In theory, Arta was expected to stand for a movement that was born from the Djibouti sponsored Somali National Peace Conference (SNPC) held in mid 2000. Although this definition may seem mockery for Arta’s opponents, the principal guidance of the peace proposal included a ‘Convoy of Peace’ (Geeddi Socodka Nabadda), which was to involve a process to transform the Somali conflict into peace by sending the traditional leaders to all Somali regions. This approach was not only searching for a solution but hopefully a process within the society affected by conflict, with the aim of empowering actors within the affected society. Convoy of peace describes the progression of the process to peace movement.
Good Governance : Origin, concepts and componentsNayana Renukumar
The presentation speaks about the origin of Good Governance, its major definitions, key components and strategies. The presentations also dwells upon the Good Governance scenario in India as well that in the state of Andhra Pradesh
Good Governance : Origin, concepts and componentsNayana Renukumar
The presentation speaks about the origin of Good Governance, its major definitions, key components and strategies. The presentations also dwells upon the Good Governance scenario in India as well that in the state of Andhra Pradesh
The movement has been from Government which is hierarchical, static, structured institution towards Governance which is a dynamic process and can be undertaken by any sector. Good governance on the other hand means the governance process which is good i.e. good governance is a normative and ethical term.
This PPT deals with following:-
good governance, origin of good governance, good governance day in India, nature/characteristics of good governance, significance of good governance, challenges for good governance, citizen charter, origin of citizen charter, citizen's charter in India,
The movement has been from Government which is hierarchical, static, structured institution towards Governance which is a dynamic process and can be undertaken by any sector. Good governance on the other hand means the governance process which is good i.e. good governance is a normative and ethical term.
This PPT deals with following:-
good governance, origin of good governance, good governance day in India, nature/characteristics of good governance, significance of good governance, challenges for good governance, citizen charter, origin of citizen charter, citizen's charter in India,
This is our 2010 Volunteer Calendar. Please check out some of our events and if you are interested please sign up with Zalika via email @ zalika@zalguyaoccasions.com
Formal peace talks must be accompanied by public peace communication. While the confidentiality of peace negotiation must be respected, people's confidence on of the peace process must also be won. this presentation shares some insights on how to get the larger public incolved in the peace process, especially in the context of Mindanao, Philippines.
Civil society is a complex concept. Although the term is widely used, seeming at times to be universal ideas. There is no commonly-agreed definition. The notion that civil society is the arena of voluntary, collective actions of people around shared interests, purposes and values is non-controversial. To define civil society further many authors describe its position in relation to other sectors of society and then group actors within these sectors.
Thus, the Centre for Civil Society, London, considers civil society as a sector on its own vis-à-vis the three other main sectors—state, business and family (see figure 1). Although there is some degree of consensus in the literature on this basic approach, the attribution of actors is contested. For example, both approaches can be summarized in the following definition or understanding of civil society:
• Civil society is the sector of voluntary action within institutional forms that are distinct from those of the state, family and market, keeping in mind that in practice the boundaries between these sectors are often complex and blurred;
• It consists of a large and diverse set of voluntary organizations, often competing with each other and oriented to specific interests. It comprises non-state actors and associations that are not purely driven by private or economic interests, are autonomously organized, and interact in the public sphere; and
• Civil society is independent from the state, but it is oriented toward and interacts closely with the state and the political sphere.
Peace has many faces. This booklet presents eight stories which show how people in Zim
-
babwe managed to deal peacefully with conflicts. We hear about Chishuwo (23) in Epworth,
Memory (31) in Murehwa and Jabuliso (92) in Bulawayo – how they succeeded in overcoming
potentially disastrous divisions in their community or their cooperative, how they managed
to forgive people who had treated them violently or had caused other harm to them.
Women talk about how they became victims of politically motivated violence – and how they
learnt to make the most of their lives after their terrible ordeal. We hear how a community
forum can encourage divided residents to lay aside their different opinions and ideologies
and plan together for the development of their village, be it the construction of a well or a
school.
