
eReadings
Reference according to source type e.g. journal article or
chapter from an edited book
Appropriate
ref type
Personal
communications

34. Ms Merrick (Darwin City
Council CEO) confirmed by
email on 25 April 2014 that
….
See Personal Communication Nil
CDU Harvard Referencing Style Guide (Feb 2017)
14
Reports
Author(s) of report Year of publication, Title of report, Report
number (if available), Publisher (or URL if a web document)
Reference type In-text examples
Reference list examples
EndNote
ref type
Report: Industry
Report
(Wu 2015). Wu, T 2015, Finance in Australia, IBISWorld.
Report
Report : Research (Sharma 2015, p. 56) Sharma, S 2015, 2016

35. trends to watch: Integration and middleware,
https://www.ovumkc.com/Products/Enterprise-
ICT/Infrastructure-
Solution
s/2016-
Trends-to-Watch-Integration-and-Middleware/Summary
Report
Report: Government
Agency
(Australian Public Service
Commission [APSC] 2006)
(Department of
Immigration and Border
Protection [DIBP] 2015)
Australian Public Service Commission 2006, State of the
service report 2005-06,
http://www.apsc.gov.au/stateoftheservice/0506/report.pdf

36. Department of Immigration and Border Protection 2015, Annual
Report 2014-15,
http://www.border.gov.au/ReportsandPublications/Documents/a
nnual-reports/DIBP-
Annual-Report-2014-15.pdf
Report
Thesis
Author, Year of publication, Title of thesis, Course title,
Publisher.
Reference type In-text examples Reference list example
EndNote
ref type
Thesis (Rolls 2011)
(Rupakheti 2013)

37. Rolls, N 2011, Academic discourses and the twenty first century
context empowering
all students with comprehension and critical engagement, PhD
thesis, Charles Darwin
University.
Rupakheti, S 2013, Burst error correcting convolutional codes
for broadband wireless
transmission system, Masters thesis, Charles Darwin University.
Thesis
CDU Harvard Referencing Style Guide (Feb 2017)
15
Conference paper

38. Author, AA & Author, BB Year of publication, ‘Title of paper’,
Title of conference which may include place held and date(s),
Publisher, Page number(s).
Reference type In – text examples Reference list example
EndNote
ref type
Published Conference
paper
(Taylor 2006)
Paymooni et al. (2015)
emphasised…
Taylor, JA 2006, ‘Assessment: A tool for development and
engagement in the first
year of university study’. Engaging Students: 9th Pacific Rim in
Higher Education
(FYHE) Conference, Griffith University, 12-14 July, Australia

39. Paymooni, K, Moghtaderi, B & Doroodchi, E 2015, ‘An
experimental study on
perovskite membrane integration into a chemical looping air
separation unit for an
efficiency improvement‘, 3rd ASEAN Australian Engineering
Congress (AAEC) on
Innovative Technologies for Sustainable Development and
Renewable Energy.
Engineers Australia, pp. 73-77.
Conference
paper
Unpublished
conference
proceedings
“…themselves and
developed countries”
(Banerjee 2007, p. 97).
Banerjee, A 2007, ‘Fixed mobile substitution and lessons for
broadband’, paper
presented to the Australian Competition and Consumer
Commission 2007 Regulatory

40. Conference, Queensland, 26 to 27 July.
Conference
paper
Statistics
Author Year, Title, URL
Reference type In-text examples Reference list example
EndNote
ref type
Statistics from the
ABS
“…” (Australian Bureau of
Statistics [ABS] 2015a)
As mentioned in the 2015
Labour force document

41. (ABS 2015b)
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2015a, Consumer price index,
Australia, Sep 2015,
http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/mf/6401.0
?opendocument#from-
banner=LN
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2015b, Labour force, Australia,
Oct 2015,
http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/mf/6202.0
Statistics
CDU Harvard Referencing Style Guide (Feb 2017)
16
Legislation and Cases

42. Act
Title of Legislation Year (Jurisdiction)
Bill
Title of Bill Year (Jurisdiction/Legislative Body)
Case
Name of case (Year) Case citation
Reference type In-text examples Reference list example
EndNote
ref type
Acts of Parliament (National Health and
Medical Research Council
Act 1992 (Cth), s 3)
National Health and Medical Research Council Act 1992 (Cth)
Book
Bills (Northern Territory

43. Environment Protection
Authority Bill (NT), cl 3)
Northern Territory Environment Protection Authority Bill 2012
(NT)
Cases (Mabo and others v
Queensland (no.2)
(1992) 175 CLR 1)
Mabo and others v Queensland (No.2) (1992) 175 CLR 1
Standards
Author Year of publication, Title of standard, (Number of
standard or patent including identifier of issuing country or
body), Publisher of standard if available,
Place of publication if available
Reference type In-text examples Reference list example

