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Understanding
Cognitive Applications:
A Framework
Sue Feldman
Educate Publish Collaborate Events ConnectResearch
Cognitive Computing Consortium
Who we are: A consortium of private and public organizations and individuals
Our Sponsors
CustomerMatrix, SAS, Hewlett Packard Enterprise,
Sinequa, Naralogics, Babson College, Quid
Connect
Collabo-
rate
EducateResearch Publish Events
What we do:
Research Directions
• Define cognitive computing (2014 working group)
• Develop a framework for understanding and using cognitive
computing:
• Identify problems amenable to cognitive computing approach
• Identify types of cognitive applications
• Compare cognitive approaches to other computing systems
• Develop trust index to track market acceptance
• Publish guides for practitioners, common frameworks for discussion
1
2
3
4
Cognitive Computing: A Definition
Today’s Session
Applications Framework
A Continuum of Uses
Examples
Contextual: Filters results depending on
“who, what, where, when, why”
Probabilistic: Delivers confidence scored results
Learning/Adaptive: Reacts and changes based on new
information, interactions
Highly integrated: Data and technology
Conversational: Meaning-based, Interactive, Iterative.
stateful
Cognitive Computing Pillars
When to Use Cognitive Technologies
Diverse, changing data sources, including unstructured (text, images)
Ranked (confidence scored), multiple answers are preferred (alternatives)
Context dependent: time, user, location, point in task
Process intensive and difficult to automate because of unpredictability
No clearly right answers: Data is complex and ambiguous, conflicting evidence
Exploration is a priority: across silos
Human-computer partnership and dialog are required
When problems are complex, information and situation are
shifting, and outcome depends on context
And When NOT
When predictable, repeatable results are required (e.g. sales reports)
When shifting views and answers are not appropriate or are indefensible
due to industry regulations
When a probabilistic approach is not desirable
When interaction, especially in natural language, is not necessary
When all data is structured, numeric and predictable
When existing transactional systems are adequate
HCI &
Cognitive Studies
AI
Cognitive
Computing
Contributing Technologies
BOTS
Contributing Technologies
BI and Data Analytics: Databases, rule bases, schemas, analytics, visualization,
reporting, repeatable results, analytical & modeling tools, predictions
Search & Text Analytics: Probabilistic, confidence scored results, meaning-
based, recommendations, similarity matching,, relationships, sentiment
AI: Autonomous, learning/adaptive, machine learning, game theory, genetic
algorithms, etc.
Internet of Things: Big data, streaming, Hadoop, etc.
Conversational Systems: Meaning-based, contextual, interactive, Iterative.
Stateful, domain based. Bots
HCI & Cognitive Science: User interaction studies, brain science
Designing Cognitive Applications
+ +
11
tech
Output Goal
Structured data
Unstructured data
Audio
Images/Video
Knowledge bases:
Ontologies
Process knowledge
Schemas…
Machine learning
Analytics
Search
Visualization
Game theory
Machine vision
Databases…
Answers
Recommendations
Patterns
Predictions
Visualizations
Saved lives
Engaged customers
Revenue
Security
Productivity
Reduced risks
Cost savings
data
Cognitive Computing Applications
Medical journals
Curated oncology KB
Clinical databases
Pharma DB
Genetic profile
Patient’s medical records
Media: X-rays, CAT scans, etc.
Health insurance
Regulations
Match individual to recommendations
Access by non-IT staff
Conversational, stateful, dynamic
High accuracy (life and death)
Probabilistic recommendations
Exploration and pattern finding
Drill down to original document
NLP: text analytics,
tagging, code extraction
Machine learning
Visualization
Game theory
Domain knowledge
Analytics
Better decisions
Lives saved
What kind of tumor does this
patient have and how should
we treat it? He is 80 years old
and in good health, but a
heavy smoker.
