The document discusses various vehicle chassis and suspension system types. It describes ladder, backbone, and monocoque chassis designs. It also outlines independent and dependent suspension systems such as MacPherson strut, double wishbone, and beam axle designs. Finally, it discusses hydraulic, pneumatic, mechanical, electronic, and vacuum brake systems as well as steering system types like recirculating ball gearbox, power steering hydraulic, and power steering electro-hydraulic.

1. UNDER CHASSIS

3. WHAT IS IT?
• A chassis (/ˈtʃæsi/ or /ˈʃæsi/; plural:
"chassis" /ˈtʃæsiz/ or /ˈʃæsiz/) consists of an
internal vehicle frame that supports a
manmade object in its construction and use.

4. Types
• A. LADDER
• B. BACK BONE
• C. MONOCOQUE
• D. SPACE FRAME

5. A. LADDER
• So named for its resemblance to a ladder, the
ladder frame is one of the simplest and oldest
of all designs. It consists of two symmetrical
beams, rails, or channels running the length of
the vehicle, and several transverse cross-
members connecting them. Originally seen on
almost all vehicles, the ladder frame was
gradually phased out on cars in favor of
perimeter frames and unitized body
construction. It is now seen mainly on trucks.

6. B. BACKBONE
• A backbone chassis is a type of automobile
construction chassis that is similar to the
body-on-frame design. Instead of a two-
dimensional ladder type structure, it consists
of a strong tubular backbone (usually
rectangular in cross section) that connects the
front and rear suspension attachment areas. A
body is then placed on this structure.

7. C. MONOCOQUE
• Monocoque (/ˈmɒnəˌkɒk, -ˌkoʊk/) is a
structural approach whereby loads are
supported through an object's external skin,
similar to an egg shell. The technique may also
be called structural skin. The
word monocoque is a French term for "single
shell" or (of boats) "single hull".[1]

8. D. SPACE FRAME CHASSIS
• In a (tubular) spaceframe chassis, the suspension,
engine, and body panels are attached to a three-
dimensional skeletal frame of tubes, and the
body panels have little or no structural function.
• The first true spaceframe chassis were produced
in the 1930s by Buckminster Fuller and William
Bushnell Stout (the Dymaxion and theStout
Scarab) who understood the theory of the true
spaceframe from either architecture or aircraft
design.[16]

10. • Suspension is the system of tires, tire air, springs, shock
absorbers and linkages that connects a vehicle to
its wheels and allows relative motion between the
two.[1] Suspension systems serve a dual purpose —
contributing to the vehicle's roadholding/handling and
braking for good active safety and driving pleasure, and
keeping vehicle occupants comfortable and a ride
quality reasonably well isolated from road noise, bumps,
vibrations,etc.[2] These goals are generally at odds, so the
tuning of suspensions involves finding the right
compromise. It is important for the suspension to keep the
road wheel in contact with the road surface as much as
possible, because all the road or ground forces acting on
the vehicle do so through the contact patches of the tires.
The suspension also protects the vehicle itself and any
cargo or luggage from damage and wear. The design of
front and rear suspension of a car may be different.

11. TYPES
• INDEPENDENT
Motion of wheel pairs is independent, so
that a disturbance at one wheel is not directly
transmitted to its partner
• DEPENDENT
Motion of a wheel on one side of the
vehicle is dependent on the motion of its
partner on the other side

12. DEPENDENT SUSPENSION
• I-Beam
A beam axle, rigid axle or solid axle is a dependent
suspension design, in which a set of wheels is
connected laterally by a single beam or shaft.
Beam axles were once commonly used at the rear
wheels of a vehicle, but historically they have also
been used as front axles in rear-wheel-drive
vehicles. In most automobiles, beam axles have
been replaced by front and rearindependent
suspensions.

13. INDEPENDENT SUSPENSION
• Macpherson Strut
is a type
of car suspension system
which uses the top of a
telescopic damper as the
upper steering pivot. It is
widely used in the front
suspension of modern vehicles
and is named for American
automotive engineer Earle S.
MacPherson, who originally
invented and developed the
design.
• Double
wishbone
In automobiles, a double
wishbone (or upper and lower
A-arm) suspension is
an independent suspension de
sign using two (occasionally
parallel) wishbone-shaped
arms to locate the wheel. Each
wishbone or arm has two
mounting points to
thechassis and one joint at the
knuckle.