All eight stories have one thing in common: In each case, the best way out of an apparently
unsolvable conflict or a hopeless situation was found only after the intervention of a Zim
-
babwean peace organisation.
These eight organisations have one thing in common as well: They are assisted by expert
personnel from the German Civil Peace Service (CPS) programme. Lawyers, mediators,
psychologists and other CPS experts advise Zimbabwean peace organisations on how to
implement their projects. They all contribute to a more peaceful Zimbabwe by encouraging
people to change their behaviour and tackle conflicts in a peaceful manner.
HWPL Newsletter 2016 March : Inside 3.14 Prolclamation Ceremony of the Declar...HWPL
- The 3rd HWPL International Law Peace Committee Meeting
- HWPL International Law Peace Committee Speaks on the Declaration of Peace and Cessation of War
- Proclamation Ceremony of the Declaration of Peace and Cessation of War
- Declaration of Peace and Cessation of War
- Press Conference
- The inauguration of the HWPL Peace Advocacy Committee
- Photo Gallery
Paper presented at the Second Congres International Des Etudes Somaliennes Pour Une Culture De La Paix En Somalie, 25-27 October 1995, Institut du Monde Arab, Paris.
Paper presented at the Second Congres International Des Etudes Somaliennes
Pour Une Culture De La Paix En Somalie, 25-27 October 1995, Institut du Monde Arab, Paris.
Problem: Tough competition and demanding customers.
Solutions: Redesigned order and production processes reduce costs, increase revenue, and improve customer service.
At the business level of strategy, the key question is, "How can we compete effectively in this particular market?" The market might be light bulbs, utility vehicles, or cable television.
Important Managerial Questions:
What is strategy?
What is strategic advantage?
Information Systems as a strategic resource
How do we use Information Systems to achieve some form of strategic advantage over competitors?
Types of information systems?
Function of different types of system
Benefits of information systems
The characteristics of types of Information Systems
Also known as Critical Network Analysis
Developed by Dupont and Remington Rand in the late 1950s for managing plant maintenance projects
Uses one duration estimate for each activity
Provides basic framework for project planning and contro
The Meaning of Process
2.2 Software Process Models
2.3 Tools and Techniques for Process Modeling
2.4 Practical Process Modeling
2.5 Information System Example
2.6 What this Chapter Means for You
Somalis’ national consciousness is based on the shared heritage of Islam, belief in a common
ancestor, language and culture. This notion, which is also called unity, has
preserved Somali-speaking people for centuries.
European exploration opened the door to colonialism.
The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 created a geopolitical situation which
increased the competition for control of the coast along the Red Sea and the Indian
Ocean among the European colonial powers.
Explain growth and importance of databases
Name limitations of conventional file processing
Identify five categories of databases
Explain advantages of databases
Identify costs and risks of databases
List components of database environment
Describe evolution of database systems
Understand how the database approach is Understand how the database approach is different and superior to earlier data systems different and superior to earlier data systems
Examine how information demand and Examine how information demand and technology explosion drive database systems technology explosion drive database systems
Trace the evolution of data systems and note Trace the evolution of data systems and note how we have arrive at the database approach how we have arrive at the database approach
Comprehend the benefits of database systems Comprehend the benefits of database systems and perceive the need for them and perceive the need for them
Survey briefly various data models, types of Survey briefly various data models, types of databases, and the database industry
The Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEA) is the latest attempt by the US federal government to unite its myriad agencies and functions under a single common and ubiquitous enterprise architecture.
TOGAF divides an enterprise architecture into four categories, as follows:
Business architecture—Describes the processes the business uses to meet its goals
Application architecture—Describes how specific applications are designed and how they interact with each other
Data architecture—Describes how the enterprise data stores are organized and accessed
Technical architecture—Describes the hardware and software infrastructure that supports applications and their interactions
System Development Life Cycle
Data, Function, Network, People, Time, Motivation What constitutes the “enterprise”?