Oncology Treatment Advisor
Data Technologies
Value
Behaviors
Required Value
Cognitive Systems Continuum
• Find/recommend for individual’s context
• Answers
• High accuracy
• Domain specific
• Data prep time is high (ontologies,
normalization, etc.), manually intensive
• Questions
• Curated, cleansed data
• Rule bases, heuristics
• Problems with over fitting, missed related
information, changes in terminology, too
little information
• Explore
• Patterns, trends, clusters, information spaces
• Serendipity, low accuracy
• General knowledge
• Lower prep time, automated training,
predictive models
• Target or goal description
• Merged data, not curated or overly cleansed
• Grammars, vocabularies, synonym bases
• Problems with confusion of correlation and
causation, low accuracy, more false drops, false
leads, too much information
Expert System Discovery/Exploration Application
Example: Oncology assistant Example: Drug discovery
Cognitive Applications: Framework
Generalized
DomainKnowledge
Individual Task/Process/ Goal
Expert
System
Discovery/
Exploration
Low confidence, high serendipity
• Explore data and filter by individual
context
• Find similar examples using individual
as model
High confidence, low serendipity
• Answer questions
• Find similar examples using individual
as query
• Recommendations within context of
individual
Mid level confidence and serendipity
• Find indirect connections
• Find similarity to a model or problem
statement
• Extract models from data, given
examples
Low confidence, high serendipity
• Find unknowns. Fishing expedition
• Find anomalies, abnormal behavior
• Discover unknown relationships/patterns
based on minimal problem specification
Context
Modality
Cognitive Applications: Examples
Specialized Generalized
DomainKnowledge
Mid confidence and serendipity
• Cognitive assistant for the blind
• Staffing recommendations based on
social graph, interests, past projects,
profiles of individuals
• Detect individuals engaged in fraud
High confidence, low serendipity
• Oncology advisor
• Investment advisor
• Shopping recommendations
• Land lease management
Mid level confidence and serendipity
• M&A Advisor based on models of
previous business successes and
failures, business profiles, social graphs,
news, predictions of market
Low confidence, high serendipity
• Drug discovery
• Detect terrorism patterns among unrelated
entities
Individual Task/Process/ Goal
Context
Expert
System
Discovery/
Exploration
Modality
Questions?
Sue Feldman
Synthexis
sue@synthexis.com

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Understanding Cognitive Applications: A Framework - Sue Feldman

  • 2. Educate Publish Collaborate Events ConnectResearch Cognitive Computing Consortium Who we are: A consortium of private and public organizations and individuals Our Sponsors CustomerMatrix, SAS, Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Sinequa, Naralogics, Babson College, Quid Connect Collabo- rate EducateResearch Publish Events What we do:
  • 3. Research Directions • Define cognitive computing (2014 working group) • Develop a framework for understanding and using cognitive computing: • Identify problems amenable to cognitive computing approach • Identify types of cognitive applications • Compare cognitive approaches to other computing systems • Develop trust index to track market acceptance • Publish guides for practitioners, common frameworks for discussion
  • 4. 1 2 3 4 Cognitive Computing: A Definition Today’s Session Applications Framework A Continuum of Uses Examples
  • 5. Contextual: Filters results depending on “who, what, where, when, why” Probabilistic: Delivers confidence scored results Learning/Adaptive: Reacts and changes based on new information, interactions Highly integrated: Data and technology Conversational: Meaning-based, Interactive, Iterative. stateful Cognitive Computing Pillars
  • 6. When to Use Cognitive Technologies Diverse, changing data sources, including unstructured (text, images) Ranked (confidence scored), multiple answers are preferred (alternatives) Context dependent: time, user, location, point in task Process intensive and difficult to automate because of unpredictability No clearly right answers: Data is complex and ambiguous, conflicting evidence Exploration is a priority: across silos Human-computer partnership and dialog are required When problems are complex, information and situation are shifting, and outcome depends on context
