Communicating professionally and ethically is one of the
essential skill sets we can teach you at Strayer. The following
guidelines will ensure:
· Your writing is professional
· You avoid plagiarizing others, which is essential to writing ethically
· You give credit to others in your work
Visit Strayer’s Academic Integrity Center for more information.
Winter 2019
https://pslogin.strayer.edu/?dest=academic-support/academic-integrity-center
Strayer University Writing Standards 2
� Include page numbers.
� Use 1-inch margins.
� Use Arial, Courier, Times New Roman, or Calibri font style.
� Use 10-, 11-, or 12-point font size for the body of your text.
� Use numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on) or spell out numbers (one, two, three, and so on).
Be consistent with your choice throughout the assignment.
� Use either single or double spacing, according to assignment guidelines.
� If assignment requires a title page:
· Include the assignment title, your name, course title, your professor’s name, and the
date of submission on a separate page.
� If assignment does not require a title page (stated in the assignment details):
a. Include all required content in a header at the top of your document.
or b. Include all required content where appropriate for assignment format.
Examples of appropriate places per assignment: letterhead of a business letter
assignment or a title slide for a PowerPoint presentation.
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use the point of view (first, second, or third person) required by the assignment
guidelines.
� Use spelling and grammar check and proofread to help ensure your work is error free.
� Use credible sources to support your ideas/work. Find tips here.
� Cite your sources throughout your work when you borrow someone else’s words or ideas.
Give credit to the authors.
� Look for a permalink tool for a webpage when possible (especially when an electronic
source requires logging in like the Strayer Library). Find tips here.
� Add each cited source to the Source List at the end of your assignment. (See the Giving
Credit to Authors and Sources section for more details.)
� Don’t forget to cite and add your textbook to the Source List if you use it as a source.
� Include a Source List when the assignment requires research or if you cite the textbook.
� Type “Sources” centered on the first line of the page.
� List the sources that you used in your assignment.
� Organize sources in a numbered list and in order of use throughout the paper. Use the
original number when citing a source multiple times.
� For more information, see the Source List section.
General Standards
Use Appropriate
Formatting
Title Your Work
Write Clearly
Cite Credible
Sources
Build a
Source List
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/539/01/
http://libdatab.strayer.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.
Installing Sophos
Scanning….
Communicating professionally and ethically is one of the
essential skill sets we can teach you at Strayer. The following
guidelines will ensure:
· Your writing is professional
· You avoid plagiarizing others, which is essential to writing ethically
· You give credit to others in your work
Visit Strayer’s Academic Integrity Center for more information.
Winter 2019
https://pslogin.strayer.edu/?dest=academic-support/academic-integrity-center
Strayer University Writing Standards 2
� Include page numbers.
� Use 1-inch margins.
� Use Arial, Courier, Times New Roman, or Calibri font style.
� Use 10-, 11-, or 12-point font size for the body of your text.
� Use numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on) or spell out numbers (one, two, three, and so on).
Be consistent with your choice throughout the assignment.
� Use either single or double spacing, according to assignment guidelines.
� If assignment requires a title page:
· Include the assignment title, your name, course title, your professor’s name, and the
date of submission on a separate page.
� If assignment does not require a title page (stated in the assignment details):
a. Include all required content in a header at the top of your document.
or b. Include all required content where appropriate for assignment format.
Examples of appropriate places per assignment: letterhead of a business letter
assignment or a title slide for a PowerPoint presentation.
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use the point of view (first, second, or third person) required by the assignment
guidelines.
� Use spelling and grammar check and proofread to help ensure your work is error free.
� Use credible sources to support your ideas/work. Find tips here.
� Cite your sources throughout your work when you borrow someone else’s words or ideas.
Give credit to the authors.
� Look for a permalink tool for a webpage when possible (especially when an electronic
source requires logging in like the Strayer Library). Find tips here.
� Add each cited source to the Source List at the end of your assignment. (See the Giving
Credit to Authors and Sources section for more details.)
� Don’t forget to cite and add your textbook to the Source List if you use it as a source.
� Include a Source List when the assignment requires research or if you cite the textbook.
� Type “Sources” centered on the first line of the page.
� List the sources that you used in your assignment.
� Organize sources in a numbered list and in order of use throughout the paper. Use the
original number when citing a source multiple times.
� For more information, see the Source List section.
General Standards
Use Appropriate
Formatting
Title Your Work
Write Clearly
Cite Credible
Sources
Build a
Source List
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/539/01/
http://libdatab.strayer. ...
Communicating professionally and ethically is an essential ski.docxdrandy1
Communicating professionally and ethically is an essential skill set we teach at
Strayer. The following guidelines ensure:
· Your writing is professional
· You avoid plagiarizing others
· You give credit to others in your work
Review Strayer’s Academic Integrity Policy in the Student Handbook.
Bookmark the SWS website for additional SWS resources.
Visit the SWS YouTube page to view helpful SWS videos.
Spring 2020
Strayer University Writing Standards 2
� Include page numbers.
� Use 1-inch margins.
� Use numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on) or spell out numbers (one, two, three, and so on).
� Double space body text in the assignment.
� Use consistent 12-point font.
� Use section headings to divide separate content areas. Center the section headings on
the page, be consistent, and include at least two section headings in the assignment.
� Include the assignment title, your name, course title, your professor’s name, and the date
of submission on a separate page (first page of submission).
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use spelling/grammar check and proofread to keep work error free.
� Choose a point of view (first, second, or third person) as required by assignment guidelines.
� Provide credible sources to support your ideas/work when required. Find tips here.
� Cite sources throughout your work when you borrow someone else’s words or ideas.
� Don’t forget: Cite and add your textbook to the Source List if used as a source.
� Include a Sources List when the assignment requires research or if you cite the textbook.
� Type “Sources” centered horizontally on the first line of the Source List page.
� Record the sources that you used in your assignment in a numbered list (see Giving
Credit to Authors and Sources section).
Essay/Paper Guidelines
Design
Title Page
Develop
Cite Credible
Sources
Build a
Sources List
Use these rules when working on an essay!
Strayer University Writing Standards 3
� Use the provided template to format the assignment.
� Generally not required. If it is required, include the assignment title, your name, course
title, your professor’s name, and the date of submission on a separate page (first page of
submission).
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use spelling/grammar check and proofread to keep work error free.
� Choose a point of view (first, second, or third person) as required by assignment guidelines.
� Specific assignment guidelines may override these standards. When in doubt, follow
specific assignment guidelines first.
� Provide credible sources to support your ideas/work when required. Find tips here.
� Cite sources throughout your work when you borrow someone else’s words or ideas.
� Don’t forget: Cite and add your textbook to the Source List if used as a source.
� Complete the p.
Communicating professionally and ethically is an essential ski.docxmccormicknadine86
Communicating professionally and ethically is an essential skill set we teach at
Strayer. The following guidelines ensure:
· Your writing is professional
· You avoid plagiarizing others
· You give credit to others in your work
Review Strayer’s Academic Integrity Policy in the Student Handbook.
Bookmark the SWS website for additional SWS resources.
Visit the SWS YouTube page to view helpful SWS videos.
Spring 2020
Strayer University Writing Standards 2
� Include page numbers.
� Use 1-inch margins.
� Use numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on) or spell out numbers (one, two, three, and so on).
� Double space body text in the assignment.
� Use consistent 12-point font.
� Use section headings to divide separate content areas. Center the section headings on
the page, be consistent, and include at least two section headings in the assignment.
� Include the assignment title, your name, course title, your professor’s name, and the date
of submission on a separate page (first page of submission).
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use spelling/grammar check and proofread to keep work error free.
� Choose a point of view (first, second, or third person) as required by assignment guidelines.
� Provide credible sources to support your ideas/work when required. Find tips here.
� Cite sources throughout your work when you borrow someone else’s words or ideas.
� Don’t forget: Cite and add your textbook to the Source List if used as a source.
� Include a Sources List when the assignment requires research or if you cite the textbook.
� Type “Sources” centered horizontally on the first line of the Source List page.
� Record the sources that you used in your assignment in a numbered list (see Giving
Credit to Authors and Sources section).
Essay/Paper Guidelines
Design
Title Page
Develop
Cite Credible
Sources
Build a
Sources List
Use these rules when working on an essay!
Strayer University Writing Standards 3
� Use the provided template to format the assignment.
� Generally not required. If it is required, include the assignment title, your name, course
title, your professor’s name, and the date of submission on a separate page (first page of
submission).
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use spelling/grammar check and proofread to keep work error free.
� Choose a point of view (first, second, or third person) as required by assignment guidelines.
� Specific assignment guidelines may override these standards. When in doubt, follow
specific assignment guidelines first.
� Provide credible sources to support your ideas/work when required. Find tips here.
� Cite sources throughout your work when you borrow someone else’s words or ideas.
� Don’t forget: Cite and add your textbook to the Source List if used as a source.
� Complete the p ...
Communicating professionally and ethically is an essential ski.docxcargillfilberto
Communicating professionally and ethically is an essential skill set we teach at
Strayer. The following guidelines ensure:
· Your writing is professional
· You avoid plagiarizing others
· You give credit to others in your work
Review Strayer’s Academic Integrity Policy in the Student Handbook.
Bookmark the SWS website for additional SWS resources.
Visit the SWS YouTube page to view helpful SWS videos.
Spring 2020
Strayer University Writing Standards 2
� Include page numbers.
� Use 1-inch margins.
� Use numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on) or spell out numbers (one, two, three, and so on).
� Double space body text in the assignment.
� Use consistent 12-point font.
� Use section headings to divide separate content areas. Center the section headings on
the page, be consistent, and include at least two section headings in the assignment.
� Include the assignment title, your name, course title, your professor’s name, and the date
of submission on a separate page (first page of submission).
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use spelling/grammar check and proofread to keep work error free.
� Choose a point of view (first, second, or third person) as required by assignment guidelines.
� Provide credible sources to support your ideas/work when required. Find tips here.
� Cite sources throughout your work when you borrow someone else’s words or ideas.
� Don’t forget: Cite and add your textbook to the Source List if used as a source.
� Include a Sources List when the assignment requires research or if you cite the textbook.
� Type “Sources” centered horizontally on the first line of the Source List page.
� Record the sources that you used in your assignment in a numbered list (see Giving
Credit to Authors and Sources section).
Essay/Paper Guidelines
Design
Title Page
Develop
Cite Credible
Sources
Build a
Sources List
Use these rules when working on an essay!
Strayer University Writing Standards 3
� Use the provided template to format the assignment.
� Generally not required. If it is required, include the assignment title, your name, course
title, your professor’s name, and the date of submission on a separate page (first page of
submission).
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use spelling/grammar check and proofread to keep work error free.
� Choose a point of view (first, second, or third person) as required by assignment guidelines.
� Specific assignment guidelines may override these standards. When in doubt, follow
specific assignment guidelines first.
� Provide credible sources to support your ideas/work when required. Find tips here.
� Cite sources throughout your work when you borrow someone else’s words or ideas.
� Don’t forget: Cite and add your textbook to the Source List if used as a source.
� Complete the p.
A minimum of 200 words each question and References (questions #1-.docxsleeperharwell
A minimum of 200 words each question and References (questions #1-4) KEEP QUESTION WITH ANSWER EACH QUESTIONS NEED TO HAVE A SCHOLARY SOURCE
1) Discuss the implications of the acceptance of the biopsychosocial model over the biomedical model. What is the role played by age, ethnicity, and SES?
2) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of placebos. What potential moral dilemma arises from their usage?
3) What is meant by improving patient adherence? Can health-related theories in psychology be used to predict who will and who will not adhere to medical advice? Why or why not?
4) Compare and contrast illness behavior with sick role behavior. Why are they different?
Communicating professionally and ethically is one of the
essential skill sets we can teach you at Strayer. The following
guidelines will ensure:
· Your writing is professional
· You avoid plagiarizing others, which is essential to writing ethically
· You give credit to others in your work
Visit Strayer’s Academic Integrity Center for more information.
Winter 2019
https://pslogin.strayer.edu/?dest=academic-support/academic-integrity-center
Strayer University Writing Standards 2
� Include page numbers.
� Use 1-inch margins.
� Use Arial, Courier, Times New Roman, or Calibri font style.
� Use 10-, 11-, or 12-point font size for the body of your text.
� Use numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on) or spell out numbers (one, two, three, and so on).
Be consistent with your choice throughout the assignment.
� Use either single or double spacing, according to assignment guidelines.
� If assignment requires a title page:
· Include the assignment title, your name, course title, your professor’s name, and the
date of submission on a separate page.
� If assignment does not require a title page (stated in the assignment details):
a. Include all required content in a header at the top of your document.
or b. Include all required content where appropriate for assignment format.
Examples of appropriate places per assignment: letterhead of a business letter
assignment or a title slide for a PowerPoint presentation.
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use the point of view (first, second, or third person) required by the assignment
guidelines.
� Use spelling and grammar check and proofread to help ensure your work is error free.
� Use credible sources to support your ideas/work. Find tips here.
� Cite your sources throughout your work when you borrow someone else’s words or ideas.
Give credit to the authors.
� Look for a permalink tool for a webpage when possible (especially when an electronic
source requires logging in like the Strayer Library). Find tips here.
� Add each cited source to the Source List at the end of your assignment. (See the Giving
Credit to Authors and Sources section for more details.)
� Don’t forget to cite and add your textbook to the Source L.
Memo 1Ex 1Instruction Type the following letter using block AbramMartino96
Memo 1
Ex 1
Instruction
Type the following letter using block style on A5 paper size. Use today’s date.
Ex 2
Make a copy of the memo types above and format it using indented style for memorandum.
Communicating professionally and ethically is an essential skill set we teach at
Strayer. The following guidelines ensure:
·· Your writing is professional
·· You avoid plagiarizing others
·· You give credit to others in your work
Review Strayer’s Academic Integrity Policy in the Student Handbook.
Bookmark the SWS website for additional SWS resources.
Visit the SWS YouTube page to view helpful SWS videos.
Fall 2020
http://studenthandbook.strayer.edu/Student-Disciplinary-and-Grievance-Policies-and-Procedures/Academic-Integrity-Policy
https://library.strayer.edu/sws
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLSvmYamJpLX5DN_56vyQqN4VzitwJU-9r
Strayer Writing Standards 2
� Include page numbers.
� Use 1-inch margins.
� Use numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on) or spell out numbers (one, two, three, and so on).
� Double space body text in the assignment.
� Use consistent 12-point font.
� Use section headings to divide separate content areas. Center the section headings on the
page, be consistent, and include at least two section headings in the assignment.
� Include the assignment title, your name, course title, your professor’s name, and the date of
submission on a separate page (first page of submission).
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use spelling/grammar check and proofread to keep work error free.
� Choose a point of view (first, second, or third person) as required by assignment guidelines.
� Provide credible sources to support your ideas/work when required. Find tips here.
� Cite sources throughout your work when you borrow someone else’s words or ideas.
� Don’t forget: Cite and add your textbook to the Source List if used as a source.
� Include a Sources List when the assignment requires research or if you cite the textbook.
� Type “Sources” centered horizontally on the first line of the Source List page.
� Record the sources that you used in your assignment in a numbered list (see Giving Credit to
Authors and Sources section).
Essay/Paper Guidelines
Design
Title Page
Develop
Cite Credible
Sources
Build a
Sources List
Use these rules when working on an essay!
https://ask.library.strayer.edu/faq/323416
https://library.strayer.edu/research_strategies/
Strayer Writing Standards 3
� Use the provided template to format the assignment.
� Generally not required. If it is required, include the assignment title, your name, course
title, your professor’s name, and the date of submission on a separate page (first page of
submission).
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use spelling/grammar check and proofread to keep work error free.
...
Essay 3 Proposal and Annotated BibliographyProposalResearch.docxrusselldayna
Essay 3: Proposal and Annotated Bibliography
Proposal
Research papers and projects frequently require a proposal. Proposals are a way of introducing the topic and methodology of your research to your audience before the research paper is complete.
Your proposal for this assignment should be one paragraph that includes:
· The research question on which you will focus
· Why this topic is important or relevant
· A summary of what you expect to discover
· An explanation of what subtopics you will need to research to fully understand your topic
For this assignment, you may need to use first person (I/me).
Annotated Bibliography
An annotated bibliography is a list of sources you are consulting for research accompanied by formal notes (or annotations) written about each source.
An annotated bibliography serves several purposes:
· It allows you to review the materials you have and see what information you still need.
· It lets you synthesize the information you have gathered to further develop
your argument.
· It helps you begin to prepare your sources in the style required for your Works
Cited page.
· It helps other researchers understand what is being published on your topic.
Using the articles you have found on your own, prepare your own annotated bibliography.
You should include a total of at least ten sources.
For each source, you should include:
· The appropriate MLA citation for that source
· A three to five sentence objective summary of that source in your own words
· A one to two sentence evaluation of how you might use the source in your paper or how it might contribute to your research
For examples and additional help, you may refer to p. 66-70 of The Little Seagull Handbook or use the following OWL link: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/614/1/
(Continued on next page)
Your Proposal and Annotated Bibliography is due on
Thursday, November 15. (Upload to Final Draft # 3 in Essays 3 and 4 folder.)
You will need to submit it to eCampus and bring a hard copy to class.
PLEASE NOTE: You will not need to submit a rough
draft for this assignment.
* Information adapted from Reading Literature and Writing Argument (5th ed.) by Missy James and Alan P. Merickel.
Communicating professionally and ethically is one of the
essential skills we can teach you at Strayer. The following
guidelines will ensure you:
· write professionally;
· avoid plagiarizing others, which is essential to writing ethically; and
· give credit to others in your work.
Visit Strayer’s Academic Integrity Center for more information.
Strayer University Writing Standards
Fall 2018
1Strayer University Writing Standards
https://pslogin.strayer.edu/?dest=academic-support/academic-integrity-center
Strayer University Writing Standards 2
General Standards 3
Use Appropriate Formatting 3
Title Your Work 3
Write Clearly 3
Cite Credible Sources 3
Build a Source List 3
Giving Credit to Authors and Sources 4
Option #1: Paraphra.
Communicating professionally and ethically is an essential skiLynellBull52
The document provides guidelines for students at Strayer University on writing standards for various types of assignments, including essays, presentations, discussion posts, and citing sources. It addresses formatting, design, developing content, using credible sources, building a sources list, paraphrasing, quoting, citing sources within the text, and listing sources. Specific guidelines are provided for elements like title pages, section headings, font, margins, and more, to ensure assignments are professionally presented and sources are properly credited to avoid plagiarism.
Installing Sophos
Scanning….
Communicating professionally and ethically is one of the
essential skill sets we can teach you at Strayer. The following
guidelines will ensure:
· Your writing is professional
· You avoid plagiarizing others, which is essential to writing ethically
· You give credit to others in your work
Visit Strayer’s Academic Integrity Center for more information.
Winter 2019
https://pslogin.strayer.edu/?dest=academic-support/academic-integrity-center
Strayer University Writing Standards 2
� Include page numbers.
� Use 1-inch margins.
� Use Arial, Courier, Times New Roman, or Calibri font style.
� Use 10-, 11-, or 12-point font size for the body of your text.
� Use numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on) or spell out numbers (one, two, three, and so on).
Be consistent with your choice throughout the assignment.
� Use either single or double spacing, according to assignment guidelines.
� If assignment requires a title page:
· Include the assignment title, your name, course title, your professor’s name, and the
date of submission on a separate page.
� If assignment does not require a title page (stated in the assignment details):
a. Include all required content in a header at the top of your document.
or b. Include all required content where appropriate for assignment format.
Examples of appropriate places per assignment: letterhead of a business letter
assignment or a title slide for a PowerPoint presentation.
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use the point of view (first, second, or third person) required by the assignment
guidelines.
� Use spelling and grammar check and proofread to help ensure your work is error free.
� Use credible sources to support your ideas/work. Find tips here.
� Cite your sources throughout your work when you borrow someone else’s words or ideas.
Give credit to the authors.
� Look for a permalink tool for a webpage when possible (especially when an electronic
source requires logging in like the Strayer Library). Find tips here.
� Add each cited source to the Source List at the end of your assignment. (See the Giving
Credit to Authors and Sources section for more details.)
� Don’t forget to cite and add your textbook to the Source List if you use it as a source.
� Include a Source List when the assignment requires research or if you cite the textbook.
� Type “Sources” centered on the first line of the page.
� List the sources that you used in your assignment.
� Organize sources in a numbered list and in order of use throughout the paper. Use the
original number when citing a source multiple times.
� For more information, see the Source List section.
General Standards
Use Appropriate
Formatting
Title Your Work
Write Clearly
Cite Credible
Sources
Build a
Source List
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/539/01/
http://libdatab.strayer. ...
Communicating professionally and ethically is an essential ski.docxdrandy1
Communicating professionally and ethically is an essential skill set we teach at
Strayer. The following guidelines ensure:
· Your writing is professional
· You avoid plagiarizing others
· You give credit to others in your work
Review Strayer’s Academic Integrity Policy in the Student Handbook.
Bookmark the SWS website for additional SWS resources.
Visit the SWS YouTube page to view helpful SWS videos.
Spring 2020
Strayer University Writing Standards 2
� Include page numbers.
� Use 1-inch margins.
� Use numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on) or spell out numbers (one, two, three, and so on).
� Double space body text in the assignment.
� Use consistent 12-point font.
� Use section headings to divide separate content areas. Center the section headings on
the page, be consistent, and include at least two section headings in the assignment.
� Include the assignment title, your name, course title, your professor’s name, and the date
of submission on a separate page (first page of submission).
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use spelling/grammar check and proofread to keep work error free.
� Choose a point of view (first, second, or third person) as required by assignment guidelines.
� Provide credible sources to support your ideas/work when required. Find tips here.
� Cite sources throughout your work when you borrow someone else’s words or ideas.
� Don’t forget: Cite and add your textbook to the Source List if used as a source.
� Include a Sources List when the assignment requires research or if you cite the textbook.
� Type “Sources” centered horizontally on the first line of the Source List page.
� Record the sources that you used in your assignment in a numbered list (see Giving
Credit to Authors and Sources section).
Essay/Paper Guidelines
Design
Title Page
Develop
Cite Credible
Sources
Build a
Sources List
Use these rules when working on an essay!
Strayer University Writing Standards 3
� Use the provided template to format the assignment.
� Generally not required. If it is required, include the assignment title, your name, course
title, your professor’s name, and the date of submission on a separate page (first page of
submission).
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use spelling/grammar check and proofread to keep work error free.
� Choose a point of view (first, second, or third person) as required by assignment guidelines.
� Specific assignment guidelines may override these standards. When in doubt, follow
specific assignment guidelines first.
� Provide credible sources to support your ideas/work when required. Find tips here.
� Cite sources throughout your work when you borrow someone else’s words or ideas.
� Don’t forget: Cite and add your textbook to the Source List if used as a source.
� Complete the p.
Communicating professionally and ethically is an essential ski.docxmccormicknadine86
Communicating professionally and ethically is an essential skill set we teach at
Strayer. The following guidelines ensure:
· Your writing is professional
· You avoid plagiarizing others
· You give credit to others in your work
Review Strayer’s Academic Integrity Policy in the Student Handbook.
Bookmark the SWS website for additional SWS resources.
Visit the SWS YouTube page to view helpful SWS videos.
Spring 2020
Strayer University Writing Standards 2
� Include page numbers.
� Use 1-inch margins.
� Use numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on) or spell out numbers (one, two, three, and so on).
� Double space body text in the assignment.
� Use consistent 12-point font.
� Use section headings to divide separate content areas. Center the section headings on
the page, be consistent, and include at least two section headings in the assignment.
� Include the assignment title, your name, course title, your professor’s name, and the date
of submission on a separate page (first page of submission).
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use spelling/grammar check and proofread to keep work error free.
� Choose a point of view (first, second, or third person) as required by assignment guidelines.
� Provide credible sources to support your ideas/work when required. Find tips here.
� Cite sources throughout your work when you borrow someone else’s words or ideas.
� Don’t forget: Cite and add your textbook to the Source List if used as a source.
� Include a Sources List when the assignment requires research or if you cite the textbook.
� Type “Sources” centered horizontally on the first line of the Source List page.
� Record the sources that you used in your assignment in a numbered list (see Giving
Credit to Authors and Sources section).
Essay/Paper Guidelines
Design
Title Page
Develop
Cite Credible
Sources
Build a
Sources List
Use these rules when working on an essay!
Strayer University Writing Standards 3
� Use the provided template to format the assignment.
� Generally not required. If it is required, include the assignment title, your name, course
title, your professor’s name, and the date of submission on a separate page (first page of
submission).
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use spelling/grammar check and proofread to keep work error free.
� Choose a point of view (first, second, or third person) as required by assignment guidelines.
� Specific assignment guidelines may override these standards. When in doubt, follow
specific assignment guidelines first.
� Provide credible sources to support your ideas/work when required. Find tips here.
� Cite sources throughout your work when you borrow someone else’s words or ideas.
� Don’t forget: Cite and add your textbook to the Source List if used as a source.
� Complete the p ...
Communicating professionally and ethically is an essential ski.docxcargillfilberto
Communicating professionally and ethically is an essential skill set we teach at
Strayer. The following guidelines ensure:
· Your writing is professional
· You avoid plagiarizing others
· You give credit to others in your work
Review Strayer’s Academic Integrity Policy in the Student Handbook.
Bookmark the SWS website for additional SWS resources.
Visit the SWS YouTube page to view helpful SWS videos.
Spring 2020
Strayer University Writing Standards 2
� Include page numbers.
� Use 1-inch margins.
� Use numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on) or spell out numbers (one, two, three, and so on).
� Double space body text in the assignment.
� Use consistent 12-point font.
� Use section headings to divide separate content areas. Center the section headings on
the page, be consistent, and include at least two section headings in the assignment.
� Include the assignment title, your name, course title, your professor’s name, and the date
of submission on a separate page (first page of submission).
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use spelling/grammar check and proofread to keep work error free.
� Choose a point of view (first, second, or third person) as required by assignment guidelines.
� Provide credible sources to support your ideas/work when required. Find tips here.
� Cite sources throughout your work when you borrow someone else’s words or ideas.
� Don’t forget: Cite and add your textbook to the Source List if used as a source.
� Include a Sources List when the assignment requires research or if you cite the textbook.
� Type “Sources” centered horizontally on the first line of the Source List page.
� Record the sources that you used in your assignment in a numbered list (see Giving
Credit to Authors and Sources section).
Essay/Paper Guidelines
Design
Title Page
Develop
Cite Credible
Sources
Build a
Sources List
Use these rules when working on an essay!
Strayer University Writing Standards 3
� Use the provided template to format the assignment.
� Generally not required. If it is required, include the assignment title, your name, course
title, your professor’s name, and the date of submission on a separate page (first page of
submission).
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use spelling/grammar check and proofread to keep work error free.
� Choose a point of view (first, second, or third person) as required by assignment guidelines.
� Specific assignment guidelines may override these standards. When in doubt, follow
specific assignment guidelines first.
� Provide credible sources to support your ideas/work when required. Find tips here.
� Cite sources throughout your work when you borrow someone else’s words or ideas.
� Don’t forget: Cite and add your textbook to the Source List if used as a source.
� Complete the p.
A minimum of 200 words each question and References (questions #1-.docxsleeperharwell
A minimum of 200 words each question and References (questions #1-4) KEEP QUESTION WITH ANSWER EACH QUESTIONS NEED TO HAVE A SCHOLARY SOURCE
1) Discuss the implications of the acceptance of the biopsychosocial model over the biomedical model. What is the role played by age, ethnicity, and SES?
2) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of placebos. What potential moral dilemma arises from their usage?
3) What is meant by improving patient adherence? Can health-related theories in psychology be used to predict who will and who will not adhere to medical advice? Why or why not?