Key enterprise architecture terms Enterprise Architecture Terms
How do you achieve perfect alignment?
Importance of alignment
Lack of Alignment
Nature of Complexity
Architectural Principles
More from Taibah University, College of Computer Science & Engineering (20)
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
04062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
1. Abdisalam M. Issa-Salwe
UNDERSTANDIN G ARTA FACTOR
December 2001
Since the year 2000 the Arta Outcome has been a major factor in the Somali politics.
Some saw this as destabliser and the return of the old clique of the former dictatorial
regime (thus Arta Group), whilst others saw it as the 'route to the revival of the Somali
state. Although both views are based on emotional assumptions, they demonstrate how
little is known about Arta influence to the current Somali politics. To understand the Arta
factor we should look how the Arta is pronged to two determinants: the 'ideals' of the
peace initiatives and how the outcome contradicted the current Somali socio-political
reality.
1. The 'Ideals'
In theory, Arta was expected to stand for a movement that was born from the Djibouti
sponsored Somali National Peace Conference (SNPC) held in mid 2000. Although this
definition may seem mockery for Arta s opponents, the principal guidance of the peace
proposal included a Convoy of Peace (Geeddi Socodka Nabadda), which was to involve
a process to transform the Somali conflict into peace by sending the traditional leaders to
all Somali regions. This approach was not only searching for a solution but hopefully a
process within the society affected by conflict, with the aim of empowering actors within
the affected society. Convoy of peace describes the progression of the process to peace
movement.
President Ismail Omar Guelleh of Djibouti who proposed the initiative at the 54th
General Assembly of the United Nations on 23 September 1999 triggered the proceedings
of the SNPC. This novel proposal that was meant to open a new dawn and solution to the
Somali crisis stimulated two factors. First the peace talks were to be shifted to the civil
society. In other words, the victims of the civil war were to lead the peace process.
Secondly, in reaction to the first factor, a popular interest by the Somali society was
generated.
The period marked the tenth year since the central authority collapsed following the
breakdown of the state institutions. The civil strife was reaching at the stage of abating
and war fatigue. The poplar support for the solution to the Somali problem was expected
to receive a positive response. Despite that the objectives of the initiatives of the peace
process were directed towards a noble end and many of its participants were honest, what
the outcome damaged was the approach of the resolutions. This has laid the ground for a
typical leadership. What has sealed the outcome, if I can borrow Professor Abdi Ismail
Samatar s expression, is the poverty of leadership s imagination (Samatar, 1992), and it
1
2. is dubbed as the Arta Group, was as soon as the SNPC had finished, the leading actors
began to compete for its manipulation.
1.1. Setting the Stage for the Civil Society
Generally, a common understanding of civil society is a partnership between the family
and the state, which exists to pursue collective goals. This is usually taken to include
civic, professional, trade union and other voluntary organisations. Civil society is also
often referred as a 'third sector' alongside the state and the market. This definition
perceives civil society as a form of organised individuals that strive to achieve an end for
the good of the community. In this case the civil society should be organised to make
sense of their aim and concern. When any part of civil society coalesces around a shared
concern, the individuals involved start with voluntary action.
To function and probably grow, civil society needs an environment of relative peace to
develop. For example, during the peace building stage, one of the elements required to be
revived. Here peace building refers to the post-conflict social construction in a period of
sustainable peace. It is during this period that restoration of civil society takes place. It
also aims at reviving a country s economy, establishing participatory system of
governance and accountable administrations (Heinrich, 1997). Other important
characteristics during this stage include disarmament and demobilisation of militia, and
their sustainable social, psychological and economic rehabilitation.
Undertaking such as shifting from the warlords, it was theorised that the civil society is to
take a major role. Setting the stage for the civil society at the theoretical platform seemed
working well until the stage of implementation had arrived. In previous peace talks, the
warlords were the leading figures of the peace talks that were to blame for spoiling the
Somali peace attempts.
