International development law emerged in the 1960s as a way to apply development theories to developing countries and justify foreign aid programs. It focused on economic growth and viewed law as a tool for development. This first phase failed due to assumptions about legal pluralism and the role of courts. The second phase in the 1980s promoted neoliberal policies of privatization, deregulation, and free markets through the World Bank and IMF. While increasing growth, this exacerbated inequality. The third ongoing phase sees development as holistic and inclusive of human rights and sustainability, with law both enabling and constituted by development.
Sources of Human Rights in Islam and WesternEHSAN KHAN
Human rights are a special sort of inalienable moral entitlement. They attach to all persons equally, by virtue of their humanity, irrespective of race, nationality, or membership of any particular social group. Human rights belong to an individual as a consequence of being human. The term came into wide use after World War II, replacing the earlier phrase "natural rights," which had been associated with the Greco-Roman concept of natural law since the end of the Middle Ages. As understood today, human rights refer to a wide variety of values and capabilities reflecting the diversity of human circumstances and history. They are conceived of as universal Universality of human rights is controutrsial, applying to all human beings everywhere, and as fundamental, referring to essential or basic human needs.
The concept of human rights is based on the belief that every human being is entitled to enjoy her/his rights without discrimination. Human rights differ from other rights in two respects. Firstly, they are characterized by being:
This document summarizes a speech given by Public Protector Advocate Thuli Madonsela at the University of Stellenbosch regarding national development planning in South Africa. Some of the key points made in the speech include:
1) South Africa is implementing its first integrated National Development Plan and is approaching important milestones like the 20th anniversary of democracy and reporting on progress towards UN Millennium Development Goals.
2) For development plans to succeed, there needs to be good governance as defined in the South African Constitution, including democratic principles, the rule of law, transparency and accountability.
3) Lessons from the Public Protector's work indicate governance failures like inadequate public consultation, poor planning and
This document provides information about the Dorothy Cotton Institute's fellowship program. It includes an internal literature review on human rights, community development, and the importance of human rights education. It also analyzes the United States' ratification of various UN human rights treaties. The document consists of planning materials for the fellowship program, including goals, methods, personnel, evaluation plans, budgets, and addendums.
STS 211 SLT DIP 2 BY WILLIAMS AHMED GAMGUM.pdfDonpedroAni1
Dr. Williams Ahmed-Gamgum provides lecture notes on Citizenship Education covering several topics:
1) The Nigerian Constitution, defining it and outlining its key features.
2) Federalism in Nigeria, explaining the concepts and importance of adopting a federal system.
3) Citizenship, defining what it means to be a Nigerian citizen and the various ways one can acquire citizenship.
The lecture aims to teach students about their rights and responsibilities as Nigerian citizens and increase national identity and unity.
International law is a hybrid of both power and justice. While power and justice are often seen as incompatible, international law embodies their complex intertwining relationship. International law aims to appear legitimate by justifying the international order and projection of power through norms perceived as fair. However, powerful states can shape these norms and the principles of international law, prioritizing principles like sovereignty that concentrate power. This structural imbalance means international law primarily serves power over justice, as power defines justice and who is entitled to it.
The document discusses some of the pros and cons of international law. It notes that while international law establishes important principles that guide international stability, it is difficult to enforce due to issues like state sovereignty and the lack of a global enforcement entity. Specifically, states can reject the jurisdiction of international courts like the World Court if they perceive their sovereignty is being violated, and without repercussions. Additionally, there is no single entity to ensure justice in international affairs, so international law relies on cooperation between states.
Human rights are a philosophical and political concept which, taken as a juridical basis by modern constitutions, describes the inalienable rights that every person possesses.
CRO Cyber Rights Organization’s mission to create a world where digital rights are respected and protected according to the principles of the European Declaration on Digital Rights.
The document discusses several topics related to the United Nations:
The International Court of Justice settles disputes between states and gives advisory opinions. Its 15 judges are elected by the UN General Assembly and Security Council. The ICJ helped resolve a territorial dispute between Malaysia and Singapore over Pedra Branca.
The UN protects children's rights through instruments like the Convention on the Rights of the Child and two Optional Protocols addressing child soldiers and sale of children.
The environment faces threats like pollution, deforestation, and climate change. Sustainable development and practices like sustainable forestry can protect the environment while enabling resource use.