4) Compare and contrast illness behavior with sick role behavior. Why are they different?
Communicating professionally and ethically is one of the
essential skill sets we can teach you at Strayer. The following
guidelines will ensure:
· Your writing is professional
· You avoid plagiarizing others, which is essential to writing ethically
· You give credit to others in your work
Visit Strayer’s Academic Integrity Center for more information.
Winter 2019
https://pslogin.strayer.edu/?dest=academic-support/academic-integrity-center
Strayer University Writing Standards 2
� Include page numbers.
� Use 1-inch margins.
� Use Arial, Courier, Times New Roman, or Calibri font style.
� Use 10-, 11-, or 12-point font size for the body of your text.
� Use numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on) or spell out numbers (one, two, three, and so on).
Be consistent with your choice throughout the assignment.
� Use either single or double spacing, according to assignment guidelines.
� If assignment requires a title page:
· Include the assignment title, your name, course title, your professor’s name, and the
date of submission on a separate page.
� If assignment does not require a title page (stated in the assignment details):
a. Include all required content in a header at the top of your document.
or b. Include all required content where appropriate for assignment format.
Examples of appropriate places per assignment: letterhead of a business letter
assignment or a title slide for a PowerPoint presentation.
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use the point of view (first, second, or third person) required by the assignment
guidelines.
� Use spelling and grammar check and proofread to help ensure your work is error free.
� Use credible sources to support your ideas/work. Find tips here.
� Cite your sources throughout your work when you borrow someone else’s words or ideas.
Give credit to the authors.
� Look for a permalink tool for a webpage when possible (especially when an electronic
source requires logging in like the Strayer Library). Find tips here.
� Add each cited source to the Source List at the end of your assignment. (See the Giving
Credit to Authors and Sources section for more details.)
� Don’t forget to cite and add your textbook to the Source L.
Memo 1Ex 1Instruction Type the following letter using block AbramMartino96
Memo 1
Ex 1
Instruction
Type the following letter using block style on A5 paper size. Use today’s date.
Ex 2
Make a copy of the memo types above and format it using indented style for memorandum.
Communicating professionally and ethically is an essential skill set we teach at
Strayer. The following guidelines ensure:
·· Your writing is professional
·· You avoid plagiarizing others
·· You give credit to others in your work
Review Strayer’s Academic Integrity Policy in the Student Handbook.
Bookmark the SWS website for additional SWS resources.
Visit the SWS YouTube page to view helpful SWS videos.
Fall 2020
http://studenthandbook.strayer.edu/Student-Disciplinary-and-Grievance-Policies-and-Procedures/Academic-Integrity-Policy
https://library.strayer.edu/sws
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLSvmYamJpLX5DN_56vyQqN4VzitwJU-9r
Strayer Writing Standards 2
� Include page numbers.
� Use 1-inch margins.
� Use numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on) or spell out numbers (one, two, three, and so on).
� Double space body text in the assignment.
� Use consistent 12-point font.
� Use section headings to divide separate content areas. Center the section headings on the
page, be consistent, and include at least two section headings in the assignment.
� Include the assignment title, your name, course title, your professor’s name, and the date of
submission on a separate page (first page of submission).
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use spelling/grammar check and proofread to keep work error free.
� Choose a point of view (first, second, or third person) as required by assignment guidelines.
� Provide credible sources to support your ideas/work when required. Find tips here.
� Cite sources throughout your work when you borrow someone else’s words or ideas.
� Don’t forget: Cite and add your textbook to the Source List if used as a source.
� Include a Sources List when the assignment requires research or if you cite the textbook.
� Type “Sources” centered horizontally on the first line of the Source List page.
� Record the sources that you used in your assignment in a numbered list (see Giving Credit to
Authors and Sources section).
Essay/Paper Guidelines
Design
Title Page
Develop
Cite Credible
Sources
Build a
Sources List
Use these rules when working on an essay!
https://ask.library.strayer.edu/faq/323416
https://library.strayer.edu/research_strategies/
Strayer Writing Standards 3
� Use the provided template to format the assignment.
� Generally not required. If it is required, include the assignment title, your name, course
title, your professor’s name, and the date of submission on a separate page (first page of
submission).
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use spelling/grammar check and proofread to keep work error free.
...
Essay 3 Proposal and Annotated BibliographyProposalResearch.docxrusselldayna
Essay 3: Proposal and Annotated Bibliography
Proposal
Research papers and projects frequently require a proposal. Proposals are a way of introducing the topic and methodology of your research to your audience before the research paper is complete.
Your proposal for this assignment should be one paragraph that includes:
· The research question on which you will focus
· Why this topic is important or relevant
· A summary of what you expect to discover
· An explanation of what subtopics you will need to research to fully understand your topic
For this assignment, you may need to use first person (I/me).
Annotated Bibliography
An annotated bibliography is a list of sources you are consulting for research accompanied by formal notes (or annotations) written about each source.
An annotated bibliography serves several purposes:
· It allows you to review the materials you have and see what information you still need.
· It lets you synthesize the information you have gathered to further develop
your argument.
· It helps you begin to prepare your sources in the style required for your Works
Cited page.
· It helps other researchers understand what is being published on your topic.
Using the articles you have found on your own, prepare your own annotated bibliography.
You should include a total of at least ten sources.
For each source, you should include:
· The appropriate MLA citation for that source
· A three to five sentence objective summary of that source in your own words
· A one to two sentence evaluation of how you might use the source in your paper or how it might contribute to your research
For examples and additional help, you may refer to p. 66-70 of The Little Seagull Handbook or use the following OWL link: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/614/1/
(Continued on next page)
Your Proposal and Annotated Bibliography is due on
Thursday, November 15. (Upload to Final Draft # 3 in Essays 3 and 4 folder.)
You will need to submit it to eCampus and bring a hard copy to class.
PLEASE NOTE: You will not need to submit a rough
draft for this assignment.
* Information adapted from Reading Literature and Writing Argument (5th ed.) by Missy James and Alan P. Merickel.
Communicating professionally and ethically is one of the
essential skills we can teach you at Strayer. The following
guidelines will ensure you:
· write professionally;
· avoid plagiarizing others, which is essential to writing ethically; and
· give credit to others in your work.
Visit Strayer’s Academic Integrity Center for more information.
Strayer University Writing Standards
Fall 2018
1Strayer University Writing Standards
https://pslogin.strayer.edu/?dest=academic-support/academic-integrity-center
Strayer University Writing Standards 2
General Standards 3
Use Appropriate Formatting 3
Title Your Work 3
Write Clearly 3
Cite Credible Sources 3
Build a Source List 3
Giving Credit to Authors and Sources 4
Option #1: Paraphra.
Communicating professionally and ethically is an essential skiLynellBull52
The document provides guidelines for students at Strayer University on writing standards for various types of assignments, including essays, presentations, discussion posts, and citing sources. It addresses formatting, design, developing content, using credible sources, building a sources list, paraphrasing, quoting, citing sources within the text, and listing sources. Specific guidelines are provided for elements like title pages, section headings, font, margins, and more, to ensure assignments are professionally presented and sources are properly credited to avoid plagiarism.
Communicating professionally and ethically is an essential ski.docxAbhinav816839
The document provides guidelines for students at Strayer University on proper writing standards for various types of assignments. It addresses formatting and design standards for essays, presentations, discussion posts, and citing sources. Key points covered include using 12-point font, double spacing, section headings, title pages, in-text citations, source lists, paraphrasing, quoting, citing images and tables, webpage citations, and footnotes. The document aims to help students present their work professionally and ethically by avoiding plagiarism and giving proper credit to sources.
Communicating professionally and ethically is an essential skiJeniceStuckeyoo
Communicating professionally and ethically is an essential skill set we teach at
Strayer. The following guidelines ensure:
· Your writing is professional
· You avoid plagiarizing others
· You give credit to others in your work
Review Strayer’s Academic Integrity Policy in the Student Handbook.
Bookmark the SWS website for additional SWS resources.
Visit the SWS YouTube page to view helpful SWS videos.
Spring 2020
http://studenthandbook.strayer.edu/Student-Disciplinary-and-Grievance-Policies-and-Procedures/Academic-Integrity-Policy
https://strayer.libguides.com/strayerwritingstandards
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLSvmYamJpLX5DN_56vyQqN4VzitwJU-9r
Strayer University Writing Standards 2
� Include page numbers.
� Use 1-inch margins.
� Use numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on) or spell out numbers (one, two, three, and so on).
� Double space body text in the assignment.
� Use consistent 12-point font.
� Use section headings to divide separate content areas. Center the section headings on
the page, be consistent, and include at least two section headings in the assignment.
� Include the assignment title, your name, course title, your professor’s name, and the date
of submission on a separate page (first page of submission).
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use spelling/grammar check and proofread to keep work error free.
� Choose a point of view (first, second, or third person) as required by assignment guidelines.
� Provide credible sources to support your ideas/work when required. Find tips here.
� Cite sources throughout your work when you borrow someone else’s words or ideas.
� Don’t forget: Cite and add your textbook to the Source List if used as a source.
� Include a Sources List when the assignment requires research or if you cite the textbook.
� Type “Sources” centered horizontally on the first line of the Source List page.
� Record the sources that you used in your assignment in a numbered list (see Giving
Credit to Authors and Sources section).
Essay/Paper Guidelines
Design
Title Page
Develop
Cite Credible
Sources
Build a
Sources List
Use these rules when working on an essay!
https://www.grammarly.com/blog/active-vs-passive-voice/
https://strayer.libguides.com/research_strategies
Strayer University Writing Standards 3
� Use the provided template to format the assignment.
� Generally not required. If it is required, include the assignment title, your name, course
title, your professor’s name, and the date of submission on a separate page (first page of
submission).
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use spelling/grammar check and proofread to keep work error free.
� Choose a point of view (first, second, or third person) as required by assignment guidelines.
� Specific assignment guidelines may override th ...
Communicating professionally and ethically is an essential ski.docxpickersgillkayne
Communicating professionally and ethically is an essential skill set we teach at
Strayer. The following guidelines ensure:
· Your writing is professional
· You avoid plagiarizing others
· You give credit to others in your work
Review Strayer’s Academic Integrity Policy in the Student Handbook.
Bookmark the SWS website for additional SWS resources.
Visit the SWS YouTube page to view helpful SWS videos.
Spring 2020
http://studenthandbook.strayer.edu/Student-Disciplinary-and-Grievance-Policies-and-Procedures/Academic-Integrity-Policy
https://strayer.libguides.com/strayerwritingstandards
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLSvmYamJpLX5DN_56vyQqN4VzitwJU-9r
Strayer University Writing Standards 2
� Include page numbers.
� Use 1-inch margins.
� Use numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on) or spell out numbers (one, two, three, and so on).
� Double space body text in the assignment.
� Use consistent 12-point font.
� Use section headings to divide separate content areas. Center the section headings on
the page, be consistent, and include at least two section headings in the assignment.
� Include the assignment title, your name, course title, your professor’s name, and the date
of submission on a separate page (first page of submission).
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use spelling/grammar check and proofread to keep work error free.
� Choose a point of view (first, second, or third person) as required by assignment guidelines.
� Provide credible sources to support your ideas/work when required. Find tips here.
� Cite sources throughout your work when you borrow someone else’s words or ideas.
� Don’t forget: Cite and add your textbook to the Source List if used as a source.
� Include a Sources List when the assignment requires research or if you cite the textbook.
� Type “Sources” centered horizontally on the first line of the Source List page.
� Record the sources that you used in your assignment in a numbered list (see Giving
Credit to Authors and Sources section).
Essay/Paper Guidelines
Design
Title Page
Develop
Cite Credible
Sources
Build a
Sources List
Use these rules when working on an essay!
https://www.grammarly.com/blog/active-vs-passive-voice/
https://strayer.libguides.com/research_strategies
Strayer University Writing Standards 3
� Use the provided template to format the assignment.
� Generally not required. If it is required, include the assignment title, your name, course
title, your professor’s name, and the date of submission on a separate page (first page of
submission).
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use spelling/grammar check and proofread to keep work error free.
� Choose a point of view (first, second, or third person) as required by assignment guidelines.
� Specific assignment guidelines may override th.
LEGISLATIVE LETTER TEMPLATE TO WRITE TO YOUR LEGISLATOR(Month).docxwashingtonrosy
This document provides guidelines for writing a legislative letter to a legislator regarding a bill or issue. It includes templates for addressing the legislator, stating the topic or bill, providing 2-3 main points of support or opposition and a personal anecdote, and requesting a response. Additional guidelines are given for signing the letter, including contact information, and communicating professionally and ethically.
Assignment # 3 ·OverviewYour company has had embedde.docxjane3dyson92312
Assignment # 3
·
Overview
Your company has had embedded HR generalists in business units for the past several years. Over that time, it has become more costly and more difficult to maintain standards, and is a frustration for business units to have that budget “hit.” The leadership has decided to move to a more centralized model of delivering HR services and has asked you to evaluate that proposition and begin establishing a project team to initiate the needed changes. The project team is selected, and you must now provide general direction.
Instructions
Write a 5–6 page paper in which you:
Review and define the five steps of strategic planning depicted in Exhibit 2-1 in the textbook on page 34. Based on the information, provide a statement of overall importance of these steps to your project team.
Develop a vision and mission statement for the project team specific to the current project. Hint: It is highly recommended to follow the guidance offered in the textbook about vision and mission statements.
Explain to the project team what a project charter is and why it is used. Then, review Exhibit 3.3 in the textbook and select any three charter elements you feel are more important and explain why.
Provide a statement of emphasis to your project team based on the information you provided in the previous three sections above. The goal is to ensure your team understands the importance of the information.
Go to the
Strayer University Online Library
to locate at least three quality academic (peer-reviewed) resources for this assignment.
This course requires the use of Strayer Writing Standards (SWS). For assistance and information, please refer to the Strayer Writing Standards link in the left-hand menu of your course.
The specific course learning outcome associated with this assignment is:
Create an overview of project planning, a project vision and mission statement, a project charter, and a statement of emphasis.
· By submitting this paper, you agree: (1) that you are submitting your paper to be used and stored as part of the SafeAssign™ services in accordance with the
Blackboard Privacy Policy
; (2) that your institution may use your paper in accordance with your institution's policies; and (3) that your use of SafeAssign will be without recourse against Blackboard Inc. and its affiliates.
·
Institution Release Statement
Writing Assignments Strayer University uses several different types of writing assignments. The Strayer University Student Writing Standards are designed to allow flexibility in formatting your assignment and giving credit to your sources. This section covers specific areas to help you properly format and develop your assignments. Note: The specific format guidelines override guidelines in the General Standards section.
Paper and Essay Specific Format Guidelines
PowerPoint or Slideshow Specific Format Guidelines
Use double.
Communicating professionally and ethically is one of the ess.docxmonicafrancis71118
Communicating professionally and ethically is one of the
essential skills we can teach you at Strayer. The following
guidelines will ensure you:
· write professionally;
· avoid plagiarizing others, which is essential to writing ethically; and
· give credit to others in your work.
Visit Strayer’s Academic Integrity Center for more information.
Strayer University Writing Standards
Fall 2018
1Strayer University Writing Standards
https://pslogin.strayer.edu/?dest=academic-support/academic-integrity-center
Strayer University Writing Standards 2
General Standards 3
Use Appropriate Formatting 3
Title Your Work 3
Write Clearly 3
Cite Credible Sources 3
Build a Source List 3
Giving Credit to Authors and Sources 4
Option #1: Paraphrasing 4
Option #2: Quoting 4
Using Web Sources 5
Using Home Pages 5
Using Specific Web Pages 5
Source List 6
Setting Up the Source List Page 6
Creating a Source List Entry 6
Source List Elements 7
Source List Elements Breakdown 7
Sample Source List 8
Writing Assignments 9
Paper and Essay Specific Format Guidelines 9
PowerPoint or Slideshow Specific Format Guidelines 9
Discussion Posts 10
Effective Internet Links 10
Share vs. URL Options 11
Charts, Images, and Tables 12
Table of Contents
� Include page numbers.
� Use 1-inch margins.
� Use Arial, Courier, Times New Roman, or Calibri font style.
� Use 10-, 11-, or 12-point font size for the body of your text.
� Use numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on) OR spell out numbers (one, two, three, and so
on). Be consistent with your choice throughout the assignment.
� Use either single or double spacing, according to assignment guidelines.
� If assignment requires a title page:
· Include the assignment title, your name, course title, your professor’s name,
and the date of submission on a separate page.
� If assignment does not require a title page (stated in the assignment details):
· Include all required content in a header at the top of your document.
· or Include all required content where appropriate for assignment format.
· Examples of appropriate places per assignment: letterhead of a business
letter assignment or a title slide for a PowerPoint presentation
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use the point of view (first, second, or third person) required by the
assignment guidelines.
� Use spelling and grammar check and proofread to help ensure your work is
error free.
� Use credible sources to support your ideas/work. Find tips here.
� Cite your sources throughout your work when you borrow someone else’s
words or ideas. Give credit to the authors.
� Look for a permalink tool for a webpage when possible (especially when an
electronic source requires logging in like the Strayer Library). Find tips here.
� Add each cited source to the Source List at the end of your assignment. (See
the Giving Credit to Authors and Sources section for more de.
Communicating professionally and ethically is one of the ess.docxcargillfilberto
Communicating professionally and ethically is one of the
essential skills we can teach you at Strayer. The following
guidelines will ensure you:
· write professionally;
· avoid plagiarizing others, which is essential to writing ethically; and
· give credit to others in your work.
Visit Strayer’s Academic Integrity Center for more information.
Strayer University Writing Standards
Fall 2018
1Strayer University Writing Standards
https://pslogin.strayer.edu/?dest=academic-support/academic-integrity-center
Strayer University Writing Standards 2
General Standards 3
Use Appropriate Formatting 3
Title Your Work 3
Write Clearly 3
Cite Credible Sources 3
Build a Source List 3
Giving Credit to Authors and Sources 4
Option #1: Paraphrasing 4
Option #2: Quoting 4
Using Web Sources 5
Using Home Pages 5
Using Specific Web Pages 5
Source List 6
Setting Up the Source List Page 6
Creating a Source List Entry 6
Source List Elements 7
Source List Elements Breakdown 7
Sample Source List 8
Writing Assignments 9
Paper and Essay Specific Format Guidelines 9
PowerPoint or Slideshow Specific Format Guidelines 9
Discussion Posts 10
Effective Internet Links 10
Share vs. URL Options 11
Charts, Images, and Tables 12
Table of Contents
� Include page numbers.
� Use 1-inch margins.
� Use Arial, Courier, Times New Roman, or Calibri font style.
� Use 10-, 11-, or 12-point font size for the body of your text.
� Use numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on) OR spell out numbers (one, two, three, and so
on). Be consistent with your choice throughout the assignment.
� Use either single or double spacing, according to assignment guidelines.
� If assignment requires a title page:
· Include the assignment title, your name, course title, your professor’s name,
and the date of submission on a separate page.
� If assignment does not require a title page (stated in the assignment details):
· Include all required content in a header at the top of your document.
· or Include all required content where appropriate for assignment format.
· Examples of appropriate places per assignment: letterhead of a business
letter assignment or a title slide for a PowerPoint presentation
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use the point of view (first, second, or third person) required by the
assignment guidelines.
� Use spelling and grammar check and proofread to help ensure your work is
error free.
� Use credible sources to support your ideas/work. Find tips here.
� Cite your sources throughout your work when you borrow someone else’s
words or ideas. Give credit to the authors.
� Look for a permalink tool for a webpage when possible (especially when an
electronic source requires logging in like the Strayer Library). Find tips here.
� Add each cited source to the Source List at the end of your assignment. (See
the Giving Credit to Authors and Sources section for more de.
Communicating professionally and ethically is one of the ess.docxdrandy1
Communicating professionally and ethically is one of the
essential skills we can teach you at Strayer. The following
guidelines will ensure you:
· write professionally;
· avoid plagiarizing others, which is essential to writing ethically; and
· give credit to others in your work.
Visit Strayer’s Academic Integrity Center for more information.
Strayer University Writing Standards
Fall 2018
1Strayer University Writing Standards
https://pslogin.strayer.edu/?dest=academic-support/academic-integrity-center
Strayer University Writing Standards 2
General Standards 3
Use Appropriate Formatting 3
Title Your Work 3
Write Clearly 3
Cite Credible Sources 3
Build a Source List 3
Giving Credit to Authors and Sources 4
Option #1: Paraphrasing 4
Option #2: Quoting 4
Using Web Sources 5
Using Home Pages 5
Using Specific Web Pages 5
Source List 6
Setting Up the Source List Page 6
Creating a Source List Entry 6
Source List Elements 7
Source List Elements Breakdown 7
Sample Source List 8
Writing Assignments 9
Paper and Essay Specific Format Guidelines 9
PowerPoint or Slideshow Specific Format Guidelines 9
Discussion Posts 10
Effective Internet Links 10
Share vs. URL Options 11
Charts, Images, and Tables 12
Table of Contents
� Include page numbers.
� Use 1-inch margins.
� Use Arial, Courier, Times New Roman, or Calibri font style.
� Use 10-, 11-, or 12-point font size for the body of your text.
� Use numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on) OR spell out numbers (one, two, three, and so
on). Be consistent with your choice throughout the assignment.
� Use either single or double spacing, according to assignment guidelines.
� If assignment requires a title page:
· Include the assignment title, your name, course title, your professor’s name,
and the date of submission on a separate page.
� If assignment does not require a title page (stated in the assignment details):
· Include all required content in a header at the top of your document.
· or Include all required content where appropriate for assignment format.
· Examples of appropriate places per assignment: letterhead of a business
letter assignment or a title slide for a PowerPoint presentation
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use the point of view (first, second, or third person) required by the
assignment guidelines.
� Use spelling and grammar check and proofread to help ensure your work is
error free.
� Use credible sources to support your ideas/work. Find tips here.
� Cite your sources throughout your work when you borrow someone else’s
words or ideas. Give credit to the authors.
� Look for a permalink tool for a webpage when possible (especially when an
electronic source requires logging in like the Strayer Library). Find tips here.
� Add each cited source to the Source List at the end of your assignment. (See
the Giving Credit to Authors and Sources section for more de.
Assignment 1 HR Management and New HiresDue Week 4 and worth .docxfelicitytaft14745
Assignment 1: HR Management and New Hires
Due Week 4 and worth 250 points
Imagine you are the HR manager at a company, and a female employee came to you upset because she felt a male coworker was creating a hostile work environment by repeatedly asking her out on dates even after she said “no”. What would you do?
Write a one (1) page paper in which you:
1. Formulate the conversation you would have with the employee, based the concepts found in Chapter 2 in your textbook.
2. Summarize the conversation you would have with the employee’s male co-worker, based on the concepts found in Chapter 2 of your textbook.
3. Format your assignment according to the following formatting requirements:
a. This course requires use of new Strayer Writing Standards (SWS). The format is different than other Strayer University courses. Please take a moment to review the SWS documentation for details.
b. Typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides.
c. Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, your name, your professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page is not included in the required page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
· Explain the human resource management process, its role in supporting the overall organizational strategies, and the various functions involved in human resource management.
· Explain the key provisions of major government legislation affecting human resource management, including equal employment opportunity, affirmative action, health and safety, and labor relations.
· Use technology and information resources to research issues in human resource management.
· Write clearly and concisely about human resource management using proper writing mechanics.
Imagine you are the HR manager at a company. You need to hire three (3) new people. One employee will work at the front desk as a customer service assistant, and the other two (2) will work on the production line. Give at least five (5) places you would recruit for each position and explain why each place would be a viable option.
Write a one (1) page paper in which you:
1. Select at least five (5) places you would recruit for a customer service assistant and at least five (5) places you would recruit for production line workers.
2. Explain why each place you selected would be a viable option for recruiting employees.
3. Format your assignment according to the following formatting requirements:
a. This course requires use of new Strayer Writing Standards (SWS). The format is different than other Strayer University courses. Please take a moment to review the SWS documentation for details.
b. Typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides.
c. Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, your name, your professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page is not included in the required page.
Communicating professionally and ethically is one of the ess.docxclarebernice
The discovery of the Americas had a transformative impact on global trade, cultures, and societies. It led to the introduction of new crops from the Americas to the Old World, which increased global demand and shifted trade patterns. It also resulted in the trans-Atlantic slave trade and the destruction of many Native American populations. These changes affected various groups in different ways, including Native Americans, Africans, European traders, and colonists in the Americas. The changes also impacted daily life and the roles of women in colonial America.
Rubric Decision Making Processes Rubric Decision Making Pro.docxtoddr4
Rubric
Decision Making Processes Rubric Decision Making Processes Rubric Criteria Ratings Pts This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Described processes and lessons learned during the team project 20.0 to >17.0 pts Excellent Reflection contains rich description with clear and appropriate examples. Demonstrates high-level thinking and reflection. 17.0 to >15.0 pts Good Reflection contains clearly described processes, substantiated with examples. Demonstrates some level of reflection. 15.0 to >0 pts Fair Reflection briefly described processes and lessons, with some examples. 20.0 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Described steps used for making sound decisions 10.0 to >8.0 pts Excellent Met all requirements. Rich description with clear organization. 8.0 to >6.0 pts Good Met all requirements. Clear descriptions and organization. 6.0 to >0 pts Fair Met most requirements. Brief descriptions with some organization. 10.0 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Described lessons implemented to make the team more productive 10.0 to >8.0 pts Excellent Met all requirements. Rich description with clear organization. Reflection is thorough and demonstrates high-level meta-cognition. 8.0 to >6.0 pts Good Met all requirements. Clear descriptions and organization. Reflection is in-depth and demonstrates some level of meta-cognition. 6.0 to >0 pts Fair Met most requirements. Brief descriptions with some organization. Reflection demonstrates low level meta-cognition. 10.0 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Format 10.0 to >8.0 pts Excellent Submission meets the length requirements as specified within the assignment. Shows clear organization of content; appropriate and consistent use of titles and headers. 8.0 to >6.0 pts Good The submission is slightly outside page length requirements as specified within the assignment expectations. Shows organization of content; consistent use of titles and headers. 6.0 to >0 pts Fair The submission is not consistent with the page length requirement as specified within the assignment expectations. Shows some organization of content; inconsistent use of titles and headers. 10.0 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Writing Mechanics 18.0 to >16.0 pts Excellent The submission contains very few or no grammatical, punctuation, syntax, and verb-tense agreement errors. 16.0 to >14.0 pts Good The submission contains some grammatical, punctuation, syntax, and verb-tense agreement errors..
How to submit this assignment Your submission should be .docxpooleavelina
How to submit this assignment
Your submission should be written in a single Py file.
Save the Py file using your lastname_firstname.py
Robert_Kahn.py
Clearly label each question and any sub-sections.
Provide maximum possible comments so the code becomes easier to read.
IMPORTANT TO NOTE: DO NOT use functions / commands to solve problems which were not taught in the class.
Question 1 Marks 7
Assume s is a string of numbers. Write a program that prints the longest substring of s in which the numbers occur in ascending order and compute the average of the numbers found. For example, if s = '561984235272145785310', then your program should print
Longest substring in numeric ascending order is: 14578
Average: 5
In the case of ties, print the first substring. For example, if s = '147279', then your program should print
Longest substring in numeric descending order is: 147
Average: 4
Question 2 Mark 10
Write a python program that prompts the user for the names of two text files and compare the contents of the two files to see if they are the same. If they are, the scripts should simply output “Yes”. If they are not, the program should output “No”, followed by the first lines of each file that differ from each other. The input loop should read and compare lines from each file. The loop should break as soon as a pair of different lines is found.