  • 7. And When NOT When predictable, repeatable results are required (e.g. sales reports) When shifting views and answers are not appropriate or are indefensible due to industry regulations When a probabilistic approach is not desirable When interaction, especially in natural language, is not necessary When all data is structured, numeric and predictable When existing transactional systems are adequate
  • 9. Contributing Technologies BI and Data Analytics: Databases, rule bases, schemas, analytics, visualization, reporting, repeatable results, analytical & modeling tools, predictions Search & Text Analytics: Probabilistic, confidence scored results, meaning- based, recommendations, similarity matching,, relationships, sentiment AI: Autonomous, learning/adaptive, machine learning, game theory, genetic algorithms, etc. Internet of Things: Big data, streaming, Hadoop, etc. Conversational Systems: Meaning-based, contextual, interactive, Iterative. Stateful, domain based. Bots HCI & Cognitive Science: User interaction studies, brain science
  • 11. + + 11 tech Output Goal Structured data Unstructured data Audio Images/Video Knowledge bases: Ontologies Process knowledge Schemas… Machine learning Analytics Search Visualization Game theory Machine vision Databases… Answers Recommendations Patterns Predictions Visualizations Saved lives Engaged customers Revenue Security Productivity Reduced risks Cost savings data Cognitive Computing Applications
  • 12. Medical journals Curated oncology KB Clinical databases Pharma DB Genetic profile Patient’s medical records Media: X-rays, CAT scans, etc. Health insurance Regulations Match individual to recommendations Access by non-IT staff Conversational, stateful, dynamic High accuracy (life and death) Probabilistic recommendations Exploration and pattern finding Drill down to original document NLP: text analytics, tagging, code extraction Machine learning Visualization Game theory Domain knowledge Analytics Better decisions Lives saved What kind of tumor does this patient have and how should we treat it? He is 80 years old and in good health, but a heavy smoker. Oncology Treatment Advisor Data Technologies Value Behaviors Required Value
  • 13. Cognitive Systems Continuum • Find/recommend for individual’s context • Answers • High accuracy • Domain specific • Data prep time is high (ontologies, normalization, etc.), manually intensive • Questions • Curated, cleansed data • Rule bases, heuristics • Problems with over fitting, missed related information, changes in terminology, too little information • Explore • Patterns, trends, clusters, information spaces • Serendipity, low accuracy • General knowledge • Lower prep time, automated training, predictive models • Target or goal description • Merged data, not curated or overly cleansed • Grammars, vocabularies, synonym bases • Problems with confusion of correlation and causation, low accuracy, more false drops, false leads, too much information Expert System Discovery/Exploration Application Example: Oncology assistant Example: Drug discovery
  • 14. Cognitive Applications: Framework Generalized DomainKnowledge Individual Task/Process/ Goal Expert System Discovery/ Exploration Low confidence, high serendipity • Explore data and filter by individual context • Find similar examples using individual as model High confidence, low serendipity • Answer questions • Find similar examples using individual as query • Recommendations within context of individual Mid level confidence and serendipity • Find indirect connections • Find similarity to a model or problem statement • Extract models from data, given examples Low confidence, high serendipity • Find unknowns. Fishing expedition • Find anomalies, abnormal behavior • Discover unknown relationships/patterns based on minimal problem specification Context Modality
  • 15. Cognitive Applications: Examples Specialized Generalized DomainKnowledge Mid confidence and serendipity • Cognitive assistant for the blind • Staffing recommendations based on social graph, interests, past projects, profiles of individuals • Detect individuals engaged in fraud High confidence, low serendipity • Oncology advisor • Investment advisor • Shopping recommendations • Land lease management Mid level confidence and serendipity • M&A Advisor based on models of previous business successes and failures, business profiles, social graphs, news, predictions of market Low confidence, high serendipity • Drug discovery • Detect terrorism patterns among unrelated entities Individual Task/Process/ Goal Context Expert System Discovery/ Exploration Modality