The UN played roles in the Korean War by providing military aid to South Korea, and
Sources of Human Rights in Islam and WesternEHSAN KHAN
Human rights are a special sort of inalienable moral entitlement. They attach to all persons equally, by virtue of their humanity, irrespective of race, nationality, or membership of any particular social group. Human rights belong to an individual as a consequence of being human. The term came into wide use after World War II, replacing the earlier phrase "natural rights," which had been associated with the Greco-Roman concept of natural law since the end of the Middle Ages. As understood today, human rights refer to a wide variety of values and capabilities reflecting the diversity of human circumstances and history. They are conceived of as universal Universality of human rights is controutrsial, applying to all human beings everywhere, and as fundamental, referring to essential or basic human needs.
The concept of human rights is based on the belief that every human being is entitled to enjoy her/his rights without discrimination. Human rights differ from other rights in two respects. Firstly, they are characterized by being:
This document summarizes a speech given by Public Protector Advocate Thuli Madonsela at the University of Stellenbosch regarding national development planning in South Africa. Some of the key points made in the speech include:
1) South Africa is implementing its first integrated National Development Plan and is approaching important milestones like the 20th anniversary of democracy and reporting on progress towards UN Millennium Development Goals.
2) For development plans to succeed, there needs to be good governance as defined in the South African Constitution, including democratic principles, the rule of law, transparency and accountability.
3) Lessons from the Public Protector's work indicate governance failures like inadequate public consultation, poor planning and
This document provides information about the Dorothy Cotton Institute's fellowship program. It includes an internal literature review on human rights, community development, and the importance of human rights education. It also analyzes the United States' ratification of various UN human rights treaties. The document consists of planning materials for the fellowship program, including goals, methods, personnel, evaluation plans, budgets, and addendums.
STS 211 SLT DIP 2 BY WILLIAMS AHMED GAMGUM.pdfDonpedroAni1
Dr. Williams Ahmed-Gamgum provides lecture notes on Citizenship Education covering several topics:
1) The Nigerian Constitution, defining it and outlining its key features.
2) Federalism in Nigeria, explaining the concepts and importance of adopting a federal system.
3) Citizenship, defining what it means to be a Nigerian citizen and the various ways one can acquire citizenship.
The lecture aims to teach students about their rights and responsibilities as Nigerian citizens and increase national identity and unity.
International law is a hybrid of both power and justice. While power and justice are often seen as incompatible, international law embodies their complex intertwining relationship. International law aims to appear legitimate by justifying the international order and projection of power through norms perceived as fair. However, powerful states can shape these norms and the principles of international law, prioritizing principles like sovereignty that concentrate power. This structural imbalance means international law primarily serves power over justice, as power defines justice and who is entitled to it.
The document discusses some of the pros and cons of international law. It notes that while international law establishes important principles that guide international stability, it is difficult to enforce due to issues like state sovereignty and the lack of a global enforcement entity. Specifically, states can reject the jurisdiction of international courts like the World Court if they perceive their sovereignty is being violated, and without repercussions. Additionally, there is no single entity to ensure justice in international affairs, so international law relies on cooperation between states.
Human rights are a philosophical and political concept which, taken as a juridical basis by modern constitutions, describes the inalienable rights that every person possesses.
CRO Cyber Rights Organization’s mission to create a world where digital rights are respected and protected according to the principles of the European Declaration on Digital Rights.
The document discusses several topics related to the United Nations:
The International Court of Justice settles disputes between states and gives advisory opinions. Its 15 judges are elected by the UN General Assembly and Security Council. The ICJ helped resolve a territorial dispute between Malaysia and Singapore over Pedra Branca.
The UN protects children's rights through instruments like the Convention on the Rights of the Child and two Optional Protocols addressing child soldiers and sale of children.
The environment faces threats like pollution, deforestation, and climate change. Sustainable development and practices like sustainable forestry can protect the environment while enabling resource use.
The UN played roles in the Korean War by providing military aid to South Korea, and
The document summarizes the development of international human rights law under the United Nations. It discusses the International Bill of Human Rights which consists of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. It also describes the mechanisms established by the UN like the Commission on Human Rights and its replacement, the Human Rights Council, to promote and protect human rights.