Note: Input file will be given by me
First file name: Master.txt
Second file name: Slave.txt 3 HIT137 Assignment 1, 2019
Question 3 Mark 05
Develop a python program that will determine if a department store customer has exceeded the credit limit on a charge account. For each customer, the following facts are available:
Account number
Balance at the beginning of the month
Total of all items charged by this customer this month
Total of all credits applied to this customer’s account this month
Allowed credit limit
The program should input each of the facts, calculate the new balance (=beginning balance + charges – credits), and determine if the new balance exceeds the customer’s credit limit. For those customers who credit limit is exceeded, the program should display the customer’s account number, credit limit, new balance and the message “Credit limit exceeded”. Here is a sample input/output dialogue:
Enter account number (-1 to end): 100
Enter beginning balance: 5394.78
Enter total charges: 1000.00
Enter total credits: 500.00
Enter credit limit: 5500.00
Account: 100
Credit limit: 5500.00
Balance: 5894.78
Credit Limit Exceeded.
Enter account number (-1 to end): 200
Enter beginning balance: 1000.00
Enter total charges: 123.45
Enter total credits: 321.00
Enter credit limit: 1500.00
Enter account number (-1 to end): -1 4 HIT137 Assignment 1, 2019
Question 4 Mark 8
Write a program that encrypts and decrypts the user input. Note – Your input should be only lowercase characters with no spaces.
Your program should have a secret distance given by ...
· Please select ONE of the following questions and write a 200-wor.docxalinainglis
· Please select ONE of the following questions and write a 200-word discussion.
1. The Federal Reserve Board has enormous power over people's lives with its power to set and influence policy that determines monetary policy in the United States. Do you think this is proper for a democracy to provide the FED with so such power? How is the FED held accountable?
2. Do you believe that the roles of government should change from era to era, or should the US determine the proper role of government and try to maintain it through the ages?
3. Explain Executive Power in the US Constitution and briefly the process by which it developed over the years. Do you think the Framers should have been more specific about the powers of the presidency? Should the country try to make it more specific today?
· Please read the discussions below and write a 100 to 150 words respond for each discussion.
1. (question 1) I do believe that this is proper for a democracy to provided such power to FED. Without the FED the economy would face two problem, which are recessions that can lead into depressions, and inflation. The FED needs to have power to endures the country will not fall into economic trouble. In class professor McWeeney stated that the FED has the power to increase interest rates to control inflation, and the power to decrease interest rates so that theres more money in the economy to create more business and jobs so there wont be a recession. The FED needs these power to try to put the economy in a sweet spot. The FED is held accountable to the government and public. The FED does this by being transparent and giving and annual report to congress.
2. (question 2) I believe that the roles of the government should be changed from era to era. My main reason the roles should be changed is because major changes are constantly happening in the field of law. For example, the progressive era and modern era had several economic reforms that had taken place including increased regulation, anti-trust activity, application of an income tax, raise on social insurance programs, etc. Throughout this time, the government gave women the right to vote. I believe the economy is growing rapidly due to employment relationships, better technology, education, new polices, social and economic changes. This is the reason why the roles of the government should be changed from era to era.
Communicating professionally and ethically is one of the
essential skill sets we can teach you at Strayer. The following
guidelines will ensure:
· Your writing is professional
· You avoid plagiarizing others, which is essential to writing ethically
· You give credit to others in your work
Visit Strayer’s Academic Integrity Center for more information.
Winter 2019
https://pslogin.strayer.edu/?dest=academic-support/academic-integrity-center
Strayer University Writing Standards 2
� Include page numbers.
� Use 1-inch margins.
� Use Arial, Courier, Times New Roman.
Strategic Management and Strategic CompetitivenessOverviewChoo.docxrjoseph5
Strategic Management and Strategic Competitiveness
Overview
Choose one public corporation in an industry with which you are familiar. Research the company on its own website, the public filings on the Securities and Exchange Commission EDGAR database, the University's online databases, the Nexis Uni database, and any other sources you can find. The annual report will often provide insights that can help address some of these questions.
Requirements
Write a four-page paper in which you do the following:
· Assess how globalization and technology changes have impacted the corporation you researched.
· Apply the industrial organization model and the resource-based model to determine how your corporation could earn above-average returns.
· Assess how the vision statement and mission statement of the corporation influence its overall success.
· Evaluate how each category of stakeholder impacts the overall success of this corporation.
· Go to Basic Search: Strayer University Online Library and locate at least three quality references. Note: Wikipedia and similar Websites do not quality as academic resources.
Use the Assignment 1 Template [DOCX] to ensure that your assignment meets the above requirements.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
· This course requires use of new Strayer Writing Standards (SWS). The format is different than other Strayer University courses. Please take a moment to review the SWS documentation for details.
· Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow SWS or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
· Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student's name, the professor's name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
The specific course learning outcome associated with this assignment is the following:
· Determine the impact of globalization and technology changes, strategic models, vision and mission statements, and stakeholders on a corporation's success.
Communicating professionally and ethically is an essential skill set we teach at
Strayer. The following guidelines ensure:
· Your writing is professional
· You avoid plagiarizing others
· You give credit to others in your work
Review Strayer’s Academic Integrity Policy in the Student Handbook.
Bookmark the SWS website for additional SWS resources.
Visit the SWS YouTube page to view helpful SWS videos.
Spring 2020
http://studenthandbook.strayer.edu/Student-Disciplinary-and-Grievance-Policies-and-Procedures/Academic-Integrity-Policy
https://strayer.libguides.com/strayerwritingstandards
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLSvmYamJpLX5DN_56vyQqN4VzitwJU-9r
Strayer University Writing Standards 2
� Include page numbers.
� Use 1-inch margins.
� Use numerals (1, 2, 3, and so o.
Academic English Skills Coursework 1 Source Evaluation and Essay .docxbartholomeocoombs
Academic English Skills Coursework 1: Source Evaluation and Essay Outline
Name:
Li Yanmei ( Jessie)
Class:
AES
Date:
2019.05.28
Title:
One of the most debated and investigated topics in communications and media is the question of the effects of screen violence. Does media violence contribute to wards social violence?
Part 1: Source Evaluation [Explanation of why you have selected the sources for use.]
Complete the table below for FOUR sources you have found which are reliable and relevant for your essay. You should not use sources you were given in this section.
EVALUATION 1
Reference:
How do you know this source is suitable for academic use? Refer to the currency, authority, purpose, reliability of evidence or data, objectivity, use of expected academic conventions.
How is the source relevant to your title? What are the useful points / arguments made in the text?
EVALUATION 2
Reference:
How do you know this source is suitable for academic use? Refer to the currency, authority, purpose, reliability of evidence or data, objectivity, use of expected academic conventions.
How is the source relevant to your title? What are the useful points / arguments made in the text?
EVALUATION 3
Reference:
How do you know this source is suitable for academic use? Refer to the currency, authority, purpose, reliability of evidence or data, objectivity, use of expected academic conventions.
How is the source relevant to your title? What are the useful points / arguments made in the text?
EVALUATION 4
Reference:
How do you know this source is suitable for academic use? Refer to the currency, authority, purpose, reliability of evidence or data, objectivity, use of expected academic conventions.
How is the source relevant to your title? What are the useful points / arguments made in the text?
Part 2: Essay Outline
Provide a clear plan of your essay, including the key points you will include, and the sources you will use to support your points. You can use the sources you were given, as well as your own sources.
Title:
Plan for overall structure
Introduction
P1.
P2.
P3.
P4.
P5.
Conclusion
Introductory paragraph structure
Background
Outline
Thesis statement
Paragraph 1 Topic sentence
Supporting points
Evidence / example/ data
Citation
Concluding / linking sentence
Paragraph 2 Topic sentence
Support
Evidence / example/ data
Citation
Concluding / linking sentence
Paragraph 3 Topic sentence
Support
Evidence / example/ data
Citation
Concluding / linking sentence
Paragraph 4 Topic sentence
Support
Evidence / example/ data
Citation
Paragraph 5 Topic sentence
Support
Evidence / example/ data
Citation
Conclusion
Part 3: Sources
Write a reference list for at least SIX sources which you have found y.
Research Paper Rubric Component 100 75 50 25 0 myrljjcpoarch
This document outlines a rubric for grading research papers. It provides grading criteria in several key areas: basic requirements, thesis statement, introduction, content, organization, citation format, conclusion, conventions, and overall presentation. Each criteria is graded on a scale of 100% to 0% based on how well the paper meets the requirements in that area. The rubric provides clear guidelines on what is needed to achieve each grade level and will be used to systematically evaluate and score research papers.
SPC 2608 Rhetorical Analysis Paper GuidelinesPurpose The goal.docxwilliame8
SPC 2608 Rhetorical Analysis Paper Guidelines
Purpose: The goal of this paper is to apply the concepts you have learned throughout this course to a historical speech.
Task: Select one speech from the following list and write a 3-4—page report analyzing the speech. Your report should be double spaced, adhere to APA style, and address each category listed below.
Speech options: Choose one of the top 100 speeches to evaluate from Americanrhetoric.com: https://www.americanrhetoric.com/top100speechesall.html
Your analysis should address the following categories:
· Organization: Analyze the organization of the speech. Does the speaker’s introduction and conclusion include the necessary elements, such as an attention getter, thesis, preview/review of main points, and concluding statement/call to action? What organizational pattern is used? Could the speaker have selected a more appropriate organizational pattern? Does the speaker use transitions? Are the main points clear and do they have enough supporting material? How could the speaker improve the organization of the speech? Explain your answers.
· Content: Analyze the speaker’s use of persuasion. What type of argument/reasoning does the speaker use? Does the speaker use logos, ethos, and/or pathos? How? Does the speech contain any logical fallacies? What is the goal of this speech? Does the speaker achieve the goal? How could the speaker improve the use of persuasive elements? Explain your answers.
· Vocal Delivery: Analyze the speaker’s vocal aspects of delivery. Does the speaker use proper paralinguistics? Does the speaker pause appropriately? Also, is the speech free from vocal fillers? Are words articulated and pronounced correctly? How could the speaker improve vocal aspects of delivery? Explain your answers
· Physical Delivery:Analyze the speaker’s physical aspects of delivery. Does the speaker use proper kinesics? How does the speaker use posture, gestures, illustrators, and emblems? Does the speaker have good posture and eye contact? What facial expressions are used? How could the speaker improve physical aspects of delivery? Explain your answers.
· Writing: Your paper should be at least 3 pages, double spaced, not including your heading. Your writing should be clear, concise, and easy to understand, and should be free from grammatical and syntactical errors. You should include an introduction, conclusion, and transitions in your paper. Cite sources using APA style if you use any outside resources.
A successful student will:
· Clearly and thoroughly address all parts of the paper guidelines.
· Show understanding of course concepts and apply them to the historical speech.
· Cite sources using APA style where applicable.
· Meet the minimum page length requirement.
· Use clear and concise writing that is easy to understand and is free from errors.
n this assignment, you will create a PowerPoint presentation that outlines what you believe will be the biggest challenges facing orga.
1 Created in 2015 IN-TEXT CITATION GUIDE What .docxhoney725342
1
Created in 2015
IN-TEXT CITATION GUIDE
What are in-text citations?
An in-text citation is a citation within your writing to show where you found your information, facts, quotes,
and research. APA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of publication, for
example: (Field, 2005). For direct quotations, include the page number as well, for example: (Field, 2005,
p. 14). For sources such as websites and e-books that have no page numbers, use a paragraph number
instead, for example: (Fields, 2015, para.3).
In-text citations follow any sentence in your writing that contains a direct quote, or paraphrased or
summarized information from an outside source.
Each in-text citation in your writing must also have a corresponding entry in your References list. There
are two exceptions to this rule: personal communications, like interviews, emails, or classroom discussion
posts, and classic religious texts, like the Bible or the Koran. These types of sources should be cited by
in-text citations only.
Always include in-text citations for:
direct quotes
paraphrased information
summarized information
All in-text citations require the same basic information:
Author
Date of publication (or “n.d.” if there is “no date”)
Page or paragraph number (for direct quotes only)
Basic Examples of In-Text Citations
For a quote: “The systematic development of literacy and schooling meant a new division in
society, between the educated and the uneducated” (Cook-Gumperz, 1986, p. 27).
For paraphrased material: Some educational theorists suggest that schooling and a focus on
teaching literacy divided society into educated and uneducated classes (Cook-Gumperz, 1986).
For summarized material: Schooling and literacy contributed to educational divisions in society
(Cook-Gumperz, 1986).
NOTE: If you mention the author and the year in your writing to introduce the quote or paraphrased
material, then you need only include the page or paragraph number in the in-text citation.
2
Created in 2015
For example:
According to Jenny Cook-Gumperz (1986), “The systematic development of literacy and
schooling meant a new division in society, between the educated and the uneducated” (p. 27).
Additional In-Text Citation Models
For online sources:
For a web page: The USDA is “taking steps to help farmers, ranchers, and small businesses
wrestling with persistent drought” (United States Department of Agriculture, 2015, “USDA Drought
Programs and Assistance,” para. 1).
Format: (Website Author, Year, “Web Page Title,” paragraph number).
For an online article: The F.B.I. “warned the families not to talk publicly” about the hostages
(Wright, 2015, para. 2).
Format: (Author’s Last Name, Year, paragraph number).
For an email communication: According to Dr. Edwards, “The coming El Niño won’t do much to
alleviate California’s current drought” (personal communicati ...
The document provides guidelines for a research paper assignment, including:
- The paper should be 8-10 pages excluding cover and reference pages, with a minimum of 8 references from 2002 or later.
- APA style is required for citations and references. Plagiarism should be avoided by properly citing sources.
- The paper should have an objective, third-person tone and include an introduction, body, and conclusion sections separated by main headings.
- At least 3-4 citations per page are expected, with a balance of paraphrased material and direct quotes. Opinions and experiences should be minimized.
APA Scavenger HuntAll of the answers can be found in the Unive.docxarmitageclaire49
APA Scavenger Hunt
All of the answers can be found in the University of the XYZ Writing Style Guide 2013.
1. What does APA stand for?
2. Where should you place page numbers?
3. What is University of XYZ view of plagiarism?
4. What is a “running header”?
5. How do you cite your references?
6. When creating a reference page, in what order do you put the citations?
7. How do you cite a website?
8. What is the point of a title page?
9. How do you cite a book with more than one author?
10. What font style and size should you use?
Bonus question: How will instructors figure out if you have used cites that may have caused plagiarism?
Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1 – Formatting Your Paper
Title Page Running Headers Font Styles Spacing
Margins
Page Numbers Section Headings Abbreviations Numbers Reference Page
Chapter 2 – Documenting Your Sources
Avoiding Plagiarism Citing your Sources
Direct Quotes Long Quotes
Book Citations & References Book with One Author Book with Two Authors
Book with Multiple Authors
Online Database Articles and/or Websites Citations & References Article or Journal from an Online Database with an Author Article or Journal from an Online Database without an Author
Chapter 3 – Resources Chapter 4 – Sample Paper
Introduction
University of the Potomac recognizes the need to set a standard for the writing style of the academic papers assigned in the various courses offered through the college. To meet this need, the University of the Potomac Writing Style Guide was created to assist students in properly formatting their papers for college level writing. This guide is written to give examples of APA style and is based on the Publication Manuel of the American Psychological Association
· sixth edition. While not every situation that may arise in your writing is covered in this guide, additional resources are listed in Chapter 3 to help answer additional questions.
Chapter 1 – Formatting Your Paper
The following guidelines will help you properly format your papers and are based on the American Psychological Association (APA) 6th edition publication. Remember, these are guidelines. For a complete review of the requirements for APA please visit www.APAstyle.org
Title Page
The Title Page is the first page of your paper. The following information should be on it and this information needs to be centered.
Title of Paper Your Name Course Name Date
Running Headers
Each page should have an abbreviated title of the paper placed within the margin. This should be placed starting at the upper left corner of each page.
Font Styles
Font should be either “Times New Roman” or “Ariel”. Font Size should be 12 point.
Spacing
Set the spacing between lines to “Double Spaced”. Paragraphs should be indented 5 spaces.
Use two spaces after the end of a sentence.
Margins
Margins should be set as 1 inch on all sides (Left, Top, Right, Bottom) of the paper. Text should be “Left Justified”.
Page Numbe.
CompetencyIn this project, you will demonstrate your mastery of .docxpickersgillkayne
Competency
In this project, you will demonstrate your mastery of the following competencies:
Craft a communication strategy for internal and external audiences
Leverage internal and external intelligence to inform decision making
Develop an adaptable leadership mindset and skill set
Scenario
The vice president of leadership and learning has shared your toolkit with the chief human resources officer (CHRO). The CHRO is impressed with the toolkit. She plans to roll it out to all people leaders in the organization—supervisors and above—and asks you to create a communication strategy for the rollout.
The CHRO shared her vision with you, which consisted of the following key points she wants you to take into consideration when crafting the communication strategy:
Inform your audience of the
who, what, when, where, why,
and
how.
Ensure the new leadership development strategy moves from a lofty vision with idealistic targets to reality, with direct impact on and with our front-line supervisors, our “boots on the ground,” and managers up through the organization.
Be clear when explaining WIIFM— “What’s in It for Me.”
Define the timetable for the rollout and implementation.
Ensure that the strategy defines what success looks like, with clear metrics and deliverables.
Directions
Construct an effective
communication strategy
that addresses all the deliverables the CHRO wants to achieve. The communication strategy will do the following:
State the business problem that will be addressed in rolling out the new adaptive leadership toolkit.
Explain why these specific leadership skills and behaviors are being targeted.
Provide a summary analysis of the employee satisfaction survey, identifying strengths and weaknesses.
Introduce the new adaptive leadership toolkit, including how it will be used and the value it provides.
Utilize your own personal development plan as an example for others.
Provide a strong conclusion that supports your thesis statement and goes beyond merely restating key points.
Ensure all key points are addressed in a logical order by using the Five
W
s and One
H
as an outline when developing the specific detail for each step of the communication strategy.
Why:
Why was the adaptive leadership toolkit developed?
Who:
Define who the audience, stakeholder(s), and owners are.
What:
What is the key message?
What is the organizational goal?
What is the personal goal?
What types of communication media will be used?
When:
What is the timeline for program implementation and achievement of program deliverables?
Where:
Where is the adaptive leadership toolkit located? Where are supporting documents, such as the FAQ?
How:
How will we measure success?
How will we track progress? How will we define important milestones?
How will we communicate updates?
How can employees provide feedback on any roadblocks, issues, or ideas for improvement?
What to Submit
To complete this project, you must su.
CompetencyExplore advocacy opportunities in the community..docxpickersgillkayne
Competency
Explore advocacy opportunities in the community.
Scenario
Victor, a new parent to the program and the community, arrives late to pick up his children for the fourth time in two weeks. As the director of All Kids Childcare and Education, you are proud of the compassion, respect, and patience Master Teacher Veronica has offered Victor. You know that Victor and his family have relocated after a family hardship and they are struggling to make ends meet. However, you become concerned about professional boundaries after observing the following interaction.
Veronica chats with Victor as they get the children ready to go home, not mentioning Victor's late arrival. She asks Victor if he has found beds for all of his family members to sleep in. Victor says, "Not yet. I have been busy working two jobs. I was offered the opportunity to pick up a few extra hours at my second job, so I haven't had time for anything else."
"Oh," says Veronica. "I have a couple of extra beds at my house. Why don't I bring them over with all the bedding later?" Victor is excited and says, "Yes, thank you! Thanks also for the table, chairs, and dishes you brought last week."
As they part, Veronica says, "And, Victor, don't worry about being late to pick up your children. We are very happy to have them here."
Instructions
As the director, identify if this in an ethical situation. Then outline a coaching plan with Veronica. The coaching plan should be a written Word document or PowerPoint Presentation and include the following:
A coaching plan for approaching Veronica. Will you have a casual conversation, a sit-down meeting, or use another coaching method? Support the method you choose with examples, and best leadership and ethical practices using outside resources.
A coaching plan for supporting Veronica. Were there boundaries crossed in Veronica's interaction with Victor? Explain your perspective and how you will facilitate your interaction with Veronica. Describe your actions and interactions with Veronica. Include two suggestions for how you might have handled the situation differently using outside resources for ethical conduct in early childhood education.
Support for Veronica and Victor. Describe at least one follow-up action step needed from Veronica and from you. Include a rationale for each step. Offer at least three resources to support Veronica, with one resource that Veronica can use to support Victor. Information on how to locate and use the resources must be clear and detailed
.
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Similar to Communicating professionally and ethically is one of the ess.docx
Communicating professionally and ethically is an essential ski.docxAbhinav816839
The document provides guidelines for students at Strayer University on proper writing standards for various types of assignments. It addresses formatting and design standards for essays, presentations, discussion posts, and citing sources. Key points covered include using 12-point font, double spacing, section headings, title pages, in-text citations, source lists, paraphrasing, quoting, citing images and tables, webpage citations, and footnotes. The document aims to help students present their work professionally and ethically by avoiding plagiarism and giving proper credit to sources.
Communicating professionally and ethically is an essential skiJeniceStuckeyoo
Communicating professionally and ethically is an essential skill set we teach at
Strayer. The following guidelines ensure:
· Your writing is professional
· You avoid plagiarizing others
· You give credit to others in your work
Review Strayer’s Academic Integrity Policy in the Student Handbook.
Bookmark the SWS website for additional SWS resources.
Visit the SWS YouTube page to view helpful SWS videos.
Spring 2020
http://studenthandbook.strayer.edu/Student-Disciplinary-and-Grievance-Policies-and-Procedures/Academic-Integrity-Policy
https://strayer.libguides.com/strayerwritingstandards
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLSvmYamJpLX5DN_56vyQqN4VzitwJU-9r
Strayer University Writing Standards 2
� Include page numbers.
� Use 1-inch margins.
� Use numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on) or spell out numbers (one, two, three, and so on).
� Double space body text in the assignment.
� Use consistent 12-point font.
� Use section headings to divide separate content areas. Center the section headings on
the page, be consistent, and include at least two section headings in the assignment.
� Include the assignment title, your name, course title, your professor’s name, and the date
of submission on a separate page (first page of submission).
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use spelling/grammar check and proofread to keep work error free.
� Choose a point of view (first, second, or third person) as required by assignment guidelines.
� Provide credible sources to support your ideas/work when required. Find tips here.
� Cite sources throughout your work when you borrow someone else’s words or ideas.
� Don’t forget: Cite and add your textbook to the Source List if used as a source.
� Include a Sources List when the assignment requires research or if you cite the textbook.
� Type “Sources” centered horizontally on the first line of the Source List page.
� Record the sources that you used in your assignment in a numbered list (see Giving
Credit to Authors and Sources section).
Essay/Paper Guidelines
Design
Title Page
Develop
Cite Credible
Sources
Build a
Sources List
Use these rules when working on an essay!
https://www.grammarly.com/blog/active-vs-passive-voice/
https://strayer.libguides.com/research_strategies
Strayer University Writing Standards 3
� Use the provided template to format the assignment.
� Generally not required. If it is required, include the assignment title, your name, course
title, your professor’s name, and the date of submission on a separate page (first page of
submission).
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use spelling/grammar check and proofread to keep work error free.
� Choose a point of view (first, second, or third person) as required by assignment guidelines.
� Specific assignment guidelines may override th ...
Communicating professionally and ethically is an essential ski.docxpickersgillkayne
Communicating professionally and ethically is an essential skill set we teach at
Strayer. The following guidelines ensure:
· Your writing is professional
· You avoid plagiarizing others
· You give credit to others in your work
Review Strayer’s Academic Integrity Policy in the Student Handbook.
Bookmark the SWS website for additional SWS resources.
Visit the SWS YouTube page to view helpful SWS videos.
Spring 2020
http://studenthandbook.strayer.edu/Student-Disciplinary-and-Grievance-Policies-and-Procedures/Academic-Integrity-Policy
https://strayer.libguides.com/strayerwritingstandards
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLSvmYamJpLX5DN_56vyQqN4VzitwJU-9r
Strayer University Writing Standards 2
� Include page numbers.
� Use 1-inch margins.
� Use numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on) or spell out numbers (one, two, three, and so on).
� Double space body text in the assignment.
� Use consistent 12-point font.
� Use section headings to divide separate content areas. Center the section headings on
the page, be consistent, and include at least two section headings in the assignment.
� Include the assignment title, your name, course title, your professor’s name, and the date
of submission on a separate page (first page of submission).
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use spelling/grammar check and proofread to keep work error free.
� Choose a point of view (first, second, or third person) as required by assignment guidelines.
� Provide credible sources to support your ideas/work when required. Find tips here.
� Cite sources throughout your work when you borrow someone else’s words or ideas.
� Don’t forget: Cite and add your textbook to the Source List if used as a source.
� Include a Sources List when the assignment requires research or if you cite the textbook.
� Type “Sources” centered horizontally on the first line of the Source List page.
� Record the sources that you used in your assignment in a numbered list (see Giving
Credit to Authors and Sources section).
Essay/Paper Guidelines
Design
Title Page
Develop
Cite Credible
Sources
Build a
Sources List
Use these rules when working on an essay!
https://www.grammarly.com/blog/active-vs-passive-voice/
https://strayer.libguides.com/research_strategies
Strayer University Writing Standards 3
� Use the provided template to format the assignment.
� Generally not required. If it is required, include the assignment title, your name, course
title, your professor’s name, and the date of submission on a separate page (first page of
submission).
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use spelling/grammar check and proofread to keep work error free.
� Choose a point of view (first, second, or third person) as required by assignment guidelines.
� Specific assignment guidelines may override th.
LEGISLATIVE LETTER TEMPLATE TO WRITE TO YOUR LEGISLATOR(Month).docxwashingtonrosy
This document provides guidelines for writing a legislative letter to a legislator regarding a bill or issue. It includes templates for addressing the legislator, stating the topic or bill, providing 2-3 main points of support or opposition and a personal anecdote, and requesting a response. Additional guidelines are given for signing the letter, including contact information, and communicating professionally and ethically.
Assignment # 3 ·OverviewYour company has had embedde.docxjane3dyson92312
Assignment # 3
·
Overview
Your company has had embedded HR generalists in business units for the past several years. Over that time, it has become more costly and more difficult to maintain standards, and is a frustration for business units to have that budget “hit.” The leadership has decided to move to a more centralized model of delivering HR services and has asked you to evaluate that proposition and begin establishing a project team to initiate the needed changes. The project team is selected, and you must now provide general direction.
Instructions
Write a 5–6 page paper in which you:
Review and define the five steps of strategic planning depicted in Exhibit 2-1 in the textbook on page 34. Based on the information, provide a statement of overall importance of these steps to your project team.
Develop a vision and mission statement for the project team specific to the current project. Hint: It is highly recommended to follow the guidance offered in the textbook about vision and mission statements.
Explain to the project team what a project charter is and why it is used. Then, review Exhibit 3.3 in the textbook and select any three charter elements you feel are more important and explain why.
Provide a statement of emphasis to your project team based on the information you provided in the previous three sections above. The goal is to ensure your team understands the importance of the information.
Go to the
Strayer University Online Library
to locate at least three quality academic (peer-reviewed) resources for this assignment.
This course requires the use of Strayer Writing Standards (SWS). For assistance and information, please refer to the Strayer Writing Standards link in the left-hand menu of your course.
The specific course learning outcome associated with this assignment is:
Create an overview of project planning, a project vision and mission statement, a project charter, and a statement of emphasis.
· By submitting this paper, you agree: (1) that you are submitting your paper to be used and stored as part of the SafeAssign™ services in accordance with the
Blackboard Privacy Policy
; (2) that your institution may use your paper in accordance with your institution's policies; and (3) that your use of SafeAssign will be without recourse against Blackboard Inc. and its affiliates.