1.2 The Question of Representation
The controversy over the civil society case opened again another important front, that of
the representation. In previously held peace-meetings the faction leaders dominated the
conference and as soon as they were concluded, they were prone to failure, as many of
these leaders were not really representative of any constituents.
The SNPC was proceeded by two symposiums: the Technical Consultative Somali Peace
Process Symposium attended by Somali intellectuals and the Traditional Peace
Symposium attended by Somali traditional elders. The first symposium was to advise on
the technical side of the proposed conference, while the latter was to decide on
representation.
Since this question had been of the most contentious issue in Somalia, the Djibouti
authority was very cautious about this matter. This is carefully expounded in Annex IV of
Somalia National Peace Conference: An Action Plan for the Peace Process, [1999] as it
2
3. uses extremely guarded words about the matter. At the heart of the representation stands
the issue of legitimacy and who represents whom. It explains it as follows,
In a such situation as the massive population displacement and the occupation of lands
by force there is no easy answer to what may or may not constitute legitimate
representation in a country such as Somalia, that has undergone a drastic breakdown
and where basic information on population is lacking, and where major population
displacement as well as movement has occurred (Annex IV, 2000).
In spite of the contrary advice the Traditional Peace Symposium decided that
representation was to be based on clan. The plan took a sharp twist when the delegates of
Puntland elders went back to Garowe, the capital of Puntland, and rejected the
proceeding of the Traditional Peace Symposium. For fear that the proceeding conference
was about to collapse, the plan was changed and delegates were asked to represent their
own locals. The action of asking people to represent themselves called for consultation
was a complete infringement of the logic of representation. The resolution also ignored
the developments, which had taken place during the previous ten years as a mood of
centralisation of Somalia was shaped.
2. The Outcome
Initially, the scheme of Convoy of Peace (Geeddi Socodka Nabadda) was to advocate and
lead to a peace process and not just one event, e.g. peace conference. Process defines a
means to an end and not an end in itself. However, the initial plan had been diverted to be
used as an end. The conference just concentrated on one of the thorniest issues which
made the previous conference fail: a vision for rebuilding the Somali state from the
rubble of the shattered statehood and country, before considering the rehabilitation of
social fabrics. This also contradicted UNESCO s approach to civil war solutions is first to
rebuild the society. Rehabilitation of the state was supposed to be seen as a project, which
needed to lay down first suitable foundations.
The approach of considering the state prior to the civil rehabilitation made the SNPC glad
to see things evolve with the motto: a bad government is better than no government .
At Arta, after six months the SNPC ended up with the formation of a Transitional
National Government (TNG) and a Transitional Constitution.
Similarly, the principle of conference was supposed to be based on lessons learned from
previous peace failures. The idea of giving priority to the formation of the central
authority without first creates its essential components advocates a top-down approach.
This perspective may also contradict the natural trend into which Somali regions have
been moving since the collapse. The task of recreating the Somali state leads to the need
to establish a body, which could represent the central authority of the Somali nation. The
logical conclusion is that such a body could stem out from the sum of its parts. Instead,
the SNPC has agreed to form an 'externally driven body' without parts or limbs. This
'bubble body' depicted as the central government is at odds with itself, let alone
functioning with its 'would-be-component' (the regions).
3
4. The Djibouti initiative was set at a time when the Somali regions and towns where
passing through a different organisational level after a decade of lack of national
government. Since the outbreak of the civil war, Somali regions developed apart in
different directions. Some parts have made considerable progress towards institution
building and provision of basic services to their communities. This situation let Somalia
be distinguished by three different zones: recovery zones, transitional zones and crisis
zones. Similarly, Mr Kofi Anan, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, also uses
the same classification. In his report to the Security Council of 16 August 1999, Mr Anan
urged that this classification be considered for assistance in humanitarian and
rehabilitation strategic aid (see S/1999/882, 16 August 1999). The Secretary-General s
concluding recommendations ranged from emphasis on providing basic and life-saving
service in the zones of crisis, to the provision of the technical support for good
governance and capacity building in the recovery zones.