Go mena vss session 5_rol and hr_vanessa and gregory_role of rolBahi Shoukry
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to the rule of law and its importance for social cohesion in the Middle East and North Africa region, using Egypt as a case study. It discusses the meaning and elements of the rule of law, its relationship to human rights, sustainable development, and social cohesion. It also summarizes the United Nations' perspective on the rule of law as outlined in declarations and reports. The document then examines two cases from Egypt involving civic participation, judicial harassment, and discrimination against women to illustrate challenges to establishing the rule of law.
This document discusses the right to self-determination in international law. It begins by introducing the right as a fundamental group right established in international instruments. It then discusses the historical development of the concept dating back to ancient civilizations and its emergence in international law after World Wars I and II and in declarations of independence. A key part of the development was the process of decolonization in the 1960s. The document goes on to analyze the legal conceptualization of self-determination, distinguishing between internal self-determination relating to a group's political, economic and social affairs, and external self-determination relating to their international status. It notes debate around whether external self-determination includes a right to secede,
This document provides notes on various topics in international law. It begins with a brief history of international law from the Middle Ages to the present. Key events discussed include the Treaty of Westphalia, the League of Nations, and the United Nations Charter. The document then covers the nature and development of international law, including the concepts of sovereignty, state subjects, and sources of international law. Several other international law topics are outlined such as state responsibility, peaceful settlements, international courts, and human rights.
1. The document discusses the history and development of international human rights norms and instruments. It notes that efforts began with the abolition of slavery and expanded in the 20th century with organizations like the ILO.
2. More genuine private efforts emerged through organizations defending human rights. The UN then played a key role after WWII by incorporating human rights in its charter and adopting declarations and treaties, forming an international regime.
3. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights outlines rights like equality, life, and non-discrimination. It is not legally binding but has become an important legal instrument defining states' human rights obligations.
we are here to help you in the duration of your preparation
feel free to contact us for any query regarding your exam
contact us at : 9454721860, 0522-4241011
or log on to our website : www.iasnext.com
Cleades Robinson, a respected leader in Philadelphia's police force, is known for his diplomatic and tactful approach, fostering a strong community rapport.
Methanex is the world's largest producer and supplier of methanol. We create value through our leadership in the global production, marketing and delivery of methanol to customers. View our latest Investor Presentation for more details.
World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4
World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4
World economy charts case
World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4
World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4
World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4
World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4study presented by a Big 4
ZKsync airdrop of 3.6 billion ZK tokens is scheduled by ZKsync for next week.pdfSOFTTECHHUB
The world of blockchain and decentralized technologies is about to witness a groundbreaking event. ZKsync, the pioneering Ethereum Layer 2 network, has announced the highly anticipated airdrop of its native token, ZK. This move marks a significant milestone in the protocol's journey, empowering the community to take the reins and shape the future of this revolutionary ecosystem.
UnityNet World Environment Day Abraham Project 2024 Press ReleaseLHelferty
June 12, 2024 UnityNet International (#UNI) World Environment Day Abraham Project 2024 Press Release from Markham / Mississauga, Ontario in the, Greater Tkaronto Bioregion, Canada in the North American Great Lakes Watersheds of North America (Turtle Island).
The document summarizes the development of international human rights law under the United Nations. It discusses the International Bill of Human Rights which consists of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. It also describes the mechanisms established by the UN like the Commission on Human Rights and its replacement, the Human Rights Council, to promote and protect human rights.
Go mena vss session 5_rol and hr_vanessa and gregory_role of rolBahi Shoukry
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to the rule of law and its importance for social cohesion in the Middle East and North Africa region, using Egypt as a case study. It discusses the meaning and elements of the rule of law, its relationship to human rights, sustainable development, and social cohesion. It also summarizes the United Nations' perspective on the rule of law as outlined in declarations and reports. The document then examines two cases from Egypt involving civic participation, judicial harassment, and discrimination against women to illustrate challenges to establishing the rule of law.