·
Institution Release Statement
Writing Assignments Strayer University uses several different types of writing assignments. The Strayer University Student Writing Standards are designed to allow flexibility in formatting your assignment and giving credit to your sources. This section covers specific areas to help you properly format and develop your assignments. Note: The specific format guidelines override guidelines in the General Standards section.
Paper and Essay Specific Format Guidelines
PowerPoint or Slideshow Specific Format Guidelines
Use double.
Communicating professionally and ethically is one of the ess.docxmonicafrancis71118
Communicating professionally and ethically is one of the
essential skills we can teach you at Strayer. The following
guidelines will ensure you:
· write professionally;
· avoid plagiarizing others, which is essential to writing ethically; and
· give credit to others in your work.
Visit Strayer’s Academic Integrity Center for more information.
Strayer University Writing Standards
Fall 2018
1Strayer University Writing Standards
https://pslogin.strayer.edu/?dest=academic-support/academic-integrity-center
Strayer University Writing Standards 2
General Standards 3
Use Appropriate Formatting 3
Title Your Work 3
Write Clearly 3
Cite Credible Sources 3
Build a Source List 3
Giving Credit to Authors and Sources 4
Option #1: Paraphrasing 4
Option #2: Quoting 4
Using Web Sources 5
Using Home Pages 5
Using Specific Web Pages 5
Source List 6
Setting Up the Source List Page 6
Creating a Source List Entry 6
Source List Elements 7
Source List Elements Breakdown 7
Sample Source List 8
Writing Assignments 9
Paper and Essay Specific Format Guidelines 9
PowerPoint or Slideshow Specific Format Guidelines 9
Discussion Posts 10
Effective Internet Links 10
Share vs. URL Options 11
Charts, Images, and Tables 12
Table of Contents
� Include page numbers.
� Use 1-inch margins.
� Use Arial, Courier, Times New Roman, or Calibri font style.
� Use 10-, 11-, or 12-point font size for the body of your text.
� Use numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on) OR spell out numbers (one, two, three, and so
on). Be consistent with your choice throughout the assignment.
� Use either single or double spacing, according to assignment guidelines.
� If assignment requires a title page:
· Include the assignment title, your name, course title, your professor’s name,
and the date of submission on a separate page.
� If assignment does not require a title page (stated in the assignment details):
· Include all required content in a header at the top of your document.
· or Include all required content where appropriate for assignment format.
· Examples of appropriate places per assignment: letterhead of a business
letter assignment or a title slide for a PowerPoint presentation
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use the point of view (first, second, or third person) required by the
assignment guidelines.
� Use spelling and grammar check and proofread to help ensure your work is
error free.
� Use credible sources to support your ideas/work. Find tips here.
� Cite your sources throughout your work when you borrow someone else’s
words or ideas. Give credit to the authors.
� Look for a permalink tool for a webpage when possible (especially when an
electronic source requires logging in like the Strayer Library). Find tips here.
� Add each cited source to the Source List at the end of your assignment. (See
the Giving Credit to Authors and Sources section for more de.
Communicating professionally and ethically is one of the ess.docxcargillfilberto
Communicating professionally and ethically is one of the
essential skills we can teach you at Strayer. The following
guidelines will ensure you:
· write professionally;
· avoid plagiarizing others, which is essential to writing ethically; and
· give credit to others in your work.
Visit Strayer’s Academic Integrity Center for more information.
Strayer University Writing Standards
Fall 2018
1Strayer University Writing Standards
https://pslogin.strayer.edu/?dest=academic-support/academic-integrity-center
Strayer University Writing Standards 2
General Standards 3
Use Appropriate Formatting 3
Title Your Work 3
Write Clearly 3
Cite Credible Sources 3
Build a Source List 3
Giving Credit to Authors and Sources 4
Option #1: Paraphrasing 4
Option #2: Quoting 4
Using Web Sources 5
Using Home Pages 5
Using Specific Web Pages 5
Source List 6
Setting Up the Source List Page 6
Creating a Source List Entry 6
Source List Elements 7
Source List Elements Breakdown 7
Sample Source List 8
Writing Assignments 9
Paper and Essay Specific Format Guidelines 9
PowerPoint or Slideshow Specific Format Guidelines 9
Discussion Posts 10
Effective Internet Links 10
Share vs. URL Options 11
Charts, Images, and Tables 12
Table of Contents
� Include page numbers.
� Use 1-inch margins.
� Use Arial, Courier, Times New Roman, or Calibri font style.
� Use 10-, 11-, or 12-point font size for the body of your text.
� Use numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on) OR spell out numbers (one, two, three, and so
on). Be consistent with your choice throughout the assignment.
� Use either single or double spacing, according to assignment guidelines.
� If assignment requires a title page:
· Include the assignment title, your name, course title, your professor’s name,
and the date of submission on a separate page.
� If assignment does not require a title page (stated in the assignment details):
· Include all required content in a header at the top of your document.
· or Include all required content where appropriate for assignment format.
· Examples of appropriate places per assignment: letterhead of a business
letter assignment or a title slide for a PowerPoint presentation
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use the point of view (first, second, or third person) required by the
assignment guidelines.
� Use spelling and grammar check and proofread to help ensure your work is
error free.
� Use credible sources to support your ideas/work. Find tips here.
� Cite your sources throughout your work when you borrow someone else’s
words or ideas. Give credit to the authors.
� Look for a permalink tool for a webpage when possible (especially when an
electronic source requires logging in like the Strayer Library). Find tips here.
� Add each cited source to the Source List at the end of your assignment. (See
the Giving Credit to Authors and Sources section for more de.
Communicating professionally and ethically is one of the ess.docxdrandy1
Communicating professionally and ethically is one of the
essential skills we can teach you at Strayer. The following
guidelines will ensure you:
· write professionally;
· avoid plagiarizing others, which is essential to writing ethically; and
· give credit to others in your work.
Visit Strayer’s Academic Integrity Center for more information.
Strayer University Writing Standards
Fall 2018
1Strayer University Writing Standards
https://pslogin.strayer.edu/?dest=academic-support/academic-integrity-center
Strayer University Writing Standards 2
General Standards 3
Use Appropriate Formatting 3
Title Your Work 3
Write Clearly 3
Cite Credible Sources 3
Build a Source List 3
Giving Credit to Authors and Sources 4
Option #1: Paraphrasing 4
Option #2: Quoting 4
Using Web Sources 5
Using Home Pages 5
Using Specific Web Pages 5
Source List 6
Setting Up the Source List Page 6
Creating a Source List Entry 6
Source List Elements 7
Source List Elements Breakdown 7
Sample Source List 8
Writing Assignments 9
Paper and Essay Specific Format Guidelines 9
PowerPoint or Slideshow Specific Format Guidelines 9
Discussion Posts 10
Effective Internet Links 10
Share vs. URL Options 11
Charts, Images, and Tables 12
Table of Contents
� Include page numbers.
� Use 1-inch margins.
� Use Arial, Courier, Times New Roman, or Calibri font style.
� Use 10-, 11-, or 12-point font size for the body of your text.
� Use numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on) OR spell out numbers (one, two, three, and so
on). Be consistent with your choice throughout the assignment.
� Use either single or double spacing, according to assignment guidelines.
� If assignment requires a title page:
· Include the assignment title, your name, course title, your professor’s name,
and the date of submission on a separate page.
� If assignment does not require a title page (stated in the assignment details):
· Include all required content in a header at the top of your document.
· or Include all required content where appropriate for assignment format.
· Examples of appropriate places per assignment: letterhead of a business
letter assignment or a title slide for a PowerPoint presentation
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use the point of view (first, second, or third person) required by the
assignment guidelines.
� Use spelling and grammar check and proofread to help ensure your work is
error free.
� Use credible sources to support your ideas/work. Find tips here.
� Cite your sources throughout your work when you borrow someone else’s
words or ideas. Give credit to the authors.
� Look for a permalink tool for a webpage when possible (especially when an
electronic source requires logging in like the Strayer Library). Find tips here.
� Add each cited source to the Source List at the end of your assignment. (See
the Giving Credit to Authors and Sources section for more de.
Assignment 1 HR Management and New HiresDue Week 4 and worth .docxfelicitytaft14745
Assignment 1: HR Management and New Hires
Due Week 4 and worth 250 points
Imagine you are the HR manager at a company, and a female employee came to you upset because she felt a male coworker was creating a hostile work environment by repeatedly asking her out on dates even after she said “no”. What would you do?
Write a one (1) page paper in which you:
1. Formulate the conversation you would have with the employee, based the concepts found in Chapter 2 in your textbook.
2. Summarize the conversation you would have with the employee’s male co-worker, based on the concepts found in Chapter 2 of your textbook.
3. Format your assignment according to the following formatting requirements:
a. This course requires use of new Strayer Writing Standards (SWS). The format is different than other Strayer University courses. Please take a moment to review the SWS documentation for details.
b. Typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides.
c. Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, your name, your professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page is not included in the required page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
· Explain the human resource management process, its role in supporting the overall organizational strategies, and the various functions involved in human resource management.
· Explain the key provisions of major government legislation affecting human resource management, including equal employment opportunity, affirmative action, health and safety, and labor relations.
· Use technology and information resources to research issues in human resource management.
· Write clearly and concisely about human resource management using proper writing mechanics.
Imagine you are the HR manager at a company. You need to hire three (3) new people. One employee will work at the front desk as a customer service assistant, and the other two (2) will work on the production line. Give at least five (5) places you would recruit for each position and explain why each place would be a viable option.
Write a one (1) page paper in which you:
1. Select at least five (5) places you would recruit for a customer service assistant and at least five (5) places you would recruit for production line workers.
2. Explain why each place you selected would be a viable option for recruiting employees.
3. Format your assignment according to the following formatting requirements:
a. This course requires use of new Strayer Writing Standards (SWS). The format is different than other Strayer University courses. Please take a moment to review the SWS documentation for details.
b. Typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides.
c. Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, your name, your professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page is not included in the required page.
Communicating professionally and ethically is one of the ess.docxclarebernice
The discovery of the Americas had a transformative impact on global trade, cultures, and societies. It led to the introduction of new crops from the Americas to the Old World, which increased global demand and shifted trade patterns. It also resulted in the trans-Atlantic slave trade and the destruction of many Native American populations. These changes affected various groups in different ways, including Native Americans, Africans, European traders, and colonists in the Americas. The changes also impacted daily life and the roles of women in colonial America.
Rubric Decision Making Processes Rubric Decision Making Pro.docxtoddr4
Rubric
Decision Making Processes Rubric Decision Making Processes Rubric Criteria Ratings Pts This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Described processes and lessons learned during the team project 20.0 to >17.0 pts Excellent Reflection contains rich description with clear and appropriate examples. Demonstrates high-level thinking and reflection. 17.0 to >15.0 pts Good Reflection contains clearly described processes, substantiated with examples. Demonstrates some level of reflection. 15.0 to >0 pts Fair Reflection briefly described processes and lessons, with some examples. 20.0 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Described steps used for making sound decisions 10.0 to >8.0 pts Excellent Met all requirements. Rich description with clear organization. 8.0 to >6.0 pts Good Met all requirements. Clear descriptions and organization. 6.0 to >0 pts Fair Met most requirements. Brief descriptions with some organization. 10.0 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Described lessons implemented to make the team more productive 10.0 to >8.0 pts Excellent Met all requirements. Rich description with clear organization. Reflection is thorough and demonstrates high-level meta-cognition. 8.0 to >6.0 pts Good Met all requirements. Clear descriptions and organization. Reflection is in-depth and demonstrates some level of meta-cognition. 6.0 to >0 pts Fair Met most requirements. Brief descriptions with some organization. Reflection demonstrates low level meta-cognition. 10.0 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Format 10.0 to >8.0 pts Excellent Submission meets the length requirements as specified within the assignment. Shows clear organization of content; appropriate and consistent use of titles and headers. 8.0 to >6.0 pts Good The submission is slightly outside page length requirements as specified within the assignment expectations. Shows organization of content; consistent use of titles and headers. 6.0 to >0 pts Fair The submission is not consistent with the page length requirement as specified within the assignment expectations. Shows some organization of content; inconsistent use of titles and headers. 10.0 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Writing Mechanics 18.0 to >16.0 pts Excellent The submission contains very few or no grammatical, punctuation, syntax, and verb-tense agreement errors. 16.0 to >14.0 pts Good The submission contains some grammatical, punctuation, syntax, and verb-tense agreement errors..
How to submit this assignment Your submission should be .docxpooleavelina
How to submit this assignment
Your submission should be written in a single Py file.
Save the Py file using your lastname_firstname.py
Robert_Kahn.py
Clearly label each question and any sub-sections.
Provide maximum possible comments so the code becomes easier to read.
IMPORTANT TO NOTE: DO NOT use functions / commands to solve problems which were not taught in the class.
Question 1 Marks 7
Assume s is a string of numbers. Write a program that prints the longest substring of s in which the numbers occur in ascending order and compute the average of the numbers found. For example, if s = '561984235272145785310', then your program should print
Longest substring in numeric ascending order is: 14578
Average: 5
In the case of ties, print the first substring. For example, if s = '147279', then your program should print
Longest substring in numeric descending order is: 147
Average: 4
Question 2 Mark 10
Write a python program that prompts the user for the names of two text files and compare the contents of the two files to see if they are the same. If they are, the scripts should simply output “Yes”. If they are not, the program should output “No”, followed by the first lines of each file that differ from each other. The input loop should read and compare lines from each file. The loop should break as soon as a pair of different lines is found.
Note: Input file will be given by me
First file name: Master.txt
Second file name: Slave.txt 3 HIT137 Assignment 1, 2019
Question 3 Mark 05
Develop a python program that will determine if a department store customer has exceeded the credit limit on a charge account. For each customer, the following facts are available:
Account number
Balance at the beginning of the month
Total of all items charged by this customer this month
Total of all credits applied to this customer’s account this month
Allowed credit limit
The program should input each of the facts, calculate the new balance (=beginning balance + charges – credits), and determine if the new balance exceeds the customer’s credit limit. For those customers who credit limit is exceeded, the program should display the customer’s account number, credit limit, new balance and the message “Credit limit exceeded”. Here is a sample input/output dialogue:
Enter account number (-1 to end): 100
Enter beginning balance: 5394.78
Enter total charges: 1000.00
Enter total credits: 500.00
Enter credit limit: 5500.00
Account: 100
Credit limit: 5500.00
Balance: 5894.78
Credit Limit Exceeded.
Enter account number (-1 to end): 200
Enter beginning balance: 1000.00
Enter total charges: 123.45
Enter total credits: 321.00
Enter credit limit: 1500.00
Enter account number (-1 to end): -1 4 HIT137 Assignment 1, 2019
Question 4 Mark 8
Write a program that encrypts and decrypts the user input. Note – Your input should be only lowercase characters with no spaces.
Your program should have a secret distance given by ...
· Please select ONE of the following questions and write a 200-wor.docxalinainglis
· Please select ONE of the following questions and write a 200-word discussion.
1. The Federal Reserve Board has enormous power over people's lives with its power to set and influence policy that determines monetary policy in the United States. Do you think this is proper for a democracy to provide the FED with so such power? How is the FED held accountable?
2. Do you believe that the roles of government should change from era to era, or should the US determine the proper role of government and try to maintain it through the ages?
3. Explain Executive Power in the US Constitution and briefly the process by which it developed over the years. Do you think the Framers should have been more specific about the powers of the presidency? Should the country try to make it more specific today?
· Please read the discussions below and write a 100 to 150 words respond for each discussion.
1. (question 1) I do believe that this is proper for a democracy to provided such power to FED. Without the FED the economy would face two problem, which are recessions that can lead into depressions, and inflation. The FED needs to have power to endures the country will not fall into economic trouble. In class professor McWeeney stated that the FED has the power to increase interest rates to control inflation, and the power to decrease interest rates so that theres more money in the economy to create more business and jobs so there wont be a recession. The FED needs these power to try to put the economy in a sweet spot. The FED is held accountable to the government and public. The FED does this by being transparent and giving and annual report to congress.
2. (question 2) I believe that the roles of the government should be changed from era to era. My main reason the roles should be changed is because major changes are constantly happening in the field of law. For example, the progressive era and modern era had several economic reforms that had taken place including increased regulation, anti-trust activity, application of an income tax, raise on social insurance programs, etc. Throughout this time, the government gave women the right to vote. I believe the economy is growing rapidly due to employment relationships, better technology, education, new polices, social and economic changes. This is the reason why the roles of the government should be changed from era to era.
Communicating professionally and ethically is one of the
essential skill sets we can teach you at Strayer. The following
guidelines will ensure:
· Your writing is professional
· You avoid plagiarizing others, which is essential to writing ethically
· You give credit to others in your work
Visit Strayer’s Academic Integrity Center for more information.
Winter 2019
https://pslogin.strayer.edu/?dest=academic-support/academic-integrity-center
Strayer University Writing Standards 2
� Include page numbers.
� Use 1-inch margins.
� Use Arial, Courier, Times New Roman.
Strategic Management and Strategic CompetitivenessOverviewChoo.docxrjoseph5
Strategic Management and Strategic Competitiveness
Overview
Choose one public corporation in an industry with which you are familiar. Research the company on its own website, the public filings on the Securities and Exchange Commission EDGAR database, the University's online databases, the Nexis Uni database, and any other sources you can find. The annual report will often provide insights that can help address some of these questions.
Requirements
Write a four-page paper in which you do the following:
· Assess how globalization and technology changes have impacted the corporation you researched.
· Apply the industrial organization model and the resource-based model to determine how your corporation could earn above-average returns.
· Assess how the vision statement and mission statement of the corporation influence its overall success.
· Evaluate how each category of stakeholder impacts the overall success of this corporation.
· Go to Basic Search: Strayer University Online Library and locate at least three quality references. Note: Wikipedia and similar Websites do not quality as academic resources.
Use the Assignment 1 Template [DOCX] to ensure that your assignment meets the above requirements.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
· This course requires use of new Strayer Writing Standards (SWS). The format is different than other Strayer University courses. Please take a moment to review the SWS documentation for details.
· Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow SWS or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
· Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student's name, the professor's name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
The specific course learning outcome associated with this assignment is the following:
· Determine the impact of globalization and technology changes, strategic models, vision and mission statements, and stakeholders on a corporation's success.
Communicating professionally and ethically is an essential skill set we teach at
Strayer. The following guidelines ensure:
· Your writing is professional
· You avoid plagiarizing others
· You give credit to others in your work
Review Strayer’s Academic Integrity Policy in the Student Handbook.
Bookmark the SWS website for additional SWS resources.
Visit the SWS YouTube page to view helpful SWS videos.
Spring 2020
http://studenthandbook.strayer.edu/Student-Disciplinary-and-Grievance-Policies-and-Procedures/Academic-Integrity-Policy
https://strayer.libguides.com/strayerwritingstandards
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLSvmYamJpLX5DN_56vyQqN4VzitwJU-9r
Strayer University Writing Standards 2
� Include page numbers.
� Use 1-inch margins.
� Use numerals (1, 2, 3, and so o.
Academic English Skills Coursework 1 Source Evaluation and Essay .docxbartholomeocoombs
Academic English Skills Coursework 1: Source Evaluation and Essay Outline
Name:
Li Yanmei ( Jessie)
Class:
AES
Date:
2019.05.28
Title:
One of the most debated and investigated topics in communications and media is the question of the effects of screen violence. Does media violence contribute to wards social violence?
Part 1: Source Evaluation [Explanation of why you have selected the sources for use.]
Complete the table below for FOUR sources you have found which are reliable and relevant for your essay. You should not use sources you were given in this section.
EVALUATION 1
Reference:
How do you know this source is suitable for academic use? Refer to the currency, authority, purpose, reliability of evidence or data, objectivity, use of expected academic conventions.
How is the source relevant to your title? What are the useful points / arguments made in the text?
EVALUATION 2
Reference:
How do you know this source is suitable for academic use? Refer to the currency, authority, purpose, reliability of evidence or data, objectivity, use of expected academic conventions.
How is the source relevant to your title? What are the useful points / arguments made in the text?
EVALUATION 3
Reference:
How do you know this source is suitable for academic use? Refer to the currency, authority, purpose, reliability of evidence or data, objectivity, use of expected academic conventions.
How is the source relevant to your title? What are the useful points / arguments made in the text?
EVALUATION 4
Reference:
How do you know this source is suitable for academic use? Refer to the currency, authority, purpose, reliability of evidence or data, objectivity, use of expected academic conventions.
How is the source relevant to your title? What are the useful points / arguments made in the text?
Part 2: Essay Outline
Provide a clear plan of your essay, including the key points you will include, and the sources you will use to support your points. You can use the sources you were given, as well as your own sources.
Title:
Plan for overall structure
Introduction
P1.
P2.
P3.
P4.
P5.
Conclusion
Introductory paragraph structure
Background
Outline
Thesis statement
Paragraph 1 Topic sentence
Supporting points
Evidence / example/ data
Citation
Concluding / linking sentence
Paragraph 2 Topic sentence
Support
Evidence / example/ data
Citation
Concluding / linking sentence
Paragraph 3 Topic sentence
Support
Evidence / example/ data
Citation
Concluding / linking sentence
Paragraph 4 Topic sentence
Support
Evidence / example/ data
Citation
Paragraph 5 Topic sentence
Support
Evidence / example/ data
Citation
Conclusion
Part 3: Sources
Write a reference list for at least SIX sources which you have found y.
Research Paper Rubric Component 100 75 50 25 0 myrljjcpoarch
This document outlines a rubric for grading research papers. It provides grading criteria in several key areas: basic requirements, thesis statement, introduction, content, organization, citation format, conclusion, conventions, and overall presentation. Each criteria is graded on a scale of 100% to 0% based on how well the paper meets the requirements in that area. The rubric provides clear guidelines on what is needed to achieve each grade level and will be used to systematically evaluate and score research papers.
SPC 2608 Rhetorical Analysis Paper GuidelinesPurpose The goal.docxwilliame8
SPC 2608 Rhetorical Analysis Paper Guidelines
Purpose: The goal of this paper is to apply the concepts you have learned throughout this course to a historical speech.
Task: Select one speech from the following list and write a 3-4—page report analyzing the speech. Your report should be double spaced, adhere to APA style, and address each category listed below.
Speech options: Choose one of the top 100 speeches to evaluate from Americanrhetoric.com: https://www.americanrhetoric.com/top100speechesall.html
Your analysis should address the following categories:
· Organization: Analyze the organization of the speech. Does the speaker’s introduction and conclusion include the necessary elements, such as an attention getter, thesis, preview/review of main points, and concluding statement/call to action? What organizational pattern is used? Could the speaker have selected a more appropriate organizational pattern? Does the speaker use transitions? Are the main points clear and do they have enough supporting material? How could the speaker improve the organization of the speech? Explain your answers.
· Content: Analyze the speaker’s use of persuasion. What type of argument/reasoning does the speaker use? Does the speaker use logos, ethos, and/or pathos? How? Does the speech contain any logical fallacies? What is the goal of this speech? Does the speaker achieve the goal? How could the speaker improve the use of persuasive elements? Explain your answers.
· Vocal Delivery: Analyze the speaker’s vocal aspects of delivery. Does the speaker use proper paralinguistics? Does the speaker pause appropriately? Also, is the speech free from vocal fillers? Are words articulated and pronounced correctly? How could the speaker improve vocal aspects of delivery? Explain your answers
· Physical Delivery:Analyze the speaker’s physical aspects of delivery. Does the speaker use proper kinesics? How does the speaker use posture, gestures, illustrators, and emblems? Does the speaker have good posture and eye contact? What facial expressions are used? How could the speaker improve physical aspects of delivery? Explain your answers.
· Writing: Your paper should be at least 3 pages, double spaced, not including your heading. Your writing should be clear, concise, and easy to understand, and should be free from grammatical and syntactical errors. You should include an introduction, conclusion, and transitions in your paper. Cite sources using APA style if you use any outside resources.
A successful student will:
· Clearly and thoroughly address all parts of the paper guidelines.
· Show understanding of course concepts and apply them to the historical speech.
· Cite sources using APA style where applicable.
· Meet the minimum page length requirement.
· Use clear and concise writing that is easy to understand and is free from errors.
n this assignment, you will create a PowerPoint presentation that outlines what you believe will be the biggest challenges facing orga.
1 Created in 2015 IN-TEXT CITATION GUIDE What .docxhoney725342
1
Created in 2015
IN-TEXT CITATION GUIDE
What are in-text citations?
An in-text citation is a citation within your writing to show where you found your information, facts, quotes,
and research. APA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of publication, for
example: (Field, 2005). For direct quotations, include the page number as well, for example: (Field, 2005,
p. 14). For sources such as websites and e-books that have no page numbers, use a paragraph number
instead, for example: (Fields, 2015, para.3).
In-text citations follow any sentence in your writing that contains a direct quote, or paraphrased or
summarized information from an outside source.
Each in-text citation in your writing must also have a corresponding entry in your References list. There
are two exceptions to this rule: personal communications, like interviews, emails, or classroom discussion
posts, and classic religious texts, like the Bible or the Koran. These types of sources should be cited by
in-text citations only.
Always include in-text citations for:
direct quotes
paraphrased information
summarized information
All in-text citations require the same basic information:
Author
Date of publication (or “n.d.” if there is “no date”)
Page or paragraph number (for direct quotes only)
Basic Examples of In-Text Citations
For a quote: “The systematic development of literacy and schooling meant a new division in
society, between the educated and the uneducated” (Cook-Gumperz, 1986, p. 27).
For paraphrased material: Some educational theorists suggest that schooling and a focus on
teaching literacy divided society into educated and uneducated classes (Cook-Gumperz, 1986).
For summarized material: Schooling and literacy contributed to educational divisions in society
(Cook-Gumperz, 1986).
NOTE: If you mention the author and the year in your writing to introduce the quote or paraphrased
material, then you need only include the page or paragraph number in the in-text citation.
2
Created in 2015
For example:
According to Jenny Cook-Gumperz (1986), “The systematic development of literacy and
schooling meant a new division in society, between the educated and the uneducated” (p. 27).
Additional In-Text Citation Models
For online sources:
For a web page: The USDA is “taking steps to help farmers, ranchers, and small businesses
wrestling with persistent drought” (United States Department of Agriculture, 2015, “USDA Drought
Programs and Assistance,” para. 1).
Format: (Website Author, Year, “Web Page Title,” paragraph number).
For an online article: The F.B.I. “warned the families not to talk publicly” about the hostages
(Wright, 2015, para. 2).
Format: (Author’s Last Name, Year, paragraph number).
For an email communication: According to Dr. Edwards, “The coming El Niño won’t do much to
alleviate California’s current drought” (personal communicati ...
The document provides guidelines for a research paper assignment, including:
- The paper should be 8-10 pages excluding cover and reference pages, with a minimum of 8 references from 2002 or later.
- APA style is required for citations and references. Plagiarism should be avoided by properly citing sources.
- The paper should have an objective, third-person tone and include an introduction, body, and conclusion sections separated by main headings.
- At least 3-4 citations per page are expected, with a balance of paraphrased material and direct quotes. Opinions and experiences should be minimized.
APA Scavenger HuntAll of the answers can be found in the Unive.docxarmitageclaire49
APA Scavenger Hunt
All of the answers can be found in the University of the XYZ Writing Style Guide 2013.
1. What does APA stand for?
2. Where should you place page numbers?
3. What is University of XYZ view of plagiarism?
4. What is a “running header”?
5. How do you cite your references?
6. When creating a reference page, in what order do you put the citations?
7. How do you cite a website?
8. What is the point of a title page?
9. How do you cite a book with more than one author?
10. What font style and size should you use?
Bonus question: How will instructors figure out if you have used cites that may have caused plagiarism?
Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1 – Formatting Your Paper
Title Page Running Headers Font Styles Spacing
Margins
Page Numbers Section Headings Abbreviations Numbers Reference Page
Chapter 2 – Documenting Your Sources
Avoiding Plagiarism Citing your Sources
Direct Quotes Long Quotes
Book Citations & References Book with One Author Book with Two Authors
Book with Multiple Authors
Online Database Articles and/or Websites Citations & References Article or Journal from an Online Database with an Author Article or Journal from an Online Database without an Author
Chapter 3 – Resources Chapter 4 – Sample Paper
Introduction
University of the Potomac recognizes the need to set a standard for the writing style of the academic papers assigned in the various courses offered through the college. To meet this need, the University of the Potomac Writing Style Guide was created to assist students in properly formatting their papers for college level writing. This guide is written to give examples of APA style and is based on the Publication Manuel of the American Psychological Association
· sixth edition. While not every situation that may arise in your writing is covered in this guide, additional resources are listed in Chapter 3 to help answer additional questions.
Chapter 1 – Formatting Your Paper
The following guidelines will help you properly format your papers and are based on the American Psychological Association (APA) 6th edition publication. Remember, these are guidelines. For a complete review of the requirements for APA please visit www.APAstyle.org
Title Page
The Title Page is the first page of your paper. The following information should be on it and this information needs to be centered.
Title of Paper Your Name Course Name Date
Running Headers
Each page should have an abbreviated title of the paper placed within the margin. This should be placed starting at the upper left corner of each page.
Font Styles
Font should be either “Times New Roman” or “Ariel”. Font Size should be 12 point.
Spacing
Set the spacing between lines to “Double Spaced”. Paragraphs should be indented 5 spaces.
Use two spaces after the end of a sentence.
Margins
Margins should be set as 1 inch on all sides (Left, Top, Right, Bottom) of the paper. Text should be “Left Justified”.
Page Numbe.
Similar to Communicating professionally and ethically is one of the ess.docx (20)
CompetencyIn this project, you will demonstrate your mastery of .docxpickersgillkayne
Competency
In this project, you will demonstrate your mastery of the following competencies:
Craft a communication strategy for internal and external audiences
Leverage internal and external intelligence to inform decision making
Develop an adaptable leadership mindset and skill set
Scenario
The vice president of leadership and learning has shared your toolkit with the chief human resources officer (CHRO). The CHRO is impressed with the toolkit. She plans to roll it out to all people leaders in the organization—supervisors and above—and asks you to create a communication strategy for the rollout.
The CHRO shared her vision with you, which consisted of the following key points she wants you to take into consideration when crafting the communication strategy:
Inform your audience of the
who, what, when, where, why,
and
how.
Ensure the new leadership development strategy moves from a lofty vision with idealistic targets to reality, with direct impact on and with our front-line supervisors, our “boots on the ground,” and managers up through the organization.
Be clear when explaining WIIFM— “What’s in It for Me.”
Define the timetable for the rollout and implementation.
Ensure that the strategy defines what success looks like, with clear metrics and deliverables.
Directions
Construct an effective
communication strategy
that addresses all the deliverables the CHRO wants to achieve. The communication strategy will do the following:
State the business problem that will be addressed in rolling out the new adaptive leadership toolkit.
Explain why these specific leadership skills and behaviors are being targeted.
Provide a summary analysis of the employee satisfaction survey, identifying strengths and weaknesses.
Introduce the new adaptive leadership toolkit, including how it will be used and the value it provides.
Utilize your own personal development plan as an example for others.
Provide a strong conclusion that supports your thesis statement and goes beyond merely restating key points.
Ensure all key points are addressed in a logical order by using the Five
W
s and One
H
as an outline when developing the specific detail for each step of the communication strategy.
Why:
Why was the adaptive leadership toolkit developed?
Who:
Define who the audience, stakeholder(s), and owners are.
What:
What is the key message?
What is the organizational goal?
What is the personal goal?
What types of communication media will be used?
When:
What is the timeline for program implementation and achievement of program deliverables?
Where:
Where is the adaptive leadership toolkit located? Where are supporting documents, such as the FAQ?
How:
How will we measure success?
How will we track progress? How will we define important milestones?
How will we communicate updates?
How can employees provide feedback on any roadblocks, issues, or ideas for improvement?
What to Submit
To complete this project, you must su.
CompetencyExplore advocacy opportunities in the community..docxpickersgillkayne
Competency
Explore advocacy opportunities in the community.
Scenario
Victor, a new parent to the program and the community, arrives late to pick up his children for the fourth time in two weeks. As the director of All Kids Childcare and Education, you are proud of the compassion, respect, and patience Master Teacher Veronica has offered Victor. You know that Victor and his family have relocated after a family hardship and they are struggling to make ends meet. However, you become concerned about professional boundaries after observing the following interaction.
Veronica chats with Victor as they get the children ready to go home, not mentioning Victor's late arrival. She asks Victor if he has found beds for all of his family members to sleep in. Victor says, "Not yet. I have been busy working two jobs. I was offered the opportunity to pick up a few extra hours at my second job, so I haven't had time for anything else."
"Oh," says Veronica. "I have a couple of extra beds at my house. Why don't I bring them over with all the bedding later?" Victor is excited and says, "Yes, thank you! Thanks also for the table, chairs, and dishes you brought last week."
As they part, Veronica says, "And, Victor, don't worry about being late to pick up your children. We are very happy to have them here."
Instructions
As the director, identify if this in an ethical situation. Then outline a coaching plan with Veronica. The coaching plan should be a written Word document or PowerPoint Presentation and include the following:
A coaching plan for approaching Veronica. Will you have a casual conversation, a sit-down meeting, or use another coaching method? Support the method you choose with examples, and best leadership and ethical practices using outside resources.
A coaching plan for supporting Veronica. Were there boundaries crossed in Veronica's interaction with Victor? Explain your perspective and how you will facilitate your interaction with Veronica. Describe your actions and interactions with Veronica. Include two suggestions for how you might have handled the situation differently using outside resources for ethical conduct in early childhood education.
Support for Veronica and Victor. Describe at least one follow-up action step needed from Veronica and from you. Include a rationale for each step. Offer at least three resources to support Veronica, with one resource that Veronica can use to support Victor. Information on how to locate and use the resources must be clear and detailed
.
CompetencyEvaluate the role and impact of financial principl.docxpickersgillkayne
Competency
Evaluate the role and impact of financial principles on healthcare organizations.
Scenario
Metropolitan Memorial is seeking to expand its service offerings into underserved rural communities. The Board of Directors has expressed concerns given the emergence of new payment models, low reimbursement from Medicare and Medicaid, and uncertainty in terms of provider incentives offered through the Affordable Care Act. The Board of Directors has requested an executive summary outlining the organization’s financial viability given the challenges facing health organizations, particularly those operating in rural communities.
Instructions
The CEO has asked you to prepare an executive summary to present to the Board of Trustees, discussing the following information:
Identify the different types of healthcare payment models that could be utilized by Metropolitan Memorial.
Research the Triple AIM and discuss ways the organization can achieve the goals of the Triple AIM (improving the experience of care, improving the health of populations, and reducing per capital costs of health care ).
Discuss possible ways the payer mix may impact hospital revenue.
Explain how value-based healthcare delivery could be utilized to save money.
.
CompetencyEvaluate the impact of innovation on team success..docxpickersgillkayne
Competency
Evaluate the impact of innovation on team success.
Scenario
You are the CEO of Tech Log, a small startup technology company. You are beginning the expansion process and are wanting to hire a team. You recognize the team will need to have clear direction on the business mission, vision, and strategy. The strategy component that you think is most important to create and share with your team is your innovation strategy. Being in the technology industry, being innovative is critical to the organization’s success and longevity.
Instructions
You will write a plan that describes ways the company can be designed to be innovative. You will need to address structure, strategy, diversity and inclusion, communication, and collaboration. The following should be in your innovation plan/strategy:
Explanation of how the company will be designed and structured to be innovative.
Explanation of the leadership traits, skills, and styles that should be used to create an atmosphere that allows for innovation.
How innovation impacts organizational success.
Diversity and inclusion’s role in organizational innovation.
.
CompetencyEvaluate the role of identity, diverse segments, a.docxpickersgillkayne
Competency
Evaluate the role of identity, diverse segments, and cultural backgrounds within organizations.
Scenario Information
You have been hired as the Human Resources Director for a global organization that is headquartered in the United States. Your job is to evaluate and make recommendations in the area of diversity for your company. Each section will contain specific areas within diversity for you to focus on. You will be tasked with choosing from one of the diversity areas that are provided to you. Be sure to conduct research using the university library and other relevant sources.
ETHNICITY
Ethnicity
Instructions
There has been much talk about the interaction between your diversity area and the Millennial generation, and you have been asked by the leadership team to conduct research and findings to the board. You will need to conduct research and include the following questions addressed in your report:
Introduce your diversity area, and introduce Millennials.
Discuss similarities and differences between these two groups.
How does personal identity play a role with these two groups?
Discuss any proactive plans that you might use as a manager in the workplace.
Conclude your report.
.
CompetencyExamine leaderships role in executing successful change.docxpickersgillkayne
Competency
Examine leadership's role in executing successful change.
Instructions
Delta Pacific Case Study
As the change leader for Delta Pacific Company (DPC), you know certain elements need to be in place by leadership for a change to be successful. DPC wants to change the culture from the more traditional manufacturing environment to one of a contemporary consulting environment. Now it's time for you to help the leaders execute a successful change:
Determine how leadership impacts the organizational culture during this change
Examine elements that are critical to making this change sustainable
Assess the top mistakes leaders make and determine the best way to avoid those mistakes
As the change leader, it is your responsibility to help ensure a successful change in the shift of DPC's organizational culture. Part of this includes alerting leadership to how their own behavior impacts change and how change can be sustainable.Conduct academic research and create a plan to present to the CEO and board in which you complete the following successful change management plan:
Explanation of leadership behaviors that impact organizational change.
Description of critical factors that ensures this cultural shift will be sustainable.
Examination of the top mistakes leaders make during a change.
Explanation of your recommendations as to the best ways the leaders can avoid making those mistakes.
Remember that this is a proposal. Make sure to format your paper properly for your proposal. A proposal is a persuasive document, so make sure to use proper language and tone. Remember, you are the change leader, and you are writing to the CEO. So use a tone in your proposal that is specific to your audience (the CEO).
Include your APA-formatted reference page with at least two credible sources.A note about credible sources: Credible sources are reliable, accurate, and trustworthy. These sources are written by authors respected in their fields of study. You want to identify sources where the author of the article is listed if they've referenced other information. The sources should be cited so that you can check for the accuracy of and support what they have written.
.
CompetencyEvaluate psychological theories and their insights.docxpickersgillkayne
This document provides instructions for an assignment analyzing a person's social media use through various psychological theories. Students are asked to choose a person, examine their social media accounts, and write an analysis applying schema/script theory, cultivation theory, agenda-setting theory, social learning theory, and uses and gratifications theory to examples found in that person's online posts and activities. The analysis should include an introduction of the subject, examples for each theory, and a conclusion.
CompetencyEmploy contemporary economic principles that guide.docxpickersgillkayne
Competency
Employ contemporary economic principles that guide resource allocation decisions in health organizations.
Scenario
Upon reviewing the annual budget and fiscal standing of Metropolitan Memorial, the CFO has identified shortfalls that will impact the funding of its proposed expansion into rural communities. In order to secure adequate funding from the Board, the operational team must reduce current operating budget by a million dollars.
Instructions
The CFO requests that you draft a memo to the Board providing justification for the additional funding in light of the shortfall. You should review current literature to support your justification. Your memo should include the following information based on the literature:
Explain the possible impact of resource allocation within a rural communities .
Discuss the factors that may affect the quality of care by reducing healthcare resources to accommodate budgetary constraints.
Discuss a potential service line and five possible ways in which the service line may maximize resource allocation.
.
CompetencyDetermine how the environment and economies are in.docxpickersgillkayne
Competency
Determine how the environment and economies are interconnected.
Scenario
You are a member of a community planning committee. The committee is reminding local citizens about recently enacted environmental laws. You are responsible for developing an infographic to showcase one of these new laws. The infographic will be displayed at the next community meeting in the community center.
Instructions
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) website contains information concerning laws and regulations that impact the environment. Search this
EPA website
to choose one law to focus on.The infographic should contain:
A recently enacted environmental law (The law can be local or national, and focused on any part of an environment such as water, air, land, energy, wildlife, etc.)
Present the major players and the stakeholders (Who is involved and who is impacted by the new law?)
Examine the impact to the economy (Does the law help or hinder the economy and why? Do the benefits outweigh the costs?)
Identify the controversy surrounding the law (differences in opinion)
Your infographic should be clear and organized. References should be in APA format
.
CompetencyDescribe the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, g.docxpickersgillkayne
Competency
Describe the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere and how they interact.
Scenario
Each of us has directly or indirectly been impacted by a natural disaster or severe weather event. For this assignment you will be required to recall a personal, real-world experience about the power of one of the Earth’s four spheres that you have experienced in your lifetime, creating a mixed media PowerPoint presentation that brings this event to life. The goal is to illustrate the interconnectedness of the Earth’s four spheres to human health and safety, to the current state of our climate, and to the mitigation of such disasters in the future as the consequences of climate change continue to worsen.
Instructions
In a well-organized presentation using PowerPoint, you will construct a visual presentation that illustrates the power of a natural disaster/geologic event in history from the standpoint of a personal experience. Consider a time in your life when you have been impacted, either directly or indirectly, by a natural disaster or severe weather event. Your presentation should include the following elements as well as a robust discussion of each in the slides' speaker notes section:
Discuss background, history, and location of your chosen event/disaster. (Where did this event occur? How many people were impacted by this event?)
Specify measures taken to mitigate the event/disaster. (What was the response of the community/state/country to this event?)
Discuss how we might mitigate a similar event/disaster in the future. (How can we mitigate disasters to more fully protect human health and safety?)
Be sure to include images/maps/statistical information from your chosen event/disaster.
.
CompetencyDevelop examples of ethical and privacy concerns a.docxpickersgillkayne
Competency
Develop examples of ethical and privacy concerns associated with data supporting business intelligence efforts.
Instructions
You work for a tourism board at a top destination within the United States that among other tasks, sends information out to potential visitors, performs direct mailing campaigns, solicits newsletter sign ups, and helps drive economic growth by attracting visitors to the destination. The direct mailing team for your organization accomplishes this through email blasts, mailing flyers, and texting campaigns. The address list the organization has in place is seen as a strategic advantage, as it has extensive information about potential and repeat visitors, and has been compiled from various sources over the years.
The organization has recently developed a mobile application and hopes to leverage mobile devices and tablets to help make obtaining information easier for the visitors, as well as collecting more information on patterns of consumer behavior. Since the mobile application will have access to a great deal of personal information belonging to the users (email address, GPS data, phone number, etc.), it has been suggested this information be automatically uploaded to the direct mailing database, and signing them up for various promotional efforts and communications. It had also been suggested there may be an opportunity for the marketing department to partner with the local theme parks and attractions within the area, sharing the databases from each to form one large database to reach more users.
The idea has been presented to the organization's legal counsel for review, as the IT team is fairly certain the end user agreement for the mobile application states the collected information can be reused and sold as needed. The public relations team has taken a different position and feels there is potential for backlash in social media as well as other public outcries should the data be sold to or shared with other organizations, and questions whether the data should even be stored since there are additional pieces of data being collected that have no purposeful use for the tourism board. They have asked for your input on the matter.
The questions they are presenting you with include:
What are the general practices surrounding data collection?
How can privacy violations occur?
Are there any risks, issues, or problems associated with collecting and storing data that isn’t needed now, in the event it may be needed in the future? What information do other organizations collect?
The end user agreement says we CAN collect, reuse, and sell data as needed, but does that mean we should? Is there a level of ethical data collection and storage that we should be considering?
The task:
In addition to the presentation, prepare a memo to the head of the public relations department outlining any possible risks associated with collecting and using the data in the manner described. Your report should include general.
CompetencyAssess the causes and consequences of historical e.docxpickersgillkayne
Competency
Assess the causes and consequences of historical events on the U.S. healthcare system.
Scenario
You are the Director of Education in your healthcare organization. Your organization is a teaching hospital, and you are responsible for presenting information to new employees and volunteers during their orientation, many of whom are recent graduates of healthcare programs. This presentation is used to give them a better understanding of why the healthcare system is the way it is today, including a summary of historical events that have shaped the U.S. healthcare system, so that they understand the causes and consequences of these events.
Instructions
Create a timeline for the historical events that have shaped the U.S. healthcare system in the past century. Once the timeline has been developed, create a PowerPoint presentation using the record audio feature to add Voiceover narration.
The timeline information should include:
A minimum of 20 events with a minimum of a three sentence description for each event.
Descriptions should list at least one cause as to why the event took place and at least one consequence it had on the U.S. healthcare delivery system.
The voiceover PowerPoint presentation should:
Include the timeline information for the historical events that have shaped the U.S. healthcare system in the past century.
Describe the events in detail included in the timeline to your audience of new employees and volunteers who are graduates of healthcare programs (e.g., nurses, medical assisting, health information management, medical school residency, etc.).
Explain the cause(s) and consequences of each of the events outlined in your timeline.
Have a minimum of 20 slides (not including title and APA reference slides).
Be at least 10 minutes long.
Be visually appealing and engaging to the suggested audience.
Resources
For writing assistance, please visit the
Rasmussen College Writing Guide
.
APA formatting for the reference list, and proper grammar, punctuation, and form are required. APA help is available
here
.
Click this
link
for help on creating a PowerPoint presentation.
Click this
link
for help on creating an audio recording for a PowerPoint presentation.
Grading Rubric
1.Timeline includes a minimum of 20 events
And
Each event has comprehensive descriptions of causes and effects that are at least three sentences.
2. Narration of PowerPoint comprehensively describes the timeline to the audience of new employees and volunteers who are graduates of healthcare focused programs.
3. Narration includes clear and thorough descriptions of causes and effects of all timeline events.
4. Slides contain complex and interactive elements of effective design: graphics, fonts, col
.
CompetencyApply data analytic methodologies to diverse popul.docxpickersgillkayne
Competency
Apply data analytic methodologies to diverse populations to address population health needs.
Scenario
You have assessed your local population health needs and identified data sources and data sets that are needed to help providers make immediate gains in patient outcomes. Your health systems Board of Directors is requesting that you develop a high-level population health management program dashboard.For this assessment, you need to assess local population health needs and identify data sources and data sets that are needed to help providers make immediate gains in patient outcomes. It is a major undertaking to plan, design, and implement a robust PHM. Therefore, your health systems Board of Directors is requesting that you develop 1-2 page high-level population health management program dashboard. In this dashboard, list the health needs based on the community needs assessment and the critical data sources and data sets needed for the population health management program your health system is planning to launch.
Instructions
Using the information from the modules 01, 02, and 03 summative assessments, construct a dashboard that lists the health needs based on the community needs assessment that was performed and the critical data sources and data sets needed for the population health management program your health system is planning to launch.
Resources
Below is a list of resources that you can review to learn more about how to construct an executive dashboard.Byrnes, J. (2012).
Driving value: solving the issue of data overload with an executive dashboard
. Healthcare Financial Management: Journal Of The Healthcare Financial Management Association, 66(10), 116.Ballou, B., Heitger, D. L., & Donnell, L. (2010).
Creating effective dashboards
. Strategic Finance, 91(9), 27-32Ghazisaeidi, M., Safdari, R., Torabi, M., Mirzaee, M., Farzi, J., & Goodini, A. (2015).
Development of performance dashboards in
healthcare
sector: Key practical issues
. Acta Informatica Medica, 23(5), 317-321.Rosow, E., Adam, J., Coulombe, K., Race, K., & Anderson, R. (2003).
Virtual instrumentation and real-time executive dashboards.
Solution
s for
health care
systems
. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 27(1), 58-76.
.
CompetencyAssess the development of societal standards in re.docxpickersgillkayne
Competency
Assess the development of societal standards in relation to social media and how this can alter social norms in everyday life.
Instructions
The prevalence of social media has had a huge impact on society in the area of how we tend to relate to each other and on what is considered to be normal in general. Taking a look at the ways in which social media changes attitudes and "norms" makes for an interesting study, and one that is applicable to understanding how society is slowly changing over time.
For this assignment, you will first conduct your own research on the effects of social media on societal norms (Part 1), then you will examine what has been found through previous research conducted by others (Part 2).
Part 1:
Compare and contrast the attitudes of two cohorts of people; one that consists of five people that rarely use social media and one cohort of five people that uses social media 2 or more hours a day.
Create a list of five people that you know that use social media at least 2 or more hours per day. This group of people will make up your first cohort. Then create a list of five people that you know that either do not use social media or use it very rarely. Take into account age when creating the cohorts, and try to keep the ages as similar as possible between the cohorts. Keeping a certain level of consistency in the two cohorts will help to negate the potential effects of generational differences. Provide a brief description of each of the ten people you are going to interview divided into their respective cohorts.
In other words, list the five people in the social media at least 2 or more hours a day, and provide a brief description of each along with why you chose them. Then provide a list of the five people that rarely or never use social media, and provide a brief description of each along with why you chose them.
Interview the participants to learn the similarities and differences between the two cohorts as it relates to attitudes, lifestyles, and relationships. Write a two-page paper comparing and contrasting what you learned about the two cohorts. Be sure to relate your findings to cultivation theory and socialization theory in the paper.
Part 2:
Now you will compare your research with research findings through previous research conducted by others. Look up at least 3 articles in the Rasmussen Library that relate to the topic of social media and its impact on society. You are not limited to articles that are strictly written on the specific topic of social media and norms. Articles that are covering social media and society are available from a wide number of angles. After studying these articles, write a two-page paper on what you learned on the topic of social media and its potential impact on societal attitudes, customs, and norms.
.
CompetencyAnalyze the evolution of social media standards an.docxpickersgillkayne
Competency
Analyze the evolution of social media standards and practices and how it relates to the potential need for regulation of social media, along with ethical concerns.
Instructions
Many people get all or most of their news from social media. For this project, we are going to be analyzing the content of several social media sites from major news sources, paying particular attention to social media standards, practices, and regulation.
Where do you get your news? Start by going to one major news site's FACEBOOK page (CNN, MSNBC, FOX, etc.) Try another different news site's TWITTER feed, and third choose another social media site such as Reddit, Pinterest, or another (preferably one you use, if there is one).
Analyze the sites in a 3-5 page total paper. In your analysis, be sure to include the following:
General introduction to your thoughts on the social media you studied
Several social media practices you observed (e.g., what gets the most interaction?)
Examples of regulation of social media and discussion of such regulation (Is it good, bad, or indifferent? How could circumstances change the situation?)
Analysis of ethical concerns (e.g., can you see examples of bias?)
What is the culture of each site – how do users seem to respond to questionable items? (Is racism or open mocking ignored or pursued?)
Conclusion of your findings
.
CompetencyAnalyze the evolution of social media standards and .docxpickersgillkayne
Competency
Analyze the evolution of social media standards and practices and how it relates to the potential need for regulation of social media, along with ethical concerns.
Instructions
Many people get all or most of their news from social media. For this project, we are going to be analyzing the content of several social media sites from major news sources, paying particular attention to social media standards, practices, and regulation.
Where do you get your news? Start by going to one major news site's FACEBOOK page (CNN, MSNBC, FOX, etc.) Try another different news site's TWITTER feed, and third choose another social media site such as Reddit, Pinterest, or another (preferably one you use, if there is one).
Analyze the sites in a 3-5 page total paper. In your analysis, be sure to include the following:
General introduction to your thoughts on the social media you studied
Several social media practices you observed (e.g., what gets the most interaction?)
Examples of regulation of social media and discussion of such regulation (Is it good, bad, or indifferent? How could circumstances change the situation?)
Analysis of ethical concerns (e.g., can you see examples of bias?)
What is the culture of each site – how do users seem to respond to questionable items? (Is racism or open mocking ignored or pursued?)
Conclusion of your findings
.
CompetencyAnalyze leadership and management roles in change ma.docxpickersgillkayne
Competency
Analyze leadership and management roles in change management
Evaluate different change management models.
Examine various roles in change management.
Analyze methods for understanding and mapping change in an organization.
Critique strategies for removing barriers to change.
Examine leadership's role in executing successful change.
Instructions
Delta Pacific Case Study
You serve as the change leader for Delta Pacific Company (DPC). Up until this point, the organizational culture has been one of a traditional culture as the company had a manufacturing environment.DPC has undergone an extensive change from manufacturing to consulting, including new employee roles and responsibilities, training, and resources. However, there have been organizational barriers and employee resistances to the changes, resulting in a declining profitability.You have decided to design a Change Leadership Strategy plan to present to the leaders of DPC to meet their goal of changing the culture from the more traditional manufacturing environment to one of a contemporary consulting environment. To complete your Leading Change Plan, please include the following:
Identify the problems facing Delta Pacific.
Analysis the different roles leaders and managers use for successful implementation of change.
Discuss the roles and responsibilities of leading team members for change.
Compare and contrast advantages and disadvantages of two (2) popular change models. Discuss at least three (3) similarities and three (3) differences of change models. Select one (1) model that you feel best compliments your strategy.
Explain how the change model you selected to use will ensure the most effective and efficient process of changing an organizational culture.
Discuss at least two (2) strategies for overcoming barriers to change.
Discuss the behaviors that Delta Pacific leaders need to exhibit to ensure a positive and successful cultural shift for the long-term.
Provide an APA formatted title page and attribution for credible references used in the development of content ideas following academic guidelines.
.
CompetencyAnalyze financial statements to assess performance a.docxpickersgillkayne
Competency
Analyze financial statements to assess performance and to ensure organizational improvement and long-term viability
.
Scenario
In an ongoing effort to explore the feasibility of expanding services into rural areas of the state, leadership at Memorial Hospital has determined that conducting a review of its financial condition will be essential to ensuring the organization’s ability to successfully achieve its expansion goals.
Instructions
The CFO has provided you with a copy of the organization’s
financial statements
. This information will be critical in evaluating the organization’s financial capacity to support the proposed expansion of services into the rural areas of the state.You are asked to review these financial statements (which include the Income Statement, Statement of Cash Flows, and the Balance Sheet) and prepare an executive summary outlining the financial strength of the organization and evidence to support the expansion. Your executive summary should include the following:
An overview of the issue.
A review of critical financial ratios (Liquidity, Solvency, Profitability, and Efficiency) based on financial statements.
Inferences of forecasts, estimates, interpretations, and conclusions based on the key ratios.
Provide a recommendation based on ration analysis.
*****See attached balance sheet
.
Competency Checklist and Professional Development Resources .docxpickersgillkayne
Competency Checklist and Professional Development Resources
An important and yet often overlooked function of leadership in an early childhood program is the ability to positively influence the people in the program. For this group assignment, consider the characteristics of a leader who can support and lead teachers in reflective teaching. This type of self-reflection is the first step to understanding how a supervisor supports teachers to accomplish their goals through mentoring. For this assignment, your group will need to address the following two components:
Part 1
: Consider the following question as your group completes the competency checklist below: What might be evidence that a teacher leader possesses the competence to also be a mentor? You are encouraged to evenly divide the competencies among your group, so that each member contributes to providing brief examples of interactions while highlighting the characteristic(s) that demonstrates each competency. While this portion can be completed independently, you should then collaborate to ensure that each group member provides feedback before submitting the full collaborative document.
competency checklist
Part 2:
Professional Development Resources Document
–Early childhood programs have numerous curriculum options which may contribute to a need to support teachers and staff in a curriculum context they are not familiar with. Therefore, as we prepare to support protégés, we can refer to the National Association of the Education of Young Children core standards for professional development, to promote the use of best practices. These six core standards, briefly describe what early childhood professionals should know and be able to do. After reading each of the
NAEYC Standards for Early Childhood Professional Preparation Programs (Links to an external site.)