44. EndNote
ref type
Standard
… children’s’ clothing
(Standards Australia 2007)
Standards Australia 2007, Size coding scheme for infants’ and
children’s’ clothing-
underwear and outwear (AS 1182-1997), SAI Global Limited.
Standard
CDU Harvard Referencing Style Guide (Feb 2017)
17
Dataset

45. Reference type In-text examples Reference list example
EndNote
ref type
Dataset
… (Department of the
Environment [DoE] 2015)
Department of the Environment 2015, Threatened species state
lists: 24 Nov 2015
Dataset, http://data.gov.au/dataset/ae652011-f39e-4c6c-91b8-
1dc2d2dfee8f/resource/ab6c9078-ac64-41e0-9987-
3e38da53d277/download/epbcthre
Dataset
Abbreviations
Author Year, Title, Version (optional), Data Type (optional),

46. DOI or URL (if applicable)
app. appendix n.d. no date rev. revised
chap. chapter no. or nos. number or numbers suppl. supplement
ed. or eds. editor or editors p. or pp. single page or pages trans.
translator or translators
edn. edition para. paragraph vol. volume
et al. and others (Latin et al) pt. part
!
!
HIT164 COMPUTING FUNDAMENTALS
Assignment 2
I.T. HOT TOPICS RESEARCH ESSAY
!
Due Date: Week 7, Friday 5pm, 18 April

47. Length: 1500 words (max. not including references)
Value: 20% of the total marks for the unit
!
TASKS
1. Research an I.T. topic of current relevance. Choose one topic
from the list below.
2. Prepare an essay about your topic with no more than 1500
words (excluding reference list).
3. Your topic of choice must be posted to the Discussion Board
titled “Assessment 2 - Topic
Selections” by Week 3, Friday 5pm, 21 March.
4. Note that if you have not posted a topic by this time, you will
be assigned a topic by your
lecturer.

48. !
REQUIREMENTS
• The assignment should be word-processed.
• It should include a reference list.
• Use Harvard referencing style.
• Do not include sources in the reference list that are not cited
in the document.
• You need to use a minimum of 10 sources and there needs to
be at least 3 different types (i.e.,
websites, book, journal article).
!
!
4

49. TOPICS (CHOOSE ONE)
Option 1: Social Media
GeoCities is a web hosting service which employs the
concept/metaphors of “cities” and “neighbourhood” in
real-world. For example, computer-related sites are placed
in “SiliconValley” and entertainment sites in “Hollywood”.
GeoCities was the third-most visited website at its peak
when it was acquired by Yahoo! in 1999.
10 years later as social media had taken over and become
mainstream on the Internet, GeoCities was shutdown and
deleted. However, the Internet Archive team made a backup of
the site just before it was shut
down to preserve the effort put in by around 35 million people
since it started. The resulting
650GB archive was published online as a remembrance of the
glorious days of GeoCities.
Will current social media (i.e., Facebook) eventually face the
same fate? Justify your arguments
with robust supporting evidence.

50. !
Option 2: Li-Fi
Wi-Fi is a popular networking technology that allows
electronic devices to connect to the Internet wirelessly
using radio frequency. It can be commonly seen from
mobile devices to government facility. However in recent
years, researchers have found a way to utilise visible light
from light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to transmit data: such
technology is called Li-Fi (light fidelity).
Even though Li-Fi is still at its infancy, many universities
and researchers are actively studying to reach its potential.
Compare Wi-Fi and Li-Fi critically and discuss the advantages
and disadvantages of Li-Fi.
!
Option 3: Wearable Technology
Google Glass is one of the first and most talked about
augmented reality wearable computers in 2013. Its usage

51. varies from personal entertainment to surgical practise.
Similar to other emerging technologies, Google Glass has
also received quite a few negative critical receptions, such
as privacy concern.
Critically discuss the pros and cons of ubiquitous wearable
computing like Google Glass. Note how you would use a
ubiquitous device like Google Glass.
� of �2 6HIT164 Computing FundamentalsAssignment 2
Option 4: Science & Technology
Children with Asperger’s syndrome (or high functioning
autism) often exhibit excellent language, memory and
technical skills. However, their lack of good social skills
and understanding of social interaction often hinder their
ability to function in elementary and middle school
settings. Research regarding the use of technology to help
children with Asperger’s syndrome or autism have just
started to emerge as technology is maturing at a rapid
pace.