14. MAJOR COMPONENT PARTS
• CONTROL ARM (a movable lever that
fastensthe steering knuckle to the vehicle frame or body)
• CONTROL ARM BUSHING (a sleeve, which allows the control arm
to move up and down on the frame)
• STRUT ROD (prevents the control arm from swinging to the front
or rear of the vehicle)
• BALL JOINTS (a swivel joint that allows the control arm and
steering knuckle to move up and down, as well as side to side)
• SHOCK ABSORBER or STRUT (keeps the
suspension from continuing to bounce after spring
compression and extension)
• STABILIZER BAR (limits body roll of thevehicle during
cornering)
• SPRING (supports the weight of the vehicle; permits the control
arm and wheel to move up and down)

16. TYPES OF BRAKES
• HYDRAULIC BRAKE
• PNEUMATIC BRAKE
• MECHANICAL BRAKE
• ELECTRONIC BRAKE
• VACUUM BRAKE

17. HYDRAULIC BRAKES
• The hydraulic brake is an arrangement
of braking mechanism which uses brake fluid,
typically containing ethylene glycol, to transfer
pressure from the controlling mechanism to
the braking mechanism.

18. TYPES OF HYDRAULIC BRAKES
• DRUM BRAKE
A drum brake is a vehicle
brake in which the friction is
caused by a set of brake
shoes that press against the
inner surface of a rotating
drum. The drum is
connected to the rotating
roadwheel hub.
• DISC BRAKE
The disc brake is a device for
slowing or stopping the rotation of a
road wheel. A brake disc (or rotor in
U.S. English), usually made of cast
iron orceramic, is connected to the
wheel or the axle. To stop the
wheel, friction material in the form
of brake pads (mounted in a device
called a brake caliper) is
forced mechanically, hydraulically, p
neumatically or electromagnetically
against both sides of the disc.
Friction causes the disc and
attached wheel to slow or stop.

19. MAJOR COMPONENT PARTS OF
HYDRAULIC BRAKE

20. PNEUMATIC BRAKE
• is a type of friction brake for vehicles in
which compressed airpressing on a piston is used
to apply the pressure to the brake pad needed to
stop the vehicle. Air brakes are used in large
heavy vehicles, particularly those having multiple
trailers which must be linked into the brake
system, such as trucks, buses, trailers, andsemi-
trailers in addition to their use in railroad
trains. George Westinghouse first developed air
brakes for use in railway service.

21. MAJOR COMPONENT PARTS OF
PNEUMATIC BRAKE

22. MECHANICAL BRAKE
• PARKING BRAKE
In cars, the parking brake, also called[1] hand
brake, emergency brake, or e-brake, is a
latching brake usually used to keep the vehicle
stationary. It is sometimes also used to
prevent a vehicle from rolling when the
operator needs both feet to operate the clutch
and throttle pedals.

23. MAJOR COMPONENT PARTS OF
MACHANICAL BRAKE

24. ELECTRONIC BRAKE
• An anti-lock braking system or anti-skid braking
system [1] (ABS) is an automobile safety system that
allows the wheels on a motor vehicle to
maintain tractive contact with the road surface
according to driver inputs while braking, preventing the
wheels from locking up (ceasing rotation) and avoiding
uncontrolled skidding. It is an automated system that
uses the principles of threshold braking and cadence
braking which were practiced by skillful drivers with
previous generation braking systems. It does this at a
much faster rate and with better control than a driver
could manage.

25. MAJOR COMPONENT PARTS OF
ELECTRONIC BRAKE

26. VACUUM BRAKE
• The vacuum booster is a metal canister that
contains a clever valve and a diaphragm. A rod
going through the center of the canister
connects to themaster cylinder's piston on
one side and to the pedal linkage on the other.
• Another key part of the power brakes is
the check valve.

27. MAJOR COMPONENTS OF VACUUM
BRAKE

29. STEERING SYSTEM
• Steering is the collection of components,
linkages, etc. which allow a vessel (ship, boat)
or vehicle (car, motorcycle, bicycle) to follow
the desired course. An exception is the case
of rail transport by which rail tracks combined
together with railroad switches (and also
known as 'points' in British English) provide
the steering function.The primary purpose of
the steering system is to allow the driver to
guide the vehicle.

31. RECIRCULATING BALL GEARBOX

33. POWER STEERING HYDRAULIC

34. POWER STEERING ELECTRO-
HYDRAULIC

35. POWER STEERING ELECTRONIC