, focus on the first four standards:
STANDARD 1.
PROMOTING CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND LEARNING
STANDARD 2.
BUILDING FAMILY AND COMMUNITY RELATIONSHIPS
STANDARD 3.
OBSERVING, DOCUMENTING, AND ASSESSING TO SUPPORT YOUNG CHILDREN AND FAMILIES
STANDARD 4.
USING DEVELOPMENTALLY EFFECTIVE APPROACHES
Directions: Each group will be assigned a different standard and each member will add at least one resource (such as yearly conferences, websites, leaders in the field, articles, blogs, etc.) that support that specific core standard. The resources will be organized on the attached Google Spreadsheet (which will also record who is submitting each resource). Through this group and class collaborative effort, you will be able to add resources from multiple perspectives that you can later include in your own mentoring portfolio.Be sure to include any relevant information and the following:
the APA citation (article) or organization name/contact information (address, phone number, website).
a brief description of their services in supporting early childhood professionals in their own growth and development.
R.
CompetenciesDetermine the historical impact of art on mode.docxpickersgillkayne
Competencies
Determine the historical impact of art on modern culture, society, and the workplace.
Identify the role of music, poetry, prose, and visual art in the modern world and workplace.
Utilize art elements in real-world contexts and the workplace.
Apply strategies for evaluating different art forms in various contexts.
Explain how art contributes to problem solving skills and idea creation in personal and professional experience.
Identify how art benefits wellness and creativity in the community and workplace.
Scenario
You are an independent contractor who has been hired by a multinational technology company to increase productivity at one branch office. The location in question is failing miserably and your contract with this company is a last ditch effort to bring this location’s productivity up, or else it will be shut down. The designers haven’t submitted a good, usable design to headquarters in months.When you begin your work figuring out what’s going wrong, you immediately see many red flags. Records show that employees call in sick frequently, come in late, leave early, and several complaints between employees have been filed by Human Resources.When you visit the office, you are immediately struck by what a dismal environment you see. Florescent lights flicker over beige cubicles, ambient noise of machines buzzing and phones ringing fills your ears, and employees look bored and tired. You notice only one communal work space piled over with old projects and clutter. The supply room is sparse. The break room is small and cluttered, and nobody is using it.You decide to interview employees and learn some alarming information; employees mostly work alone, do not seem to know each other well, some outright dislike one another, they report having no fun or enjoyment while at work, and some suffer chronic work-related health problems such as migraines and back pain. You notice wonderful diversity among employees, yet nobody seems to appreciate or understand the unique perspectives of their colleagues.It is clear to you that this office is not conducive to the kind of creative collaboration necessary to pull it out of its slump. Using what you know about the importance of art in the world and workplace, you will come up with a plan to solve these problems.
Instructions
Assemble a portfolio of recommendations on how to turn this office from a non-productive location to a creative hub of productivity.Portfolio should include the following parts:
Part 1
Compose an introduction (1-2 paragraphs) indicating the historical impact of art on modern culture, society, and the workplace.
Part 2
Create an infographic on how to use the arts to promote the following within the company:
Collaboration between colleagues
Multiculturalism/diversity
Community engagement
Part 3
Construct a visual model using diagram software of the ideal creative workspace that includes the following areas:
A space for individual work
A space for collabo.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
Communicating professionally and ethically is one of the ess.docx
1. Communicating professionally and ethically is one of the
essential skill sets we can teach you at Strayer. The following
guidelines will ensure:
· Your writing is professional
· You avoid plagiarizing others, which is essential to writing
ethically
· You give credit to others in your work
Visit Strayer’s Academic Integrity Center for more information.
Winter 2019
https://pslogin.strayer.edu/?dest=academic-support/academic-
integrity-center
Strayer University Writing Standards 2
� Include page numbers.
� Use 1-inch margins.
� Use Arial, Courier, Times New Roman, or Calibri font style.
� Use 10-, 11-, or 12-point font size for the body of your text.
� Use numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on) or spell out numbers (one,
two, three, and so on).
Be consistent with your choice throughout the assignment.
� Use either single or double spacing, according to assignment
2. guidelines.
� If assignment requires a title page:
· Include the assignment title, your name, course title, your
professor’s name, and the
date of submission on a separate page.
� If assignment does not require a title page (stated in the
assignment details):
a. Include all required content in a header at the top of your
document.
or b. Include all required content where appropriate for
assignment format.
Examples of appropriate places per assignment: letterhead of a
business letter
assignment or a title slide for a PowerPoint presentation.
� Use appropriate language and be concise.
� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use the point of view (first, second, or third person) required
by the assignment
guidelines.
� Use spelling and grammar check and proofread to help
ensure your work is error free.
� Use credible sources to support your ideas/work. Find tips
here.
� Cite your sources throughout your work when you borrow
someone else’s words or ideas.
Give credit to the authors.
3. � Look for a permalink tool for a webpage when possible
(especially when an electronic
source requires logging in like the Strayer Library). Find tips
here.
� Add each cited source to the Source List at the end of your
assignment. (See the Giving
Credit to Authors and Sources section for more details.)
� Don’t forget to cite and add your textbook to the Source List
if you use it as a source.
� Include a Source List when the assignment requires research
or if you cite the textbook.
� Type “Sources” centered on the first line of the page.
� List the sources that you used in your assignment.
� Organize sources in a numbered list and in order of use
throughout the paper. Use the
original number when citing a source multiple times.
� For more information, see the Source List section.
General Standards
Use Appropriate
Formatting
Title Your Work
Write Clearly
Cite Credible
5. � Use a consistent 12-point font throughout your assignment
submission. (For
acceptable fonts, see General Standards section.)
� Use the point of view (first or third person) required by the
assignment guidelines.
� Section headings can be used to divide different content
areas. Align section
headings (centered) on the page, be consistent, and include at
least two section
headings in the assignment.
� Follow all other General Standards section guidelines.
� Title slides should include the project name (title your work
to capture attention if
possible), a subtitle (if needed), the course title, and your name.
� Use spacing that improves professional style (mixing single
and double spacing as
needed).
� Use a background color or image on slides.
� Use Calibri, Lucida Console, Helvetica, Futura, Myriad Pro,
or Gill Sans font styles.
� Use 28-32 point font size for the body of your slides (based
on your chosen font
style). Avoid font sizes below 24-point.
� Use 36-44 point font size for the titles of your slides (based
on chosen font style).
6. � Limit content per slide (no more than 7 lines on any slide
and no more than 7
words per line).
� Include slide numbers when your slide show has 3+ slides.
You may place the
numbers wherever you like (but be consistent).
� Include appropriate images that connect directly to slide
content or presentation
content.
� Follow additional guidelines from the PowerPoint or
Slideshow Specific Format
Guidelines section and assignment guidelines.
Strayer University Writing Standards 4
Giving Credit to Authors and Sources
When quoting or paraphrasing another source, you need to give
credit by using an in-text
citation. An in-text citation includes the author’s last name and
the number of the source from
the Source List. A well-researched assignment has at least as
many sources as pages (see
Writing Assignments for the required number of sources). Find
tips here.
Option #1: Paraphrasing
Rewording Source Information in Your Own Words
· Rephrase the source information in your words.
Be sure not to repeat the same words of the author.
7. · Add a number to the end of your source (which will tie
to your Source List).
· Remember, you cannot just replace words of the
original sentence.
ORIGINAL SOURCE
“Writing at a college level requires informed
research.”
PARAPHRASING
As Harvey wrote, when writing a paper for
higher education, it is critical to research and
cite sources (1).
When writing a paper for higher education,
it is imperative to research and cite sources
(Harvey, 1).
Option #2: Quoting
Citing Another Person’s Work Word-For-Word
· Place quotation marks at the beginning and the end of
the quoted information.
· Add a number to the end of your source (which will tie
to your Source List).
· Do not quote more than one to two sentences
(approximately 25 words) at a time.
· Do not start a sentence with a quotation.
· Introduce and explain quotes within the context of
8. your paper.
ORIGINAL SOURCE
“Writing at a college level requires informed
research.”
QUOTING
Harvey wrote in his book, “Writing at a college
level requires informed research” (1).
Many authors agree, “Writing at a college
level requires informed research” (Harvey, 1).
http://libdatab.strayer.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.co
m/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ers&AN=98402046&site=eds-
live&scope=site
Strayer University Writing Standards 5
Page Numbers
When referencing multiple pages in a text book or other
large book, consider adding page numbers to help the
reader understand where the information you referenced
can be found. You can do this in three ways:
a. In the body of your paper;
or b. In the citation;
or c. By listing page numbers in the order they were
used in your paper on the Source List.
9. Check with your instructor or the assignment guidelines to
see if there is a preference based on your course.
IN-TEXT CITATION
(Harvey, 1, p. 16)
In the example, the author is Harvey, the source list number
is 1, and the page number that this information can be
found on is page 16.
Multiple Sources (Synthesizing)
Synthesizing means using multiple sources in one sentence
or paragraph (typically paraphrased) to make a strong
point. This is normally done with more advanced writing,
but could happen in any writing where you use more than
one source.
The key here is clarity. If you paraphrase multiple sources
in the same sentence (of paragraph if the majority of the
information contained in the paragraph is paraphrased),
you should include each source in the citation. Separate
sources using semi-colons (;) and create the citation in
the normal style that you would for using only one source
(Name, Source Number).
SYNTHESIZED IN-TEXT CITATION
(Harvey, 1; Buchanan, 2)
In the example, the authors Harvey and Buchanan were
paraphrased to help the student make a strong point.
Harvey is the first source on the source list, and Buchanan is
10. the second source on the source list.
Traditional Sources
Strayer University Writing Standards 6
Discussion Posts
When quoting or paraphrasing a source for discussion
threads, include the source number in parenthesis after the
body text where you quote or paraphrase. At the end of
your post, type the word “Sources” and below that include
a list of any sources that you cited.
If you pulled information from more than one source,
continue to number the additional sources in the order that
they appear in your post.
For more information on building a Source List Entry, see
Source List section.
SAMPLE POST
The work is the important part of any writing
assignment. According to Smith, “writing
things down is the biggest challenge” (1).
This is significant because…
The other side of this is also important. It is
noted that “actually writing isn’t important as
much as putting ideas somewhere useful” (2).
SOURCES
11. 1. William Smith. 2018. The Way Things Are.
http://www.samplesite.com/writing
2. Patricia Smith. 2018. The Way Things Really
Are. http://www.betterthansample.com/tiger
A web source is any source accessed through an internet
browser. Before using any source, first determine its credibility.
Then decide if the source is appropriate and relevant for your
project. Find tips here.
Home Pages
A home page is the main page that loads when you type
a standard web address. For instance, if you type Google.
com into the web browser, you will be taken to Google’s
home page.
If you do need to cite a home page, use the webpage’s
title from the browser. This found by moving your mouse
cursor over the webpage name at the top of the browser.
When citing a homepage, it is likely because there is a news
thread, image, or basic piece of information on a company
that you wish to include in your assignment.
Specific Web Pages
If you are using any web page other than the home page,
include the specific title of the page and the direct link (when
possible) for that specific page in your Source List Entry.
If your assignment used multiple pages from the same author/
source, create separate Source List Entries for each page
when possible (if the title and/or web address is different).
Web Sources
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/conducting_re
12. search/evaluating_sources_of_information/index.html
Strayer University Writing Standards 7
Effective Internet Links
When sharing a link to an article with your instructor and
classmates, start with a brief summary and why you chose
to share it.
Be sure to check the link you’re posting to be sure it will
work for your classmates. They should be able to just click
on the link and go directly to your shared site.
Share vs. URL Options
Cutting and pasting the URL (web address) from your browser
may not allow others to view your source. This makes it hard
for people to engage with the content you used.
To avoid this problem, look for a “share” option and choose
that when possible so your classmates and professor
get the full, direct link. Always test your link(s) before
submitting to make sure they work.
If you cannot properly share the link, include the article as an
attachment. Interested classmates and your professor can
reference the article shared as an attachment. Find tips here.
POOR EXAMPLE
Hey check out this article: http://www.
Jobs4You.FED/Jobs_u_can_get
BETTER EXAMPLE
13. After reading the textbook this week, I
researched job sites. I found an article on how
to find the best job site depending on the job
you’re looking for. The author shared some
interesting tools such as job sites that collect job
postings from other sites and ranks them from
newest to oldest, depending on category. Check
out the article at this link: http://www.Jobs4You.
FED/Jobs_u_can_get
Charts, images, and tables should be centered and followed by
an in-text citation. Design your page and place a citation
below the chart, image, or table. When referring to the chart,
image, or table in the body of the assignment, use the citation.
On your Source List, provide the following details of the visual:
· Author’s name (if created by you, provide your name)
· Date (if created by you, provide the year)
· Type (Chart, Image, or Table)
· How to find it (link or other information – See Source List
section for additional details).
Charts, Images, and Tables
https://nyti.ms/24L5XkV
Strayer University Writing Standards 8
Source List
The Source List (which includes the sources that you used in
your assignment) is a new page
you add at the end of your paper. The list has two purposes: it
gives credit to the authors that
14. you use and gives your readers enough information to find the
source without your help. Build
your Source List as you write.
· Type “Sources” at the top of a new page.
· Include a numbered list of the sources you used in your paper
(the numbers
indicate the order in which you used them).
1. Use the number one (1) for the first source used in the paper,
the number
two (2) for the second source, and so on.
2. Use the same number for a source if you use it multiple
times.
· Ensure each source includes five parts: author or
organization, publication date,
title, page number (if needed), and how to find it. If you have
trouble finding
these details, then re-evaluate the credibility of your source.
· Use the browser link for a public webpage.
· Use a permalink for a webpage when possible. Find tips here.
· Instruct your readers how to find all sources that do not have
a browser link
or a permalink.
· Separate each Source List Element with a period on your
Source List.
AUTHOR PUBLICATION DATE TITLE PAGE NO. HOW TO
FIND
15. The person(s) who
published the source. This
can be a single person,
a group of people, or an
organization. If the source
has no author, use “No
author” where you would
list the author.
The date the source was
published. If the source
has no publication date,
use “No date” where you
would list the date.
The title of the
source. If the
source has no title,
use “No title”
where you would
list the title.
The page
number(s) used. If
the source has no
page numbers,
omit this section
from your Source
List Entry.
Instruct readers how to find
all sources. Keep explanations
simple and concise, but
provide enough information
so the source can be located.
Note: It is your responsibility
17. Strayer University Writing Standards 9
1. Michael Harvey. 2013. The Nuts & Bolts of College Writing.
p. 1. http://libdatab.strayer.edu/
login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx
1. Michael Harvey. 2013. The Nuts & Bolts of College Writing.
p. 1. http://libdatab.strayer.edu/login?url=http://search.
ebscohost.com/login.aspx
2. William R. Stanek. 2010. Storyboarding Techniques chapter
in Effective Writing for Business, College and Life. http://
libdatab.strayer.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login
.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=359141&site=e
ds-live&scope=site&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_23
3. Zyad Hicham. 2017. Vocabulary Growth in College-Level
Students’ Narrative Writing. http://libdatab.strayer.edu/
login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&d
b=edsdoj&AN=edsdoj.9b7fad40e529462bafe3a936
aaf81420&site=eds-live&scope=site
4. Anya Kamenetz. July 10, 2015. The Writing Assignment That
Changes Lives. https://www.npr.org/sections/
ed/2015/07/10/419202925/the-writing-assignment-that-changes-
lives
5. Brad Thor. June 14, 2016. The Best Writing Advice I Ever
Got. http://time.com/4363050/brad-thor-best-writing-advice/
18. 6. Karen Hertzberg. June 15, 2017. How to Improve Writing
Skills in 15 Easy Steps. https://www.grammarly.com/blog/
how-to-improve-writing-skills/
7. Roy Peter Clark. 2008. Writing Tools: 55 Essential Strategies
for Every Writer. p.55-67. Book on Amazon.com.
8. C.M. Gill. 2014. The Psychology of Grading and Scoring
chapter in Essential Writing Skills for College & Beyond.
Textbook.
9. ABC Company’s Policy & Procedures Committee. No Date.
Employee Dress and Attendance Policy. Policy in my office.
10. Henry M. Sayre. 2014. The Humanities: Culture, Continuity
and Change, Vol. 1. This is the HUM111 textbook.
11. Savannah Student. 2018. Image. http://www.studentsite.com
12. Don Dollarsign. 2018. Chart.
http://www.allaboutthemoney.com
13. Company Newsletter Name. 2018. Table. Company
Newsletter Printed Copy (provided upon request).
Working Through
Conflict
Now in its eighth edition, Working Through Conflict provides
an introduction to conflict and
19. conflict management that is firmly grounded in current theory,
research, and practice,
covering a range of conflict settings (interpersonal, group, and
organizational). The text
includes an abundance of real life case studies that encompass a
spectrum of theoretical
perspectives. Its emphasis on application makes it highly
accessible to students, while
expanding their comprehension of conflict theory and practical
skills. This new edition
features a wealth of up-to-date research and case examples,
suggested readings and video
resources, and integrated questions for review and discussion.
Joseph P. Folger is Professor of Adult & Organizational
Development at Temple University.
He is co-founder and current president of the Institute for the
Study of Conflict
Transformation.
Marshall Scott Poole is the David L. Swanson Professor of
Communication, Senior Research
Scientist at the National Center for Supercomputing
Applications, and Director of I-CHASS:
The Institute for Computing in the Humanities, Arts, and Social
Sciences at the University of
Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
Randall K. Stutman is Managing Partner of CRA, Inc. He is the
author of Communication in
Legal Advocacy (with Richard D. Rieke, 2008).
2
21. including photocopying and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be
trademarks or registered trademarks,
and are used only for identification and explanation without
intent to infringe.
First edition published by Pearson Education, Inc. 2001
Seventh edition published by Routledge 2016
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Folger, Joseph P., 1951– author. | Poole, Marshall
Scott, 1951– | Stutman, Randall K.,
1957–
Title: Working through conflict : strategies for relationships,
groups, and organizations /
Joseph P. Folger, Marshall Scott Poole, Randall K. Stutman.
Description: 8th edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017029114 | ISBN 9781138238954
(hardback) | ISBN 9781138233928 (pbk.)
Subjects: LCSH: Social conflict. | Conflict (Psychology) |
Conflict management. | Social
interaction. | Interpersonal conflict.
Classification: LCC HM1121 .F65 2018 | DDC 303.6—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017029114
ISBN: 978-1-138-23895-4 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-138-23392-8 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-315-29629-6 (ebk)
22. Typeset in ITC Giovanni
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
Visit the companion website at www.routledge.com/cw/folger
4
https://lccn.loc.gov/2017029114
http://www.routledge.com/cw/folger
5
To our parents:
Ed and Virginia
Ed and Helen
Bernie and Marge
6
Contents
List of Cases
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Case I.1A The Women’s Hotline Case
23. Case I.1B The Women’s Hotline Case
I.1 Conflict Defined
I.2 Arenas for Conflict
I.3 Communication Media and Conflict Interaction
I.4 Productive and Destructive Conflict Interaction
I.5 Judgments About Conflict Outcomes
I.6 Plan of the Book
I.7 Summary and Review
I.8 Activities
Chapter 1 Communication and Conflict
1.1 A Model of Effective Conflict Management
1.1.1 Moving Through Differentiation and Integration
1.1.2 Taking the Middle Path: Moving Toward Integration
1.1.3 Recognizing Destructive Cycles
1.1.4 Tacking Against the Wind
1.2 Properties of Conflict Interaction
1.2.1 Property 1: Conflict Is Constituted and Sustained by
Moves and
Countermoves During Interaction
1.2.2 Property 2: Patterns of Behavior in Conflicts Tend to
Perpetuate
Themselves
1.2.3 Property 3: Conflict Interaction Is Influenced by and in
Turn Affects
Relationships
Exhibit 1.1 Confrontation Episodes Theory
1.2.4 Property 4: Conflict Interaction Is Influenced by Context
Case 1.1 The Columnist’s Brown Bag
1.3 Summary and Review
1.4 Activities
1.5 Conclusion
24. Chapter 2 The Inner Experience of Conflict
7
kindle:embed:0006?mime=image/jpg
kindle:embed:0006?mime=image/jpg
Case 2.1 The Parking Lot Scuffle
2.1 The Psychodynamic Perspective
Exhibit 2.1 Collusion and Intractable Conflict
Case 2.2 Psychodynamic Theory and the Parking Lot Scuffle
2.2 Emotion and Conflict
Exhibit 2.2 Verbal Aggressiveness
Case 2.3 Emotion in the Parking Lot Scuffle
2.3 Social Cognition and Conflict
2.3.1 Social Knowledge About Conflict and Conflict Interaction
2.3.2 Social Cognitive Processes and Conflict
Case 2.4 Social Knowledge About Conflict and the Parking Lot
Scuffle
Case 2.5 Expectancy Violations and the Parking Lot Scuffle
Case 2.6 The Role of Attributions in the Parking Lot Scuffle
2.4 The Interaction of Psychodynamics, Emotion, and Social
Cognition in
Conflict
2.5 Summary and Review
2.6 Activities
2.7 Conclusion
Chapter 3 Conflict Interaction
3.1 Stages of Conflict
3.1.1 Rummel’s Five-Stage Model
25. 3.1.2 Pondy’s Model
3.1.3 Stage Models of Negotiation
3.1.4 Insights of Stage Models of Conflict
Case 3.1 Stage Models and the Parking Lot Scuffle
3.2 Interdependence
Case 3.2 Interdependence and the Parking Lot Scuffle
3.3 Reciprocity and Compensation
Exhibit 3.1 Can Conflict Competence Be Assessed?
Case 3.3 Reciprocity and Compensation in the Parking Lot
Scuffle
Exhibit 3.2 The Tit-For-Tat Strategy
3.4 Framing Issues in Conflict Interaction
Case 3.4 Issue Framing and the Parking Lot Scuffle
3.5 Social Identity and Intergroup Conflict
Case 3.5 Intergroup Conflict Dynamics and the Parking Lot
Scuffle
Exhibit 3.3 Counteracting the Negative Impacts of Social
Identity and
Intergroup Conflict
3.6 Summary and Review
3.7 Activities
3.8 Conclusion
Chapter 4 Conflict Styles and Strategic Conflict Interaction
4.1 Origins of Conflict Styles
Case 4.1 Conflict Styles in the Parking Lot Scuffle
8
4.2 What Is a Conflict Style?
4.3 An Expanded View of Conflict Styles
4.3.1 Competing
26. 4.3.2 Avoiding
4.3.3 Accommodating
4.3.4 Compromising
4.3.5 Collaborating
4.4 Determining the Styles of Others
4.5 Pairings of Conflict Styles
4.6 Shifting Styles During Conflict Episodes
Case 4.2 College Roommates
4.7 Selecting Conflict Styles
Exhibit 4.1 A Procedure for Selecting Conflict Styles
4.8 Cultural, Gender, and Racial Influences on Conflict Styles
4.8.1 Cultural Influences
4.8.2 Gender Influences
4.8.3 Racial and Ethnic Influences
4.9 Styles and Tactics in Practice
Case 4.3 The Would-Be Borrower
4.10 Summary and Review
4.11 Activities
4.12 Conclusion
Chapter 5 Power: The Architecture of Conflict
5.1 Power and the Emergence of Conflict
Case 5.1A A Raid on the Student Activity Fees Fund
Case 5.1B A Raid on the Student Activity Fees Fund
5.2 A Relational View of Power
5.2.1 Forms of Power
Case 5.2 The Amazing Hacker
5.2.2 Social Categorization
5.2.3 The Mystique of Power
5.2.4 Interaction
5.2.5 Legitimacy
27. 5.2.6 Endorsement and Power
5.3 Power and Conflict Interaction
Case 5.3 The Creativity Development Committee
5.4 The Use of Power in Conflict Tactics
5.4.1 Threats and Promises
5.4.2 Relational Control
5.4.3 Issue Control
5.5 The Balance of Power in Conflict
5.5.1 The Dilemmas of Strength
Case 5.4 The Copywriters’ Committee
Case 5.5 Unbalanced Intimacy
9
Case 5.6 Job Resignation at a Social Service Agency
5.5.2 The Dangers of Weakness
5.5.3 Cultural Differences in Values Concerning Power
5.6 Working with Power
5.6.1 Diagnosing the Role of Power in Conflict
5.6.2 Fostering Shared Power in Conflicts
5.6.3 Bolstering the Position of Those Not Typically in Power
5.7 Summary and Review
5.8 Activities
5.9 Conclusion
Chapter 6 Face-Saving
6.1 The Dimensions of Face
6.2 Face-Loss as It Relates to Face-Saving
28. 6.3 A Threat to Flexibility in Conflict Interaction
Case 6.1 The Professor’s Decision
Case 6.2 The Outspoken Member
Case 6.3 The Controversial Team Member
6.4 Conflict Interaction as a Face-Saving Arena
6.5 Face-Saving Frames in Conflict Interaction
6.5.1 Resisting Unjust Intimidation
6.5.2 Refusing to Give on a Position
6.5.3 Suppressing Conflict Issues
6.6 Face-Saving in Other Cultures
6.7 Face-Giving Strategies
Exhibit 6.1 Why Do Meteorologists Never Apologize?
Exhibit 6.2 Disagreeing Agreeably
6.8 Working with Face-Saving Issues
Exhibit 6.3 When Honor Can Kill
Case 6.4 The Productivity and Performance Report
6.9 Summary and Review
6.10 Activities
6.11 Conclusion
Chapter 7 Climate and Conflict Interaction
7.1 Climate and Conflict
Case 7.1 Riverdale Halfway House
7.1.1 More Precisely Defining Climate
7.1.2 Climate and Conflict Interaction
Exhibit 7.1 Identifying Climates
7.2 Working with Climate
Case 7.2 Breakup at the Bakery
Exhibit 7.2 Climate and Predicting What Marriages Survive
Case 7.3 The Expanding Printing Company
7.3 The Leader’s Impact on Climate
29. 10
Case 7.4 The Start-Up
7.4 Summary and Review
7.5 Activities
7.6 Conclusion
Chapter 8 Managing Conflict
8.1 Review of the Normative Model for Conflict Management
8.2 Navigating Differentiation
8.2.1 Framing Problems or Issues
8.2.2 Rethinking How Problems Are Defined
Case 8.1 The Psychological Evaluation Unit
8.2.3 Cultivating a Collaborative Attitude
8.2.4 Moving from Differentiation to Integration
8.3 A Procedure for Managing Conflicts
Exhibit 8.1 A Procedure for Moving Through Differentiation
and
Integration
8.4 Addressing Severe Challenges to Conflict Integration
8.4.1 Challenging Belief Systems That Escalate Conflict
Responses
8.4.2 Moving Beyond Deep Transgressions Through
Forgiveness
8.5 Dispute Systems: Managing Conflicts Within Organizations
Exhibit 8.2 What Type of a Dispute Resolution System Does an
Organization Have?