This document discusses the right to self-determination in international law. It begins by introducing the right as a fundamental group right established in international instruments. It then discusses the historical development of the concept dating back to ancient civilizations and its emergence in international law after World Wars I and II and in declarations of independence. A key part of the development was the process of decolonization in the 1960s. The document goes on to analyze the legal conceptualization of self-determination, distinguishing between internal self-determination relating to a group's political, economic and social affairs, and external self-determination relating to their international status. It notes debate around whether external self-determination includes a right to secede,
This document provides notes on various topics in international law. It begins with a brief history of international law from the Middle Ages to the present. Key events discussed include the Treaty of Westphalia, the League of Nations, and the United Nations Charter. The document then covers the nature and development of international law, including the concepts of sovereignty, state subjects, and sources of international law. Several other international law topics are outlined such as state responsibility, peaceful settlements, international courts, and human rights.
1. The document discusses the history and development of international human rights norms and instruments. It notes that efforts began with the abolition of slavery and expanded in the 20th century with organizations like the ILO.
2. More genuine private efforts emerged through organizations defending human rights. The UN then played a key role after WWII by incorporating human rights in its charter and adopting declarations and treaties, forming an international regime.
3. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights outlines rights like equality, life, and non-discrimination. It is not legally binding but has become an important legal instrument defining states' human rights obligations.
we are here to help you in the duration of your preparation
feel free to contact us for any query regarding your exam
contact us at : 9454721860, 0522-4241011
or log on to our website : www.iasnext.com
Cleades Robinson, a respected leader in Philadelphia's police force, is known for his diplomatic and tactful approach, fostering a strong community rapport.
Methanex is the world's largest producer and supplier of methanol. We create value through our leadership in the global production, marketing and delivery of methanol to customers. View our latest Investor Presentation for more details.
World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4
World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4
World economy charts case
World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4
World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4
World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4
World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4study presented by a Big 4
ZKsync airdrop of 3.6 billion ZK tokens is scheduled by ZKsync for next week.pdfSOFTTECHHUB
The world of blockchain and decentralized technologies is about to witness a groundbreaking event. ZKsync, the pioneering Ethereum Layer 2 network, has announced the highly anticipated airdrop of its native token, ZK. This move marks a significant milestone in the protocol's journey, empowering the community to take the reins and shape the future of this revolutionary ecosystem.
UnityNet World Environment Day Abraham Project 2024 Press ReleaseLHelferty
June 12, 2024 UnityNet International (#UNI) World Environment Day Abraham Project 2024 Press Release from Markham / Mississauga, Ontario in the, Greater Tkaronto Bioregion, Canada in the North American Great Lakes Watersheds of North America (Turtle Island).
2. INTRODUCTION
The objective of this class is to
A. Define key terms of this module
i. Law
ii. International Law
iii. Development
Understand the origin of international Development discourse
3. I. What is Law ?
Blacks Law dictionary (6th edn) defines law as a body of rules of
action or conduct prescribed by controlling authority, and having
binding legal force. That which must be obeyed and followed by
citizens subject to sanctions or legal consequence is a law
Generally, law is any set of rules that guide the conduct of
individuals/groups in a given set up and is enforced by those in
authority.
What are the examples/types of law of law you can think of based on
the definition above ……
From the examples we can classify law in levels
i. Family level
ii. Community level
iii. National Level – what are the sources of law in Kenya(art 2 of the
Kenyan constituion)
iv. International Level
4. Sources of law in Kenya
Article 2 of the Constitution of Kenya and the Judicature Act Cap 8
sec 3 provides that
a) The Constitution is the supreme law of the Republic and binds all
persons and all State organs at both levels of government.
b) Laws –national and county
c) Customary Law
d) Statutes of General application
e) Common law and equity
f) The general rules of international law
g) Any treaty or convention ratified by Kenya
5. II. International Law
International = involving two or more nations
International Law can be defined as
a) The body of law that governs the legal relations between {bilateral- two}
or among {multilateral- more than two} states or nations.
b) Another definiton is the legal responsibilities of States in their conduct with
each other, and their treatment of individuals within State boundaries.
To qualify as a subject under the traditional definition of international law, a
state had to be sovereign :
a) It needs a defined territory,
b) A distinct population with a shared national identity,
c) a recognized government
d) ability to engage in diplomatic or foreign relations
Is Kenya a state? Justify is the state of Chicago a sovereign state ?
Palestine?
International law regulates many areas: human rights, disarmament,
international crime, refugees, migration, problems of nationality, the
treatment of prisoners, the use of force, and the conduct of war.