From Mr Anan s observations, the most realistic approach for the Somali peace process
in Djibouti was to agree on a means or mechanism which could bring each of the three
zones to a stage of effective local governance. This mechanism could stand as a national
committee or a national operational body. For instance, this mechanism could help those
regions in the crisis zones to move into the recovery stage. So each may develop its own
unique institutions according to local need, within the overall framework of a federal
Somali state.
2.1 Approaches to Reconciliation
Many have doubted the viability of the Arta Outcome, particularly the formation of the
central authority (TNG), which by now was to stand for the 'bubble body'. What they
hoped from at most, however, was that the spirit of Arta could open new paths towards
the reconciliation process. However, what few could not anticipate was that the fate of
the future reconciliation was sealed by the very outcome. For the TNG, the end of the
process of the formation of the central authority has been reached. This principle seen as
the solution to the Somali problem could be non-negotiable because as they see it, it
would put in jeopardy the existence of the very state . According to them, what remained
was to invite its rivals to be in a position of either on board or die out .
A policy of assimilation was set, and as a proof of its success , this was measured by the
absorption of a few waning Mogadishu warlords. Its failure disguised as scapegoat, is
what made the former TNG Premier Ali Khalif Galeyr a victim. This policy is what
makes the Arta Outcome - now dubbed as Arta Group - unable to be seen as the
solution, but as an obstacle to the very principles, which was supposed to stand for. As
one of the main purposes of the Arta spirit , the national reconciliation became a
mockery of the peace process.
The dead-end policy opened another important issue: Legitimacy and social mistrust,
which is seen as central to the failure of the state. For the TNG this option became a way
to gain legitimacy by force and money. To this end it began to build the national army
(which is made of only one militia group) and import arms and ammunition on an
4
5. unprecedented scale. Looking from the Arta perspective, while the TNG contravenes its
own enchanted 'Arta spirit', the prospect of its policy looks bleak as its initial action
signals that the myth of militarism is yet to die in Somali politics.
This policy also ran alongside another priority by the TNG which was to gain
international recognition rather than getting the confidence of its people. Whilst this
move has to do a lot with globalisation, it is also aimed at the resuscitation of an
externally driven state structure where the local people s involvement is rarely sought.
Similar approaches have been applied many times since the breakdown of the Somali
state in early 1991. Not only were they all unsuccessful but they were also counter-
productive.
3. Conclusion
Shifting the focus of the peace process to the victims of the civil war is a great
achievement, which should help any future talks.
Although the SNPC has failed to come up with a resolution to a viable Somali central
authority, many hoped that its outcome (Arta Outcome) would pave the way for a phased
reconciliation process. This did not materialise, as the outcome itself sealed the fate of the
future reconciliation to a dead-end. This in turn has determined that the Arta Outcome is
not the solution to Somali problem. However, at best what the outcome could be is a
lesson of a failed peace opportunity to the future peace talks.
This, however, should be realised before Arta group degenerates into what one observer
described as mindi aan daab lahayn (a loose gun). Whatever a group or clan takes it
over may use it as means to any end. This way may usher the Somali nation to another
era of warlordism.
5. References
Heinrich, Wolfgang, Building the Peace: Experience of Collaborative Peacebuilding in
Somalia 1993-1996, Uppsala: Life & Peace Institute, November 1997.
Report of the UN Secretary-General on the situation in Somalia, S/1999/882, 16 August
1999.
Samatar, Abdi Ismail, Social Decay and Public Institutions: the Road to Reconstruction
in Somalia in Beyond Conflict in the Horn, Eds. Martin Doorbnos, Lionel Cliff,
Abdel Ghaffar M. Ahmed, Institute of Social Studies, the Hague, in association
with James Gurrey, London, 1992.
Somalia National Peace Conference: An Action Plan for the Peace Process, [1999].
5