8.5.1 Working with Organizational Dispute Resolution Systems
30. 8.6 Summary and Review
8.7 Activities
8.8 Conclusion
Chapter 9 Third Party Intervention
9.1 Property 1: Conflict Interaction Is Constituted and Sustained
by Moves and
Countermoves During Interaction
9.1.1 Third Party Mandate
9.1.2 Responsiveness to Emerging Interaction
Case 9.1 Organizational Co-Heads
Case 9.2 The Family Conflict
Case 9.3 Mediator Pressure and the Intransigent Negotiator
9.2 Property 2: Patterns of Behavior in Conflict Tend to
Perpetuate Themselves
9.2.1 Third Parties and Conflict Cycles
Case 9.4 Party Process Control
Case 9.5 Neighbor Noise Problems
9.2.2 Third Parties and the Overall Shape of Conflict Behavior
Exhibit 9.1 Third Parties, Differentiation, and Integration
9.3 Property 3: Conflict Interaction Is Influenced by, and in
Turn Affects,
Relationships
9.4 Property 4: Conflict Interaction Is Influenced by the Context
in Which It
Occurs
11
9.4.1 Third Party Roles and Ideologies
31. Exhibit 9.2 Transformative Mediation: A Relational Approach
to Conflict
Intervention
9.4.2 Third Party Roles and Climate
Exhibit 9.3 Testing Your Own Ability to Intervene
Transformatively
9.5 Summary and Review
9.6 Activities
9.7 Conclusion
References
Index
12
Cases
I.1A The Women’s Hotline Case
I.1B The Women’s Hotline Case
1.1 The Columnist’s Brown Bag
2.1 The Parking Lot Scuffle
2.2 Psychodynamic Theory and the Parking Lot Scuffle
2.3 Emotion in the Parking Lot Scuffle
2.4 Social Knowledge About Conflict and the Parking Lot
Scuffle
2.5 Expectancy Violations and the Parking Lot Scuffle
2.6 The Role of Attributions in the Parking Lot Scuffle
3.1 Stage Models and the Parking Lot Scuffle
3.2 Interdependence and the Parking Lot Scuffle
3.3 Reciprocity and Compensation in the Parking Lot Scuffle
3.4 Issue Framing and the Parking Lot Scuffle
3.5 Intergroup Conflict Dynamics and the Parking Lot
Scuffle
32. 4.1 Conflict Styles in the Parking Lot Scuffle
4.2 College Roommates
4.3 The Would-Be Borrower
5.1A A Raid on the Student Activity Fees Fund
5.1B A Raid on the Student Activity Fees Fund
5.2 The Amazing Hacker
5.3 The Creativity Development Committee
5.4 The Copywriters’ Committee
5.5 Unbalanced Intimacy
5.6 Job Resignation at a Social Service Agency
6.1 The Professor’s Decision
6.2 The Outspoken Member
6.3 The Controversial Team Member
6.4 The Productivity and Performance Report
7.1 Riverdale Halfway House
7.2 Breakup at the Bakery
7.3 The Expanding Printing Company
7.4 The Start-Up
8.1 The Psychological Evaluation Unit
9.1 Organizational Co-Heads
9.2 The Family Conflict
9.3 Mediator Pressure and the Intransigent Negotiator
9.4 Party Process Control
13
9.5 Neighbor Noise Problems
14
Preface
33. The Study of Conflict
The main objective of Working Through Conflict is to provide a
summary and synthesis of
social science research and theory on conflict. It offers students
of conflict a review of the core
concepts and theoretical frameworks that enhance an
understanding of human behavior in a
wide range of conflict situations. The research and theory
covered in this book reflect the
many social science disciplines that have contributed to the
study of conflict.
Although it takes an interdisciplinary view of conflict, this book
emphasizes understanding
conflict as a communication phenomenon. It assumes that
conflict is something that people
create and shape as they interact with each other. Sometimes
conflict interaction is immediate
and face-to-face. In other instances, it is played out in a series
of moves, actions, and responses
that occur over time and in different places. This book
highlights the interactive nature of
conflict, no matter what form it takes. This focus on
communication means that readers gain
an appreciation for how mutual influence occurs, how language
and message choices shape
conflict, and how patterns of behavior and the structure of
human discourse create important
dimensions of any unfolding conflict.
In addition, Working Through Conflict offers a road map for
how theory and research can
be used to understand and influence conflict dynamics in
everyday life. The field of conflict
management is supported by a long history of useful research
and theory that forms a basis
34. for a wide variety of conflict management work. This book
demonstrates how conflicts across
settings can be understood by seeing them through a range of
theoretical lenses. It illustrates
how students of conflict can begin thinking and acting in ways
that can have profound effects
on the dynamics of difficult conflicts.
New to This Edition
We have revised this eighth edition of Working Through
Conflict to reflect new developments
in theory and research on conflict and conflict management. We
also clarified and expanded
certain discussions to make this the most user-friendly edition
to date, with special emphasis
on applying theory to practical, contemporary topics. Here are
the highlights of the changes in
this eighth edition:
Updated citations and inclusion of new literature throughout the
volume;
Suggested activities for each chapter to engage students in
exploring the meaning and
significance of the ideas discussed in the chapter;
A new section on the impact of communication media on
conflict and conflict
interaction in the Introduction;
15
Inclusion of the latest scholarship of the impact of media on
conflict throughout the
book;
Updating of Chapter 4 to include new research on conflict styles
35. and discussion of
racial and ethnic impacts on conflict styles;
A revised Chapter 5 to streamline and better define how power
is produced in
interaction and the role this plays in conflict;
A new case study has been added to Chapter 5;
Discussion of the leader’s role in shaping climate in Chapter 7.
While we capture the most current thinking about the topics
covered in this book, we have
also retained older references because they point to classic, core
work that has served as the
foundation for more recent studies. New, contemporary
scholarship is important, but we
believe that students should also be aware of the field’s
conceptual roots as represented in
classic conflict literature.
We consider conflicts occurring in a wide range of arenas, from
intimate relationships,
marriages, and friendships to group, inter-group, organizational,
and negotiation settings. This
added breadth makes the book suitable as a primary text for
courses in conflict and conflict
management, as well as a useful supplement to courses that
devote substantial attention to
conflict or third party work.
The title of this book is an intentional double entendre. Because
its major emphasis is on
communication patterns people use when attempting to manage
conflict, we hope that the
book will help people successfully work through difficult
conflicts. The book is also built on
the assumption that effective work is often promoted by the
emergence and productive use of
36. conflict. It is our hope that this book will encourage people to
confront their conflicts and to
work through them creatively rather than suppressing or
superficially “resolving” conflicts.
Developing Theory-Based Intuition
It is often said that people who are good at their work have
excellent intuition. Usually this
means that they instinctively make good decisions and employ
effective strategies to create
change or accomplish productive objectives. Intuition is often
assumed to be innate—it is seen
as a gift that some people have. But in most cases effective
professional intuition comes from a
broad background of knowledge, study, and experience gained
over time. Working Through
Conflict is written for those who want to develop their intuition
about how to react, interact,
and intervene in conflict situations. Conflict is usually
complex—it is often multilayered,
steeped in a history of events, and shaped by diverse
perspectives and understandings. As a
result, having good intuition about conflict starts by mastering a
broad repertoire of ideas—
ideas that create different explanations for why conflict
interaction moves in destructive or
constructive directions.
Working Through Conflict covers a wide range of essential
concepts and theories that
clarify the practical implications for managing conflicts in
relationships, groups, teams, and
organizations. It is a primer for those who might want to pursue
professional work in the
conflict management field as mediators, ombudspersons,
facilitators, or conciliators. It can also
37. help build a strong intuition in those who deal with conflict
daily in work and professional
16
settings and in those who want to have an impact on conflicts in
their personal lives within
families, romantic relationships, marriages, and friendships.
17
Acknowledgments
We thank Ann Bryan and David Roache for assistance and ideas
related to this revision. Once
again, we owe our greatest debt to our colleagues at the Center
for Conflict Resolution in
Madison, Wisconsin. We are very grateful to Lonnie Weiss for
her insight and help with our
analyses. We also thank Syd Bernard, Jim Carrilon, Betsy
Densmore, Robert Everett, Jay
Herman, Jan Shubert, Rick Sloan, Dennis Smith, Tommy Vines,
and Kathy Zoppi for their
responses to parts or all of the initial manuscript of the first
edition of this book. We also
thank Linda Klug, Jean Kebis, and Wayne Beach for supplying
the transcript of interaction in
Chapter 6. Subsequent editions were greatly improved by
comments from Charley Conrad,
Melissa Dobosh, Mistee Freeman, Tricia Jones, Leanne
Knobloch, Phoebe Kruger, Kevin Real,
Bethany Sills, Cynthia Stohl, Shirley A. Van Hoeven, and
38. Elizabeth Vegso.
We appreciate the feedback reviewers provided for this
revision: Stuart Allen, Corey Young,
Michael Comos, and Kathy Krone. We also want to express our
continued gratitude to
reviewers of previous editions, whose wisdom persists still:
Wayne Beach, Tom Biesecker, Lori
Carrell, Steven Colmbs, Charles R. Conrad, Alice Crume,
Robert J. Doolittle, David A. Frank,
Dennis Gouran, Bruce Gronbeck, Dale Hample, Thomas Harris,
Gary Hartzell, Tricia Jones,
Keven E. McCleary, Laura L. Jansma, Sara E. Newell, Linda
Putnam, Susan Rice, Gale
Richards, Tracy Routsong, Dale L. Shannon, Cynthia Stohl,
Michael Sunnafrank, Stella Ting-
Toomey, Shirley Van Hoeven, Hal R. Witteman, and Paul
Yelsma.
The excellent editorial and production staff at Routledge, Linda
Bathgate, Laura Briskman,
Nicole Salazar, and Jenny Guildford have greatly assisted with
the production of this volume.
Joseph P. Folger
Marshall Scott Poole
Randall K. Stutman
18
Introduction
Conflict offers a mixture of the good, the bad, and the
uncertain. On the positive side, conflicts
39. allow us to air important issues; they produce new and creative
ideas; they release built-up
tensions. Handled properly, conflicts can strengthen
relationships; they can help groups and
organizations to re-evaluate and clarify goals and missions; and
they can also initiate social
change to eliminate inequities and injustice. These advantages
suggest that conflict is normal
and healthy, and they underscore the importance of
understanding and handling conflict
properly.
But perhaps more familiar is the negative side of conflict.
Heated exchanges spiral out of
control, resulting in frustration, tension, hard feelings, and,
ultimately, more conflict. Low-
grade family conflicts, perpetuated through criticism,
arguments, nagging, and verbal abuse,
not only distance parents from children and spouses from one
another but also lower self-
esteem and create problems that can follow people throughout
their entire lives. Additionally,
conflicts are sometimes violent, not only between strangers but
also in the workplace and
within the family. Sometimes the source of frustration is not
being able to get someone else to
engage a conflict. If one friend persistently denies that a
problem exists or changes the subject
when it comes up, the other cannot discuss the things that are
bothering her or him, and the
friendship suffers. The various negative experiences we all have
with conflict are reinforced in
the media, where it often seems that the only effective way to
solve problems is to shoot
somebody.
40. Conflicts also bring uncertainty. As we will see, the great
“unpredictables” in life often arise
in interactions we have with others. Conversations, meetings,
and conflicts all have in
common the fact that they may suddenly move in unexpected
directions. Indeed, the
uncertainties that arise during conflicts often cause them to
move in negative directions.
The twists and turns of the following case—in this instance a
conflict in a small office—offer
a good illustration of the positive, negative, and uncertain sides
of conflict. The conflict in
Case 1.1 at the women’s hotline initially exhibits several
negative features and might easily
move in a destructive direction.
Case Study I.1 A The Women’s Hotline Case
Imagine yourself as a staff member in this organization. How
would you react as this
conflict unfolded? What is it about this particular conflict that
makes it seem difficult to
face—let alone solve?
Women’s Hotline is a rape and domestic crisis center in a
medium-sized city. The
center employed seven full- and part-time workers. The
workers, all women, formed a
cohesive unit and made all important decisions as a group.
There were no formal
19
41. supervisors. The hotline started as a voluntary organization and
had grown by capturing
local and federal funds. The group remained proud of its roots
in a democratic, feminist
tradition.
The atmosphere at the hotline was rather informal. The staff
members saw each other
as friends, but there was an implicit understanding that people
should not have to take
responsibility for each other’s cases. Because the hotline’s work
was draining, having to
handle each other’s worries could create an unbearable strain.
This norm encouraged
workers to work on their own and keep problems to themselves.
The conflict arose when Diane, a new counselor who had only
six months of
experience, was involved in a very disturbing incident. One of
her clients was killed by a
man who had previously raped her. Diane had trouble dealing
with this incident. She felt
guilty about it; she questioned her own ability and asked herself
whether she might have
been able to prevent this tragedy. In the months following,
Diane had increasing
difficulty in coping with her feelings and began to feel that her
co-workers were not
giving her the support she needed. Diane had no supervisor to
turn to, and, although her
friends outside the hotline were helpful, she did not believe
they could understand the
pressure as well as her co-workers could.
Since the murder, Diane had not been able to work to full
capacity, and she began to
42. notice some resentment from the other counselors. She felt the
other staff members were
more concerned about whether she was adding to their
workloads than whether she was
recovering from the traumatic incident. Although Diane did not
realize it at the time,
most of the staff members felt she had been slow to take on
responsibilities even before
her client was killed. They thought Diane had generally asked
for more help than other
staff members and that these requests were adding to their own
responsibilities. No one
was willing to tell Diane about these feelings after the incident
because they realized she
was very disturbed. After six months, Diane believed she could
no longer continue to
work effectively. She felt pressure from the others at the center,
and she was still shaken
by the tragedy. She requested two weeks off with pay to get
away from the work
situation for a while, to reduce the stress she felt, and to come
back with renewed energy.
The staff, feeling that Diane was slacking off, denied this
request. They responded by
outlining, in writing, what they saw as the responsibilities of a
full-time staff worker.
Diane was angry when she realized her request had been denied,
and she decided to file a
formal work grievance.
Diane and the staff felt bad about having to resort to such a
formal, adversarial
procedure. No staff member had ever filed a work grievance,
and the group was
embarrassed by its inability to deal with the problem on a more
informal basis. These
43. feelings created additional tension between Diane and the staff.
Discussion Questions
Can you foresee any benefits to this conflict?
Is it possible to foresee whether a conflict will move in a
constructive or
destructive direction?
What clues would lead you to believe that this conflict is going
to be productive?
20
Several elements of this case suggest a move in a negative
direction. First, the situation at the
hotline was tense and threatening. This was a difficult time for
the workers. Even for “old
hands” at negotiation, conflicts are often unpleasant and
frightening. Second, the parties
experienced a great deal of uncertainty. They were unable to
understand what was going on
and how their behavior affected the conflict. Conflicts are
confusing; actions can have
consequences quite different from what is intended because the
situation is more complicated
than we had assumed. Diane did not know her co-workers
thought she was slacking even
before the tragedy. When she asked for time off she was
surprised at their refusal, and her
angry reaction nearly started a major battle. Third, the situation
was fragile. A conflict may
evolve in very different ways depending on the behavior of just
a single worker. If, for
example, the staff chose to fire Diane, the conflict may have
44. been squelched, or it may fester
and undermine relationships among the remaining staff. If, on
the other hand, Diane won
allies, the others might split over the issue and ultimately
dissolve the hotline. As the case
continues, observe staff members’ behavior and their method of
dealing with this tense and
unfamiliar situation.
Case Study I.1B The Women’s Hotline Case (Continued)
Imagine yourself in the midst of this conflict. What would you
recommend this group do
to promote a constructive outcome to this conflict?
The committee who received Diane’s grievance suggested that
they could handle the
problem in a less formal way if both Diane and the staff agreed
to accept a neutral, third
party mediator. Everyone agreed that this suggestion had
promise, and a third party was
invited to a meeting where the entire staff could address the
issue.
At this meeting, the group faced a difficult task. Each member
offered reactions they
had been previously unwilling to express. The staff made
several pointed criticisms of
Diane’s overall performance. Diane expressed doubts about the
staff’s willingness to help
new workers or to give support when it was requested. Although
this discussion was
often tense, it was well directed. At the outset of the meeting,
Diane withdrew her formal
complaint. This action changed the definition of the problem
from the immediate work
45. grievance to the question of what levels of support were
required for various people to
work effectively in this difficult and emotionally draining
setting.
Staff members shared doubts and fears about their own
inadequacies as counselors and
agreed that something less than perfection was acceptable. The
group recognized that a
collective inertia had developed and that they had consistently
avoided giving others the
support needed to deal with difficult rape cases. They
acknowledged, however, the
constraints on each woman’s time; each worker could handle
only a limited amount of
stress. The group recognized that some level of mutual support
was essential and felt that
they had fallen below an acceptable level over the past year and
a half. One member
suggested that any staff person should be able to ask for a
“debriefing contract” whenever
he or she felt in need of help or support. These contracts would
allow someone to ask for
21
ten minutes of another person’s time to hear about a particularly
disturbing issue or case.
The group adopted this suggestion because they saw that it
could allow members to
seek help without overburdening one other. The person who was
asked to listen could
assist and give needed support without feeling that she had to
46. “fix” another worker’s
problem. Diane continued to work at the center and found that
her abilities and
confidence increased as the group provided the support she
needed.
Discussion Questions
In what ways did the parties in this conflict show “good faith”?
Is “good faith” participation a necessary prerequisite to
constructive conflict
resolution?
This is a textbook case in effective conflict management
because it led to a solution that all
parties accepted. The members of this group walked a tightrope
throughout the conflict, yet
they managed to avoid a fall. The tension, unpleasantness,
uncertainty, and fragility of conflict
situations makes them hard to face. Because these problems
make it difficult to deal with
issues constructively and creatively, conflicts are often
terminated by force, by uncomfortable
suppression of issues, or simply by exhaustion after a prolonged
fight—all outcomes that leave
at least one party dissatisfied. Engaging a conflict is often like
making a bet against the odds:
you can win big if it turns out well, but so many things can go
wrong that many are unwilling
to chance it.
The key to working through conflict is not to minimize its
disadvantages, or even to
emphasize its positive functions, but to accept both and to try to
understand how conflicts
move in destructive or productive directions. This calls for a
47. careful analysis of both the
specific behaviors and the interaction patterns involved in
conflict and the forces that
influence these patterns.
This chapter introduces you to conflict as an interaction system.
We first define conflict and
then introduce the four arenas for interpersonal conflict that this
book explores. Following
this, we discuss an important reference point—the distinction
between productive and
destructive conflict interaction—and the behavioral cycles that
move conflict in positive and
negative directions. Finally, we lay out the plan of this book,
which is written to examine the
key dynamics of conflict interaction and the forces that
influence them.
I.1 Conflict Defined
Conflict is the interaction of interdependent parties who
perceive incompatibility and the
possibility of interference from others as a result of this
incompatibility. Several features of
this definition warrant further discussion.
The most important feature of conflict is that it is a type of
human interaction. Conflicts are
constituted and sustained by the behaviors of the parties
involved and their reactions to one
another, particularly verbal and nonverbal communication.
Conflict interaction takes many
22
48. forms, and each form presents special problems and requires
special handling. The most
familiar type of conflict interaction is marked by shouting
matches or open competition in
which each party tries to defeat the other. But conflicts can also
be more subtle. People may
react to conflict by suppressing it. A husband and wife may
communicate in ways that allow
them to avoid confrontation, either because they are afraid the
conflict may damage a fragile
relationship or because they convince themselves that the issue
“isn’t worth fighting over.”
This response is as much a part of the conflict process as fights
and shouting matches. This
book deals with the whole range of responses to conflict and
how those responses affect the
development of conflicts.
People in conflict perceive that there is some existing
incompatibility with others and that
this incompatibility may prompt others to interfere with their
own desires, goals, personal
comforts, or communication preferences. The key word here is
perceive. Regardless of whether
incompatibility actually exists, if the parties believe
incompatibility exists then conditions are
ripe for conflict. Whether one employee really stands in the way
of a co-worker’s promotion,
or if the co-worker interprets the employee’s behavior as
interfering with his promotion, then
a conflict is likely to ensue. Communication is important
because it is the key to shaping and
maintaining the perceptions that guide conflict behavior.
Communication problems can be an important source of
incompatibility. You may have
49. experienced times when you got into a disagreement with
someone else, only to realize it was
due to a misunderstanding rather than a real conflict of interest.
However, although
communication problems may contribute to conflicts, most
conflicts cannot be reduced to
communication. Rather, real conflicts of interest underlie most
serious conflicts.
Conflict interaction is influenced by the interdependence of the
parties. Interdependence
determines parties’ incentives in the conflict. There is an
incentive to cooperate when parties
perceive that gains by one will promote gains by the other or
losses for one party will result in
corresponding losses for the other. There is an incentive to
compete when parties believe that
one’s gain will be the other’s loss. Resentment of Diane built up
among the other workers at
the hotline because they felt that if she got what she needed—
time off—it would result in more
work and pressure for them. This set up a competitive situation
that resulted in conflict
escalation. However, purely competitive (or cooperative)
situations rarely occur. In most real
situations there is a mixture of incentives to cooperate and to
compete. The other staff
members at the hotline wanted to maintain a cordial atmosphere,
and several liked Diane.
This compensated, to some degree, for their resentment of
Diane and set the stage for a
successful third party intervention.
The greater the interdependence among parties, the more
significant the consequences of
their behaviors are for each other. The conflict at the hotline
50. would not have occurred if
Diane’s behavior had not irritated the other workers and if their
response had not threatened
Diane’s position. Furthermore, any action taken in response to a
conflict affects both sides.
The decision to institute a “debriefing contract” required
considerable change by everyone. If
Diane had been fired, that, too, would have affected the other
workers; they would have had
to cover Diane’s cases and come to terms with themselves as
co-workers who could be
accused of being unresponsive or insensitive.
There is one final wrinkle to interdependence: When parties are
interdependent they can
potentially aid or interfere with each other. Parties know at
least something about their
23
respective abilities to cooperate or to compete, and their
interpretations of one another’s
communication and actions shape how the conflict develops. In
some instances, one party
may believe that having his or her point accepted is more
important, at least for the moment,
than proposing a mutually beneficial outcome. When Diane
asked for two weeks off she was
probably thinking not of the group’s best interest, but of her
own needs. In other cases,
someone may advance a proposal designed to benefit everyone,
as when the staff member
suggested the debriefing contract. In other instances, a comment
may be offered with
51. cooperative intent, but others may interpret it as one that
advances an individual interest.
Regardless of whether the competitive motive is intended by the
speaker or assigned by
others, the interaction unfolds from that point under the
assumption that the speaker is
competitive. As we will see, subsequent interaction is colored
by this negative interpretation,
and parties’ experiences may further undermine their
willingness to cooperate in a self-
reinforcing cycle. The same cyclical process also can occur with
cooperation, creating positive
momentum.
I.2 Arenas for Conflict
This book examines a broad range of conflicts in four general
settings. One important conflict
arena is the interpersonal relationship. Interpersonal conflicts
include those between spouses,
siblings, friends, and roommates. But interpersonal
relationships are broader than this,
encompassing those among co-workers, supervisors and
employees, landlords and tenants,
and neighbors. Interpersonal conflicts tell us a great deal about
styles of conflict interaction,
emotional and irrational impulses, and the diversity of resources
people exchange in short- or
long-term relationships.
A second important genre of conflicts are those that occur in
groups or teams. This arena
includes families, work teams, small businesses, classes, clubs,
juries, and even therapy or
consciousness-raising groups. Because much work is done in
groups, this arena has been
studied extensively and offers a wide range of conflict
52. situations for analysis. Conflicts in this
arena offer insights about group cohesion; the influence of
climates, coalitions, and working
habits; and the distribution of power.
A third important arena for conflict is the organization. Many
relationships and groups are
embedded in organizations. Organizations often engender
conflict when they create issues for
parties, such as struggles over promotions, battles over which
projects should be funded, and
debates over strategic directions. Sometimes conflicts in
organizations are displaced; parties
angry due to perceived personal slights may express their
frustration in ways that are more
legitimate to the organization, such as attacking a plan the
transgressor is presenting in a
meeting. By cloaking their personal grievance in formal terms,
they are able to exercise their
anger. Organizations also constrain conflict behavior. In an
organization that is comfortable
with disagreement, expressing conflict is acceptable. In one that
is uncomfortable, conflicts
may be suppressed.
Finally, the book examines conflicts that occur in intergroup
settings. In this case, the focus
is on individuals as representatives of social groups rather than
as unique individuals. This
arena includes conflicts among people who represent different
gender, ethnic, or cultural
groups. Intergroup conflicts can also arise among parties who
are viewed as representatives of
24
53. different teams, organizations, or political action groups. In
these conflicts, the individual’s
identity is supplanted by issues of group identity. Prejudice,
stereotyping, and ideologies often
come into play (Putnam & Poole, 1987).
The four arenas differ in several respects. One obvious
difference is in the number of parties
typically involved in a conflict. Interpersonal conflicts are
characterized by face-to-face
exchanges among a small number of people. The parties may
belong to a larger group or
organization (e.g., siblings are part of the same family), but the
divisive issues are personally
“owned” by the parties. The conflict plays out between them
and does not involve the group
as a whole. Group conflicts are focused on issues related to a
group as a unit. The parties
generally interacted with each other in meetings or work
settings and attempted to reach
decisions for the group. The divisive issues in these conflicts
are centered on the group itself.
Organizational conflicts have implications for the organization
beyond specific individuals or
groups. They include conflicts between parties from different
departments or levels of the
organization and may draw in other people such as managers or
human resource
professionals. The conflicts may be complex and open-ended in
terms of the number of people
involved. Intergroup conflicts involve parties representing two
or more large groups such as
organizations, cultural groups, or genders. Issues in intergroup
disputes are often carried over
54. from long-standing grievances and conflicts between the
“parent” units.
As the number of parties involved in a conflict increases,
important features of the
interaction change as well. For example, in interpersonal
conflicts, people usually speak for
themselves. In group, organizational, or intergroup conflicts,
spokespersons, representatives, or
various counselors such as attorneys, union representatives, and
presidents of organizations,
are more likely to speak for the collective. In addition, the
group, team, or organizational
climate becomes important as the number of people in a conflict
increases.
These arenas of conflict also differ in the type of
interdependence that typically exists
among the parties. The resources available to parties shift
across these contexts. In
interpersonal relationships, parties depend on each other for a
wide range of emotional,
psychological, and material resources (Cahn, 1990; Levinger,
1976; Roloff, 1981). The resources
involved in interpersonal relationships include emotional
support; images one holds of oneself
as a talented, generous, loving, sensuous, or loyal person;
financial security; and the ability to
meet physical needs. In group, organizational, and intergroup
conflicts, the range of
interdependence is generally narrower. In task-oriented units,
people are dependent on each
other for achieving the goals the group has set for itself, for
financial security (if the group
provides income for members), and for a person’s professional
or public identity (e.g., images
55. parties hold of themselves as competent, fair-minded, or
cooperative). In intergroup
relationships, individuals are dependent on each other for the
advancement and continuation
of the group vis-à-vis other groups (e.g., some Shiites in Iraq
worked to achieve control by
attacking other groups such as the Sunnis), and also for their
identities as members of a well-
defined social unit (e.g., the sense of self one has as a human
being, a Christian, a Hispanic
American, a Republican). The different types of
interdependence in each arena make the use
of power different in each of them.
Although these arenas differ in important ways, they are similar
in one important sense: In
all of them interaction is central to conflict (Roloff, 1987a).
Regardless of the number of parties
involved or the type of interdependence among them, conflict
unfolds as a series of moves and
25
countermoves premised on people’s perceptions, expectations,
and strategies. Because of this
fundamental similarity, many of the principles of conflict
examined apply across the arenas.
As Putnam and Folger (1988, p. 350) put it:
Theoretical principles apply across (conflict) contexts because
interaction processes form the foundation of conflict
management. Fundamental to all conflicts are the series of
actions and reactions, moves and countermoves, planning of
communication strategies, perceptions, and interpretations of
56. messages that directly affect substantive outcomes.