6. Sources of international law
Sources of international law As under Article 38(1)(b) of the International
Court of Justice Statute **
a) international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules
expressly recognized by the contesting states;
b) international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law;
c) the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations;
d) subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the teachings
of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary
means for the determination of rules of law.
It is important to discuss the sources of international law in the discourse
of development for many reasons
a) Shows the diversity of thought in enactment of international law
b) Explains the delay and/or progress on creation and implementation of
development as a right. i.e African Charter on Womens Rights was only
enacted in 2005 , whereas the UN has been in existence since 1945. Also
it was not until the year 200 that the United Nations Security Council
Resolution 1325 acknowledged the disproportionate and unique impact
of armed conflict on women and girls
7. Sources cont…
c. It shows the strength of international law in impacting national
constitutions. Prior to 2010 , the Kenyan Constitution did not
recognize economic , social and cultural rights i.e the right to
education , food , housing, property, family . Art 43 of the C.O.K
d. Enables us appreciate the divergent understanding of what
development is as will be discussed on definition of development.
8. II. Development
The definition of development is one which is complex yet diverse as it is a term
that has multiple definitions from diverse quarters. i.e as a social science
terminology, as an economic term, and most recently as a legal term , when we
speak of ‘the right to development’
By and large early definitions of development were hinged on one the Keynisian
theory of economic development(1930) An economy’s output of goods and
services is the sum of four components: consumption, investment, government
purchases, and net exports (the difference between what a country sells to and
buys from foreign countries)
John Maynard Keynes along with U.S. Treasury official Harry Dexter White, Keynes
is considered the intellectual founding father of the International Monetary Fund
and the World Bank, which were created at Bretton Woods
This is because , the world bank became the source of the definition of
development as Gross National Income per capita an as such classifying countries
into developed, less developed and least development countries.
Thus Early definitions of development such as those of British Development
economies Dudley Seer defined Development as when a country experiences a
reduction or elimination of poverty, inequality and unemployment.
9. Cont… Development
Criticisms on the Bretton woods institutions to improve development led to studies
of development as not just an economic theory, but as a social theory and human
rights theory
Hettne in “Racism, Migration and Development.” posits that ‘development in the
modern sense implies intentional social change in accordance with societal
objectives’
Woolcock in“The next 10 Years in Development Studies.” sees development as ‘the
internal and external processes that shape, in a given society or for a particular
social group, the welfare, justice and opportunities of any given society, but
especially its poorest and most marginalized.
The commonalities of the definitions include: improvement, welfare and social
change.
Simply development means “improvement in country’s economic and social
conditions”.
More specially, it refers to improvements in way of managing an area’s natural and
human resources In order to create wealth and improve people’s lives
The most notabe definition is by Amartya Sen, Development as a process of
expanding the real freedoms that people enjoy
10. III. Development Law
Legal provisions, guidelines, and principles that; Control, Regulate,
Promote, Protect Development in various aspects depending on the
need of the society
There are two aspects of Development Law
a) Law and development- the field that emerged in the 1960s and 70’s
and was linked to American Aid programs and other organizations. It
identified law as a tool as a necessary tool of progress as well an
instrument to achieve development. Emphasis is to develop legal
institutions in the hope of increasing equality and widen
participation
b) Law in development – it’s a concept that looks at the role of law in
development alongside political economic and social aspect of
development. Law is a both an element and a tool to achieve it.
Development law recognizes that development cannot move on its own
and requires regulatory measures of modern law.
.
11. IV. International Development Law
: an origin phase 1
International development law is a relatively recent branch of international law that
developed in the 1960s surrounding the debate over how best to approach
international development.
The term “law and development” emerged and gained significance after the Second
World War, when a group of scholars, practitioners, private foundations, and aid
agencies. The aim was to
a) Apply development theories to developing countries
b) Justify American aid programs in third worlds countries by pushing for efforts to
adopt laws and legal practices from developed countries.
The focus was primarily on the state as the area for development and the focus was
on economic development.
The objective was that for there to be development, the rule of law,and the key
components , equality, enhanced freedom of participation, were important in
introducing social responses to the economies needs but central to the concept of
economic needs on the subject of development
The result was an upsurge on development partners i.e Ford Foundation, Usaid ,
Oxfam etc.
