This document summarizes the history and development of virtual learning networks (VLNs) and online learning communities in New Zealand education. It traces the key stages from early experiments with telecommunications technology in the 1990s to the establishment of the VLN in 2002 and expansion of eLearning clusters nationally in the 2000s. It also describes common characteristics of these clusters, the role of ePrincipals, online learning environments, teacher professional development opportunities, and issues faced. Finally, it discusses opportunities and challenges for the future including implementation of the new curriculum and a potential national education network.