52. Research what technology options are available to aid children
with Asperger’s syndrome or
autism? Support your discussion with robust supporting
evidence.
!
Option 5: Internet Privacy
We share information on the Internet everyday, through
social media, blog posts, or even apps on your phone.
Technology has become so ubiquitous today that we are
not as concern about privacy as we used to be. A recent
attack on Snapchat revealed almost all (approx. 4.6
millions) usernames and phone numbers on the Internet for
anyone to download. However, the majority of Snapchat
users were not worried about how such information could
be used.
Popular companies such as Apple, Microsoft, Google,
Target (United States) and Sony have been hacked at least once
in the past decade. In the most
extreme case hackers obtained and sold users’ credit card

53. details. This proves that nothing is
safe on the Internet. Who can we trust our information with and
how much information can we
share?
Critically discuss the assertion.
!
Option 6: Artificial Intelligence
The movie “Her” demonstrated the possibility of a complex
Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) interface with human emotion. In
the not too distant future our computer systems will be
able to display all the characteristics of intelligence we
recognise in humans.
Identify existing technologies that can be used to construct
“Samantha” and critically discuss if the benefits of such
computer intelligence would outweigh the disadvantages.
� of �3 6HIT164 Computing FundamentalsAssignment 2

54. Option 7: Privilege Escalation
Mobile operating systems nowadays are mostly locked-
down platforms with digital rights management (DRM)
where users cannot directly interact with the file system
and the device’s functionalities are provided by the
manufacturer in a sand-boxed environment.
Privilege escalation, or more commonly known as
jailbreaking, is the act of removing limitations imposed by
the manufacturer, thus enabling the device to gain access
to resources that are normally protected from an
application or user.
Critically discuss why an operating system should and
should not be locked-down in the above context, considering the
legal context.
!
Option 8: Big Data
Dr. Eric Horvitz, a computer scientist and co-director of

55. Microsoft Research, who worked with a large urban
hospital in Washington was able to use a concentration of
anonymous Internet searches in the neighbourhoods in
close proximity of the hospital to calculate the probabilities
of cardio cases which showed up soon after.
Through the use of Internet searches, Twitter feeds, or in
general “Internet as a sensor”, Dr. Horvitz was also able to
identify previously unpublished side effect of medicines
and track the onset of postpartum depression among new
mothers.
Through the use of online information, can we better understand
our behaviours, or more
importantly overcome various challenges in health and
diagnosis?
This is one implementation of the principles of Big Data.
Research how principles of Big Data are
currently applied in one of the following fields:
• Medicine

56. • Education
• Astronomy
!
� of �4 6HIT164 Computing FundamentalsAssignment 2
GETTING HELP
1. Doing Your Assignment
You may find the following link useful in preparing for your
assignment. See “Doing the
Assignments” at
http://learnline.cdu.edu.au/units/itonline/assignments.html.
!
2. About Essay Writing
CDU Study Guide (http://learnline.cdu.edu.au/studyskills/) has
a comprehensive range of study

57. skills information.
You may find the following resources useful in writing
academic assignments:
• Introduction to Academic Assignments
http://learnline.cdu.edu.au/studyskills/studyskills/introacademic
assignments.html
• Introduction to Academic Writing
http://learnline.cdu.edu.au/studyskills/studyskills/introacademic
writing.html
• What to Avoid in Formal Writing
http://learnline.cdu.edu.au/studyskills/studyskills/aswhattoavoid
.html
• Strunk’s “The Elements of Style” is an old book (1918), but a
good one, to check for
suggestions and conventions on writing style. Some things have

58. changed since 1918, but many
of his suggestions are largely intact today.
- You can find the book at
http://www.crockford.com/wrrrld/style.html. Thanks to Douglas
Crockford for making this available.
!
3. Researching
The CDU Library’s Summon search
(http://www.cdu.edu.au/library/) is a good way to start
gathering research about your chosen topic. If you have not
used Summon before please watch
the video on the Summon Guide webpage
(http://libguides.cdu.edu.au/summon).
Alternatively, visit the CDU Library’s help on Summon:
• Referencing 101 (http://libguides.cdu.edu.au/cdureferencing)

59. • Referencing Style Guide
(http://libguides.cdu.edu.au/content.php?pid=100403&sid=7537
58).
We use CDU Harvard style for HIT164.
• iResearch
(http://www.library.usyd.edu.au/elearning/learn/referencing/acti
vities/index.php). This
is an interactive learning tool, courtesy of University of
Sydney.
• CDU’s Information Technology Guide
(http://libguides.cdu.edu.au/IT) is very useful for finding
academic quality sources via the Library.
!
� of �5 6HIT164 Computing FundamentalsAssignment 2
4. Plagiarism - you will be penalised if you plagiarise your
work

60. If you have any doubt about what constitutes plagiarism, then
please talk to your lecturer.
You can also find more information about plagiarism at CDU
Library Service (http://
libguides.cdu.edu.au/content.php?pid=100403&sid=2587885).
!
PRESENTATION
Essay should be word processed and include page numbers and
student name and number in
the footer. It is recommended that you check for plagiarism in
your work before you submit.
!
SUBMISSION GUIDELINES
All students should submit to Learnline:
• Word processed document only, PDF files are not accepted.

61. • Include an assignment cover sheet with the plagiarism section
signed.
• Ensure that your file is labelled in the format of
firstnameLastnameAssign1.doc (e.g.,
johnAppleseedAssign1.doc).
- Note that there are no spaces or symbols in the file name.
� of �6 6HIT164 Computing FundamentalsAssignment 2