The centrality of interaction to all four arenas creates
commonalities across them as well. For
example, violent exchanges can occur in interpersonal, group,
organizational, or intergroup
conflicts. So too, can parties engage in negotiation in any of
these settings. Because labor-
management or political negotiations are the most commonly
reported examples in the media,
people often think of negotiation or bargaining as a separate
arena. However, husbands and
wives can negotiate divorce agreements, a professor and student
can negotiate a grade,
environmental groups can negotiate a land-use policy, or
neighborhood groups can negotiate
historical preservation standards. Another aspect of conflict
common to all four arenas is
power, because power is integral to all forms of
interdependence. These and other
commonalities are explored throughout this book.
I.3 Communication Media and Conflict Interaction
Conflict is also shaped by the communication media parties
utilize in all four arenas. Conflict
interaction differs in face-to-face, telephone, email, and social
media contexts because each
medium offers different capabilities. Scholars have been
working to sort out the impacts media
have on conflict. One influential theory—media richness
theory—argues that media vary in
terms of their ability to transmit information that will change
understanding in others (Rice &
Leonardi, 2014).The richness of a medium depends on four
factors: (1) its ability to handle
multiple information cues simultaneously; (2) its ability to
57. facilitate rapid feedback; (3) its
ability to personalize the message; and (4) its ability to utilize
natural language. Commonly
used media can be ranked in terms of richness, with a ranking
being (from richest to poorest):
face-to-face communication, telephone call, text message,
electronic mail, paper memo, and a
numerical table. The basic premise of media richness theory is
that media choice should
depend on the ambiguity there is in a task or situation. Rich
media are more effective for
highly ambiguous situations, and in less ambiguous situations
“leaner” media are workable
and more efficient.
Conflicts are highly ambiguous, so richer media would be
expected to promote more
effective conflict interaction. Based on media richness theory,
we would expect face-to-face
communication to be more effective for managing conflict than
email or social media because
it allows multiple cues (verbal, visual, and aural),
personalization, rapid feedback, and natural
language. Electronic mail and social media allow fewer cues,
and email may also have slower
feedback if not checked constantly. Readers who have
inadvertently sparked a conflict because
of a poorly worded email or text message know firsthand the
limitations of text-based media
compared to face-to-face communication.
Studies of virtual relationships and groups—those whose
members are distributed across
different locations (and often time zones) and who use
information and communication
58. 26
technologies for most of their communication—indicate that
they are more likely to
experience conflict than collocated relationships and groups
(Garner & Poole, 2013). Conflicts
in virtual relationships and groups are worsened by the absence
of a common physical
context, which makes it difficult to establish mutual
understanding and gives rise to
misinterpretations and mistaken conclusions about others
parties’ motives. Consider, for
example, a case in which one party is teleconferencing from
home and is distracted by his
children’s interruptions. He may come across as confused and
disinterested to the other party
(who is not aware of the distracting children), and the other may
conclude with irritation that
the first party is not committed to their common task, setting
the stage for a conflict. If more
than one person is at each location in a distributed group, then
distance can also foster a “we”
versus “they” orientation between the sites, which increases the
likelihood of conflict.
While it does give some important insights into the impact of
media on conflict, the media
richness perspective is overly simplistic. As everyone knows,
information and communication
technologies (ICT) also give us capabilities that traditional
face-to-face, telephone, and written
modes of communication do not. Communicating via email is
slower, but it also gives the
sender time to reflect and compose a message more thoughtfully
59. than he or she may in face-
to-face conversation. Hence, when used properly, email may
facilitate conflict management
(Caughlin, Basinger, & Sharabi, 2016).The lack of nonverbal
cues in text and email also may
enable parties to focus more on the content of the conflict, as
opposed to negative emotions
conveyed by eye contact, facial expression, and tone of voice.
Perry and Werner-Wilson (2011)
report that some relational partners utilize ICTs in conflicts
because these media allow them to
get their emotions under control and communicate more clearly.
Emojis, pictures, and links
inserted into emails and text messages add additional meaning
and can be used to move the
discussion in a positive direction.
Experience with a medium can also increase our skill in using
it. Carlson and Zmud (1999)
argued that greater experience with a medium causes this
channel to “expand” in the
information it can carry. Email may seem low in richness to a
novice user, but more
experienced users learn that they can make email messages
richer by using emoticons, emojis,
pictures, attachments, etc. A channel can also expand between
two people or a group who use
a common medium. They can develop understanding of one
another’s styles and work out
common code words to stand in for complex ideas. People who
often text or tweet one
another are well aware of this.
Of course, not all capabilities afforded by ICTs are beneficial.
Twitter and other social
media also enable “mobs” to level online attacks. Online
60. bullying, stalking, and troll attacks
operate at a level and intensity unthinkable in most face-to-face
interactions. The relative
anonymity provided by the internet facilitates—and some argue
encourages—such negative
conflict behaviors (Lowry, Zhang, Wang, & Siponen, 2016).
I.4 Productive and Destructive Conflict Interaction
As previously noted, people often associate conflict with
negative outcomes. However, there
are times when conflicts must be addressed regardless of the
apprehension they create. When
parties have differences and the issues are important,
suppressing conflict is often more
dangerous than facing it. The psychologist Irving Janis points to
a number of famous political
27
disasters, such as the failure to anticipate the Japanese attack on
Pearl Harbor, where poor
decisions can be traced to the repression of conflict by key
decision-making groups (Janis,
1972). The critical question is this: what forms of conflict
interaction will yield obvious
benefits without tearing a relationship, a group, a team, or an
organization apart?
The sociologist Lewis Coser (1956) distinguished realistic from
nonrealistic conflicts.
Realistic conflicts are based on disagreements over the means to
an end or over the ends
themselves. In realistic conflicts, the interaction focuses on the
substantive issues the
61. participants must address to resolve their underlying
incompatibilities. Nonrealistic conflicts
are expressions of aggression in which the sole end is to defeat
or hurt the other. Participants
in nonrealistic conflicts serve their own interests by
undercutting those of the other party
involved. Coser argues that because nonrealistic conflicts are
oriented toward the expression
of aggression, force and coercion are the means for resolving
these disputes. Realistic conflicts,
on the other hand, foster a wide range of resolution
techniques—force, negotiation, persuasion,
even voting—because they are oriented toward the resolution of
some substantive problem.
Although Coser’s analysis is somewhat oversimplified, it is
insightful and suggests important
contrasts between productive and destructive conflict
interaction.
What criteria can be used to decide whether a conflict is
productive? In large part,
productive conflict interaction depends on flexibility. In
constructive conflicts, members
engage in a wide variety of behaviors ranging from coercion and
threat to negotiation, joking,
and relaxation to reach an acceptable solution. In contrast,
parties in destructive conflicts are
likely to be much less flexible because their goal is more
narrowly defined: they are trying to
defeat each other. Destructive conflict interaction is likely to
result in uncontrolled escalation
or prolonged attempts to avoid issues. In productive conflict, on
the other hand, the
interaction changes direction often. Short cycles of escalation,
de-escalation, avoidance, and
constructive work on an issue are likely to occur as participants
62. attempt to manage conflict.
Consider the Women’s Hotline Case. The workers exhibited a
wide range of interaction
styles, from the threat of a grievance to the cooperative attempt
to reach a mutually
satisfactory solution. Even though Diane and others engaged in
hostile or threatening
interactions, they did not persist in this mode, and when the
conflict threatened to escalate,
they called in a third party. The conflict showed all of the
hallmarks of productive interaction.
In a destructive conflict, the members might have responded to
Diane’s grievance by
suspending her, and Diane might have retaliated by suing or by
attempting to discredit the
center in the local newspaper. Her retaliation would have
hardened others’ positions, and they
might have fired her, leading to further retaliation.
In an alternative scenario, the Hotline conflict might have ended
in destructive avoidance.
Diane might have hidden her problem, and the other workers
might have consciously or
unconsciously abetted her by changing the subject when the
murder came up or by avoiding
talking to her at all. Diane’s problem would probably have
grown worse, and she might have
had to quit. The center then would have reverted back to
“normal” until the same problem
surfaced again. Although the damage caused by destructive
avoidance is much less serious in
this case than that caused by destructive escalation, it is still
considerable: The Hotline loses a
good worker, and the seeds for future losses remain. In both
cases, it is not the behaviors
63. themselves that are destructive—neither avoidance nor hostile
arguments are harmful in
themselves—but rather the inflexibility of the parties that locks
them into escalation or
28
avoidance cycles.
In productive conflicts, all parties believe they can work
together to attain important goals
and meet their needs (Deutsch, 1973). Productive conflict
interaction exhibits a sustained effort
to bridge the apparent incompatibility of positions. This is in
marked contrast to destructive
conflicts, where the interaction is premised on participants’
beliefs that one side must win and
the other must lose. Productive conflict interaction results in a
solution satisfactory to all and
produces a general feeling that the parties have gained
something (e.g., a new idea, greater
clarity of others’ positions, or a stronger sense of solidarity). In
some cases, the win-lose
orientation of destructive conflict stems from the fear of losing.
Parties attempt to defeat
alternative proposals because they believe that if their positions
are not accepted they will lose
resources, self-esteem, or the respect of others. In other cases,
win-lose interaction is sparked
not by competitive motives, but by the parties’ fear of working
through a difficult conflict.
Groups that rely on voting to reach decisions often call for a
vote when discussion becomes
heated and the members do not see any other immediate way out
64. of a hostile and threatening
situation. Any further attempt to discuss the alternatives or to
pursue the reasons behind
people’s positions seems risky. A vote can put a quick end to
threatening interaction, but it
also induces a win-lose orientation that can easily trigger
destructive cycles. Group members
whose proposals are rejected must resist a natural tendency to
be less committed to the chosen
solutions and avoid trying to “even the score” in future
conflicts.
Productive conflict interaction is sometimes competitive. Both
parties must stand up for
their own positions and strive for understanding if a
representative outcome is to be attained.
This may result in tension and hostility as they work through
the issues, but it should be
regarded as a difficult path to a higher goal. Although parties in
productive conflicts adhere
strongly to their positions, they are also open to movement
when convinced that such
movement will result in the best decision. The need to preserve
power, to save face, or to
make their opponent look bad does not stand in the way of
change. In contrast, during
destructive conflicts parties may become polarized, and the
defense of a “noble,”
nonnegotiable position often becomes more important than
working out a viable solution.
Of course, this description of productive and destructive
conflict interaction is an
idealization. It is rare that a conflict exhibits all the
constructive or destructive qualities just
mentioned. Most conflicts exhibit both productive and
65. destructive interactions. However,
better conflict management will result if parties can sustain
productive conflict interaction
patterns, and it is to this end that this book is dedicated.
I.5 Judgments About Conflict Outcomes
To this point we have focused on assessing conflict interaction.
This is because we believe it is
important to know where a conflict is heading while we are in
the midst of it. But the
outcomes of conflicts are also important. Parties must live with
the outcomes, and whether
they accept and are satisfied with them determines whether the
conflict is resolved or
continues to smolder, waiting for some future spark to set it off
again.
The most obvious and most desirable outcome measure would
give an objective account of
the gains and losses that result for each party. If these can be
assessed in an objective way for
each party they can then be compared to determine how fair the
outcome of the conflict was
29
and whether a better outcome was possible. We can determine
relative gains and losses in
more or less objective terms if the outcome can be stated in
numerical terms. Some numerical
measures use values that correspond to real things (e.g., money
or the number of hours in a
day someone agrees to work), whereas others simply measure
value on an arbitrary scale such
66. as the “utility” of an outcome to a party.
As desirable as it is, determining gains and losses is more
difficult for outcomes that cannot
be reduced to numerical terms. For example, the outcome of a
conflict between a brother and
sister over who gets the corner bedroom is difficult to quantify,
though a winner and loser can
be identified immediately afterward—who got the bedroom?
However, over the longer term,
the “winner” may discover that he or she finds the room too hot
because the sun beats
through the windows in the afternoon and too noisy because it is
right over the game room.
Outcomes, such as bedrooms, are complicated to measure, and
while there might be gains on
some dimensions, there may be losses on other dimensions.
Whether there is an overall gain
or loss depends as much on what aspects parties choose to
emphasize the actual values of the
items. If the winner chooses to regard the sun as cheerful (but
hot!) and instead focuses on the
nice furniture in the room, outcomes are more favorable than if
heat is the main emphasis.
Moreover, as our example illustrates, outcomes can change over
time. What appears to be a
fine outcome right after the conflict is settled may turn out to be
negative over the long run,
and vice versa.
A second way to evaluate conflicts is in terms of the level of
satisfaction people feel about
the resolution. One definition of an integrative resolution is that
solution which all parties are
most satisfied with. This criterion avoids some of the
limitations of objective outcome
67. measures because we can always determine parties’ perceptions
and evaluations, even when
there is no direct measure of outcomes. The satisfaction
criterion also enables us to compare
outcomes—at least in relative terms—because parties may be
more or less satisfied.
Two other judgments that can be made about conflict outcomes
concern their fairness. Two
types of fairness, or social justice, have a bearing on evaluation
of conflict outcomes.
Distributive justice refers to the fair allocation of resources
among two or more recipients.
Procedural justice is concerned with the fairness of the process
by which decisions are made to
resolve the conflict.
The answer to the key question regarding distributive justice—
have outcomes been
allocated fairly?—depends on the value system we apply.
Thompson (1998, p. 194)
distinguished three value systems: (a) “The equality rule, or
blind justice, prescribes equal
shares for all.” The U.S. legal system is an example of this
value system. (b) “The equity rule,
or proportionality of contributions principle, prescribes that
distribution should be
proportional to a person’s contribution.” A case in which it was
decided that workers who put
in more hours on a project should get a greater share of the
bonus earned than should those
who put in relatively little effort would be following the equity
rule. (c) “The needs-based rule,
or welfare-based allocation, states that benefits should be
proportional to need.” Universities
give out much of their financial aid based on this principle.
68. Exactly what is regarded as a just
outcome will differ depending on which of these three systems
applies.
Judgments about procedural justice focus on the process by
which outcomes are determined
and concern whether this process is legitimate and fair.
Consider the example of grade
appeals. Most colleges have specific procedures in place to
handle student grade appeals. In
30
one college, there is a three-step process. The student must first
talk to the instructor. If this
does not result in a satisfactory resolution, the student can then
appeal to the department
chair. The next step is to take the appeal to a committee
consisting of three professors and four
students. There are detailed rules specifying what types of
evidence are required and how the
committee hearing will be held. The procedure allows each
appeal to be thoroughly
considered. The final step involves judgment by the student’s
peers, who are in the majority
on the committee that makes the final determination. The
process is set up the way it is so
that both students and faculty will agree that there has been a
fair hearing. Regardless of the
outcome, if students and faculty believe they have participated
in a legitimate process, they
are more likely to accept the outcome, and they are also likely
to have their faith in the
“system” renewed. So, procedural justice can be just as
69. important as the actual outcome.
In evaluating the outcomes of conflict, it is important not to
overemphasize one of these
four criteria—gains and losses, satisfaction, distributive justice,
or procedural justice—so much
that we forget about the others. Each of the outcomes may cloud
the others. For example, an
objectively good outcome for both parties may also be
perceived as unfair because the proper
procedures were not followed. And an outcome that satisfies
both parties may be grossly
unfair from the viewpoint of distributive justice. Ideally all four
criteria will be considered in
evaluating the outcomes of a conflict.
I.6 Plan of the Book
The key question this book addresses is: how does conflict
interaction develop destructive
patterns—radical escalation, prolonged or inappropriate
avoidance of conflict issues,
inflexibility— rather than constructive patterns leading to
productive conflict management? A
good way to understand conflict interaction is to think of parties
in a conflict as poised on a
precipice. The crest represents productive conflict management
and the chasm below the
downward spiral into destructive conflict. Maintaining a
productive approach to a conflict
requires diligence and the ability to strike a careful balance
among all of the forces that
influence interpersonal conflict interaction. Managed properly,
these forces can be used to
maintain a proper balance and to keep the conflict on a
constructive path. However, lack of
attention to powerful dynamics surrounding conflicts can propel
70. them into developing a
momentum that pushes the parties over the edge.
This book considers several major forces that direct conflicts
and examines the problems
people encounter in trying to control these forces to regulate
their own conflict interactions.
To sort out the most influential forces in moving conflicts in
destructive or constructive
directions, we examine the major theoretical perspectives on
communication and conflict.
Chapter 1 offers an introduction to communication in conflict
centered on four properties of
conflict interaction, each of which highlights key influences on
conflict. Chapter 2 focuses on
the inner experience of conflict—psychological dynamics that
influence conflict interaction,
specifically emotion and social cognitive processes that affect
conflict. Chapter 3 then
considers conflict interaction and explores several processes
that affect conflict.
Building on this theoretical foundation, we devote the next four
chapters to understanding
important forces that influence conflict interaction—styles,
power, face-saving, and climate—
and how to work with each of them to encourage productive
conflict management. Chapter 8
31
discusses conflict management. Chapter 9 turns to third party
intervention in conflicts and
examines how third parties can facilitate constructive conflict
71. interaction.
I.7 Summary and Review
What Is Conflict?
Conflict is interaction among parties who are interdependent
and perceive incompatibility
with one another. It is important to recognize that conflicts can
be driven by perceptions, not
merely by the objective situation. Interdependence plays a
critical role in conflict because it
sets up tendencies to compete or cooperate that drive conflict
interaction.
What Are Important Arenas for Conflict?
Interpersonal conflicts occur in interpersonal relationships,
small groups, organizations, and
intergroup settings. Each of these arenas differs in terms of the
number of people potentially
involved in the conflict and in the type of interdependence
among parties. They have in
common the fact that conflict in all four arenas is first and
foremost a type of interaction.
What Is the Role of Communication Media in Conflict?
Communication media influence how parties in the conflict can
interact. Some media carry
more information than others and this can shape parties’
perceptions of one another,
sometimes in productive ways and sometimes in destructive
ways. The impacts of media on
conflict depend on parties’ experience and skill at using them to
communicate.
72. What Is the Role of Interaction in Conflict?
Conflicts are constituted by interaction among parties in that
conflicts only exist in the moves
and countermoves of parties. Conflicts unfold as parties act
them out. This means that conflict
is never wholly under the control of any single party; all parties
involved have at least some
degree of control over how the conflict is to be pursued over
time. One particularly strong
force in conflict interaction is the tendency of behavioral cycles
to be self-reinforcing, such
that competitive behavior begets competition in response, and
cooperative behavior prompts
cooperative responses, and so on, in a repeating spiral.
Can Different Types of Conflict Be Distinguished?
Scholars have distinguished productive from destructive modes
of conflict. In productive
conflicts, parties take flexible approaches and believe a
mutually acceptable solution can be
developed. Destructive conflicts are characterized by inflexible
behavior and attempts to
defeat the other party. In destructive conflicts, parties’ goals
often shift from achieving an
acceptable outcome to defeating the other party, regardless of
other considerations. It is worth
noting, however, that destructiveness and competitiveness are
not synonyms. Competition can
32
73. occur in constructive conflicts; it just never leads parties to
excesses.
What Are the Standards by Which Conflict Outcomes Can Be
Evaluated?
We can distinguish four different criteria that can be used to
evaluate conflict outcomes—
objective gains/losses, participant satisfaction, distributive
justice, and procedural justice.
Because most conflicts are complex, it is desirable to use more
than one of these criteria to
judge the quality of outcomes for participants.
What Are the Major Factors Influencing Conflict Interaction?
As we will see in the remainder of this book, particularly
important factors are conflict styles
and strategies, power, face-saving, and climate. Several other
psychological and social
dynamics also play a role in conflicts, and we will consider
them as well. One moral of this
book is that conflict is a complex phenomenon, and that no
single factor is the key to effective
conflict management. Like all communication skills, conflict
management requires us to be
aware of the forces that influence conflict and to be capable of
working with those forces to
channel conflicts in productive directions.
I.8 Activities
1. Free associate conflict: Write down twenty words that
describe conflict as you see it.
Now look over your list. What are the main themes in your list?
What does it tell you
74. about how you view conflict? Have a friend look over the list
and tell you how they
think you see conflict. What themes do they see in your list?
2. Think of a conflict you participated in. It can be one that was
resolved sometime ago
or one you are currently involved in. What types of
interdependence do you and the
other party have? Did media play a role in your conflict, and if
so, how did media
affect your conflict? Was your interaction with the other party
primarily productive
or destructive? What were the outcomes of the conflict?
33
Chapter 1
Communication and Conflict
We have argued that conflicts are best understood if we view
them as a form of interaction.
But interaction is an extraordinarily complicated phenomenon.
How can we get a grasp on
what happens in conflicts? How can we use that knowledge to
turn conflict interaction in
productive directions?
This chapter provides an introduction to conflict interaction.
First, we describe a model of
conflict interaction as a “balancing act.” The model proposes
that in order to manage a conflict
effectively, parties must first articulate and understand the
differences in their positions and
interests. Only after this has been done can they move toward a
75. mutually acceptable,
integrative solution. However, this is a precarious process,
fraught with difficulties. If parties
make the wrong moves, their differentiation may spiral into
uncontrollable escalation or,
alternatively, to rigid suppression and avoidance of a conflict
that they should be able to face
and manage. Walking the tightrope to productive conflict
management requires insight into
the forces that push conflict in negative directions and the
appropriate actions required to
control them.
The second part of this chapter presents four basic properties of
conflict interaction which
suggest a number of factors that are important in conflicts.
These factors, discussed in
subsequent chapters, can move conflict in productive and
destructive directions and suggest
various levers parties can use to manage conflict effectively.
1.1 A Model of Effective Conflict Management
At the outset it is a good idea to consider effective conflict
management, the type of
interaction that will lead to productive conflict. In his book,
Interpersonal Peacemaking,
Richard Walton (1969) described a simple yet powerful model
of effective conflict
management that reflects insights echoed by a number of other
influential writers (Fisher &
Ury, 1981; Pruitt & Carnevale, 1993; Putnam, 2010). The model
views conflict in terms of two
broad phases: a differentiation phase followed by an integration
phase. In differentiation,
parties raise the issues underlying the conflict and spend time
and energy clarifying positions,
76. pursuing the reasons behind those positions, and acknowledging
their differences. As Putnam
suggests, “Differentiation refers to the pattern of interaction
that sharply distinguishes
opposing positions” (2010, p. 327).This first phase is sometimes
uncomfortable and tense, and it
may evoke unpleasant emotions, but it is valuable because it
helps parties to become more
knowledgeable about the issues and the different goals and
points of view they have
(Wageman & Donnenfeld, 2007). After some time
differentiating, the process reaches a
34
“tipping point,” and an integration phase begins. Parties begin
to acknowledge common
ground, explore possible options, and move toward some
solution—sometimes one that meets
everyone’s needs, and sometimes simply one they can live with.
If integration is not
completely successful, the conflict may cycle back through a
new differentiation phase.
This two-phase model of conflict may seem elementary, but it is
highly suggestive because
it indicates what parties must do to move through a conflict
successfully. How and whether
conflict interaction moves from differentiation through
integration is complicated.
1.1.1 Moving Through Differentiation and Integration
The differentiation stage of conflicts is often difficult because
77. of the seemingly unbridgeable
differences that emerge and the intense negative emotions these
differences often spark. The
combination of hostility and irreconcilable positions may
encourage behavior that spurs
uncontrolled escalation into a destructive conflict. In a different
overreaction, parties fearful of
escalation and loss of control may “sit on” and suppress the
conflict, which then festers and
undermines their relationship. But it is important to navigate
differentiation successfully in
order to set up the conditions for integration, during which
“parties appreciate their
similarities, acknowledge their common goals, own up to
positive aspects of their
ambivalence, express warmth and respect, and/or engage in
other positive actions to manage
their conflict” (Walton, 1969, p. 105). The simultaneous need
for and fear of differentiation
poses a difficult dilemma for parties who want to work through
important conflicts.
Adequate differentiation is necessary for constructive conflict
resolution. Without a clear
statement of each party’s position, finding a satisfactory
result—one in which “the participants
all are satisfied with their outcomes and feel they have gained
as a result of the conflict”—is a
hit-or-miss venture (Deutsch, 1973, p. 17; Putnam, 2013).
Unless parties honestly acknowledge
their differences and realize that they must tackle the conflict
and work it out, they may not
be sufficiently motivated to deal with the problem. And unless
they understand their points of
difference, they do not have the knowledge required to find a
workable solution. Expressing
78. different points of view and dissenting from consensus are often
the foundation for creativity
and high-quality decision making (Behfar & Thompson, 2007;
Schulz-Hardt, Mojzisch, &
Vogelgesang, 2008). Similarly, parties’ ability to confront
another’s unacceptable or
nonnormative behavior is often tied to greater productivity and
satisfaction with participating
in groups (Urch, Druskat & Wolff, 2007).
Despite its real value and critical importance, differentiation
may also lead to open
confrontation and competition. Discovering that others disagree
or want something that
threatens our best interests is frustrating. Others may be
combative, demanding and angry, or
complaining and insistent, as they express their demands and air
grievances. Differentiation
may initially involve personalizing the conflict and blame-
placing as parties clarify their
stands and identify with positions. Due to these and other
potential problems, parties may be
reluctant to openly explore and understand their differences
(Putnam, 2010).
Paradoxically, though, it is not until opposing positions are
articulated that the conflict can
finally be managed. Once individual positions have been
clarified, it is just a short step to the
realization that the heart of the conflict lies in the
incompatibility of positions and is not the
other party’s “fault.” If parties can clarify the issues and air
diverse positions without losing
35
79. control (a difficult problem in its own right), they can recast the
conflict as an external
obstacle that they can work together to surmount.
Once achieved, this depersonalized and more accurate view of
the issues serves as a basis
for commonality. It often marks the beginning of an integrative
phase, but by no means does
it signify the end of the conflict process. The parties must still
generate ideas and choose a
solution that, as Simmel (1955, p. 14) puts it, “resolves the
tension between contrasts” in the
group or social relationship. From this point of view, people can
build on the accomplishments
of differentiation.
Differentiation and Escalation Although differentiation is
necessary for constructive conflict
resolution, it can also nourish destructive tendencies.
Differentiation surfaces disagreements
and makes them the center of attention. It raises the stakes,
because failure to resolve the
disagreements means that members must live with a keen
awareness of this failure and with
the negative consequences it entails.
In some cases, the process of differentiation can spiral out of
control into “malevolent
cycling”—highly personalized or hostile conflict that is not
directed toward issues (Walton,
1969). Baxter, Wilmot, Simmons, and Swartz (1993) conducted
open-ended interviews with
students that suggested that spiraling escalation is common in
interpersonal conflicts. They
80. labeled one commonly occurring type of conflict in their
interviews “Escalatory Conflict”
because it involved increasing emotional intensity and multiple
stages in which the scope and
intensity of the conflict increased over time. One female
respondent provided this example
from a romantic relationship: “I might bring up a topic. Then he
will get mad that I brought up
this particular topic. Then I will lose my patience and get
frustrated. He, in turn, will get more
mad” (Baxter et al., 1993, p. 98). “Serial arguing,” in which
unresolved conflicts manifest over
the course of many interactions, is a common feature of many
interpersonal relationships
(Roloff & Wright, 2013; Johnson, 2002; Koerner, 2013).
This type of escalation also occurs in workplace conflicts,
conflicts between groups, and
international conflicts (North, Brody, & Holsti, 1963; Garner &
Poole 2006; Walton, 1969). As
we discuss in Chapters 2 and 3, it is fueled by negative
emotions such as anger and hurt, by
social cognitive processes such as attributing fault for the
conflict to the other, and by
interaction processes such as reciprocity.
Differentiation and Avoidance A second, equally damaging
pattern in conflict interaction is
overly rigid avoidance. Parties may sometimes fear the
consequences of open conflict so much
that they refuse to acknowledge the conflict and avoid anything
that might spark a
confrontation. They may respond to potential conflicts with
ambiguous statements (“I’m not
sure how I feel about that”) and skirt troublesome issues. They
may openly suppress