12. Cont…An origin OF Intl Dev.t
Aside from the propagation on the role of law they saw there was
need for lawyers to be a part of the development process in; policy
formulation , enforcement of regulation and advising on policy
formulation and implementation.
Therefore there was training of lawyers among other professionals .
In the words of Tom Shachtman, “understood that in post-colonial,
independent Africa, without education there could be no
government, no democracy, and no justice.”
https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/airlifts-of-us-the-
first-kenyans-to-study-in-america-1358684
13. Failures of legal liberalism/
propagation of role of law
The failure of the role of law was predicated on the fact that the on the following
assumptions:
a. Rules were pluralistic for the good of society. What is legal pluralism ?- the
existence of multiple legal systems in a country prevalent in colonial
countries
- Social stratification and authoritarian government
a. The focus of social control was the state –hence emphasis to centralized
systems of government
-tribes ,clans and local communities were the focus of social control
a. Courts were autonomous and central actors of social control- there was a
presupposition on the embrace of courts
- Courts were not autonomous people generally dispobeyed rules
a. Also the lawyers who studied abroad did not become westernized enough i.e
like Tom Mboya became alive to development economics and opposed the
American system of development.
b. The term of development was defined narrowly to only encompass economic
development
14. Phase 2 Neo-liberalism
Law and development was resuscitated in the 1980s and the 90s after the fall
of the Soviet bloc, with the proliferation of neoliberal law reform projects
that sought to reduce state intervention in the economy by promoting
privatization and deregulation of the economy.
What is neoliberalism? It’s a classical political economic ideology that
reaffirmed that markets promote economic efficiency and fair social
distributions. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DLtxUiwY6j8
a) Its main characteristic discourage positive government intervention in the
economy . Ie propoents against the KQ bailouts
b) The government should subsidise and promote private companies i.e
funding private market players.
c) Promotes free markets approaches i.e priviatization of companies acquisiton
or closure of government corps to promote of private companies.
d) Promote globalization by removal of trade barriers. The push for bilateral
and multilateral trade agreement
This second law and development movement was substantially larger in scale
and impact than the first, with significant effects on development projects
and policies around the world
15. Neo-liberal Movement
The World Bank and IMF have been the best proponents of neo-liberal
approaches which were guided by the Washington Consensus
The Washington consensus , refers to a set of principles or rules that represent
the lowest common denominator of policy advice that Washington based
institutions advances , such as
- fiscal discipline ,
- a redirection of public expenditure and priorities towards areas offering
high economic returns and potential to improve income distribution i.e
primary health care, education and infrastructure.
- Tax reform to lower marginal rates and broaden the tax base , interest rate
liberalization – remember banks,
- competitive exchange rate ,
- trade liberalization, liberalization of inflows of FDI ,
- privatization and deregulation to abolish barriers to entry and exit and
protection of property rights-titling.
16. Effect of neo-liberalism
The keeping of wealth with the top corporations and
individuals
Heavily socially stratified societies ,the large rich and poor
margin – they say Kenya is country of Ten millionaire and
ten million poor people.
The lack of government involvement in provision basic
rights and freedoms which ahs led to a poor a standard of
life. i.e maziwa ya nyayo was an equalizer effect under
liberalism that faded away.
17. Phase 3
Development is still under reflection. Which some argue is the third phase.
The definitions of development are multiple but clear is the position that
development needs to be holistic. That means including non market values in
the idea of development i.e the rule of law
The Rule of law means that, law is not just a means to achieve development
but a crucial component of development
The third phase is also characterized by development organizations UN
initiative on global efforts to eradicate poverty such as MDGS (2000-2015) and
(2015 -2030). The SDGs include the rule of law as among the 17 targets
the purpose has evolved to among others
the concept of institution building.
Consider the importance of access to justice
the importance of sustainable development
the importance of ensuring human rights and dignity for all
18. SOURCES
Nathan Andrews & Sylvia Bawa (2014) A Post-development Hoax?
(Re)-examining the Past, Present and Future of Development Studies,
Third World Quarterly, 35:6, 922-927
Yong Shik Lee, “General Theory of Law and Development” 50 Cornell
International Journal 415(2017)
https://www.un.org/en/our-work/uphold-international-law
https://www.thebalance.com/keynesian-economics-theory-definition-
4159776#citation-32