UK Spectrum Policy Forum Cluster 1: Transportation - 11 December 2014 John Mettrop, Policy Specialist Spectrum, Civil Aviation Authority Riding the Airwaves: Aviation the evolving requirement More information at: http://www.techuk.org/about/uk-spectrum-policy-forum All rights reserved

1. Riding the Airwaves
Aviation, the Evolving
Requirement
John Mettrop
Policy Specialist, Spectrum
UK Civil Aviation Authority

2.  Aviation, Value to the Economy
 Current Spectrum Use
 Constraints on Development
 Future Evolution/Revolution

3. Aviation Value to the Economy
Commercial Aviation by the Numbers
2012 UK EU 28 Global
No. of Airlines 22 227 1,397
No. of Commercial Aircraft 1,261 4,358 25,332
No. of flights 1.17 million 9.4 million 37.4 million
No. of Passengers 197 million 534 million 2,970 million
No. of jobs (excluding tourism) 790,000 5,500,000 58,100,000
Contribution to GDP £64.5 billion
(4%)
£438.7 billion
(3.7%)
£1,600 billion
(3.4%)
Source: Air Transport Action Group

4. Aviation Value to the Economy
UK Non Commercial Aircraft
• 212 Private jets
• 20 Airships
• 1625 Balloons
• 2247 Gliders
• 327 Gyroplanes
• 1232 Helicopters
• 4029 Microlights
• 9989 General aviation fixed wing aircraft

5. Current Spectrum Use
Why is Spectrum Important?

6. Current Spectrum Use
How is it used on an Aircraft?
SSR(x2)
TCAS
RA
(x4)
SSR
(x2) TCAS
Weather
Radar
ADF
VOR x2
GPS
DME
2
Marker
BeaconDME
1
ILS
Loc
ILS
G/S
VHF-2 SATCOM
HF x2
VHF 3VHF
1
ADF :
DME:
GPS:
G/S:
HF:
ILS:
Automatic Direction Finder
Distance Measuring Equipment
Global Positioning System
Glide Slope
High Frequency
Instrument Landing System
Loc
RA:
SATCOM:
SSR:
TCAS:
VOR:
Localiser
Radio Altimeter
Satellite Communication
Secondary Surveillance Radar
Traffic Collision Avoidance System
VHF Omni ranging

7. Current Spectrum Use
Types of Radio Services
R
a
d
i
o
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
Mobile Service
Radiodetermination
Amateur
Broadcasting
Fixed
Meteorological aids
Standard frequency & time signal
Mobile-satellite
Radiodetermination-satellite
Amateur satellite
Broadcasting-satellite
Fixed-satellite
Earth exploration-satellite
Standard frequency & time signal-satellite
Inter-satellite
Safety
Special
Space research
Radio astronomy
Space operation
Aeronautical mobile
Aeronautical mobile (R)
Aeronautical mobile (OR)
Land mobile
Maritime mobile
Port operations
Ship movement
Radiolocation
Radionavigation
Aeronautical radionavigation
Maritime radionavigation
Meteorological-satellite Aeronautical mobile-satellite (R)
Aeronautical mobile-satellite
Land mobile-satellite
Maritime mobile-satellite
Radiolocation-satellite Aeronautical radionavigation-satellite
Maritime radionavigation-satelliteRadionavigation-satellite
Aeronautical mobile-satellite (OR)

8. Current Spectrum Use
Global Aeronautical Allocations
100kHz
1MHz
10MHz
100MHz
200kHz
300kHz
400kHz
600kHz
800kHz
2MHz
3MHz
4MHz
6MHz
8MHz
20MHz
30MHz
40MHz
60MHz
80MHz
3km
1km
300m
100m
30m
10m
3m
Marker beaconsNDB / Locator beacons
HF Air/ground voice / data
100MHz
1000MHz
10GHz
100GHz
200MHz
300MHz
400MHz
600MHz
800MHz
2000MHz
3000MHz
4000MHz
6000MHz
8000MHz
20GHz
30GHz
40GHz
60GHz
80GHz
3km
1m
30cm
10cm
3cm
1cm
3mm
Localizer /
VOR/GBAS
Air/ground
voice / data
L S C X Ku KaK
Air/ground communications
Navigation
Air/ground communications
Navigation
Surveillance
EPIRB / ELT
LDACS
AeroMACS
UAS terrestrial
UAS satellite
Satellite
communications
MTSAT and
Inmarsat
Iridium
Glide path DME
GNSSL5 L1
SSR PSR PSR
MLS
Radio Altimeter
Airborne Doppler radar
Airborne weather radar
LF band (#5) MF band (#6) HF band (#7) VHF band (#8)
VHF band (#8) UHF band (#9) SHF band (#10) EHF band (#11)
ASDE radar
Frequency range 100 kHz – 100 MHz
Frequency range 100 MHz – 100 GHz
Notes:
Drawing not to scale
Not all Regional or sub-Regional allocations are shown
Band identification (e.g. VHF) and band # per Radio Regulations
The satellite communication bands used by MTSAT and Inmarsat are not allocated the the Aeronautical Mobile Satellte (R) Service
Former band letters
Airborne radar

9. Constraints on Development:
Regulation
 Radio Regulation:
 ITU, CEPT, ETSI
 Frequency bands
 Conditions on use (e.g. spurious, eirp etc)
 Level of protection
Aviation Regulation:
 ICAO Convention on International Civil Aviation
 General Principles
 Equipment interoperability
 Safety
 RTCA/EUROCAE Minimum Operational Performance Standards
 SESAR
 EASA
 CAA

10. Constraints on Development:
ICAO Convention on……
Article 3: Civil and State aircraft
 This convention shall be applicable only to civil aircraft and shall not be applicable to state
aircraft
 Aircraft used in military, customs and police services shall be deemed to be state aircraft
 The contracting States undertake, when issuing regulations for their state aircraft, that they will
have due regard for the safety of navigation of civil aircraft
Article 5: Rights of non-scheduled flight
 Each contracting State agrees that all aircraft of the other contracting States, being aircraft not
engaged in scheduled international air services shall have the right, subject to the observance
of the terms of this Convention, to make flights into or in transit non-stop across its territory……
Article 22: Facilitation of formalities
 Each contracting State agrees to adopt all practicable measures, through the issuance of special
regulations or otherwise, to facilitate and expedite navigation by aircraft between the
territories of contracting States.
Article 30: Aircraft radio equipment
 Aircraft of each contracting State may, in or over the territory of other contracting States, carry
radio transmitting apparatus only if a license to install and operate such apparatus has been
issued by the appropriate authorities of the State in which the aircraft is registered
Article 37: Adoption of international standards and procedures
 Each contracting State undertakes to collaborate in securing the highest practicable degree of
uniformity in regulations, standards, procedures, and organisation in relation to aircraft…. In all
matters in which such uniformity will facilitate and improve air navigation

11.  Standards Development
 Spectrum Availability 3-4 years minimum (WRC cycle)
 ICAO SARPs minimum 5 years
 RTCA/EUROCAE MOPS 5 years
 Aircraft Development
 A380
 Concept 1988
 Maiden flight 2005
 Delivery of the first aircraft 2007
 Aircraft Modification
 7 year notification period
 Maintenance cycles
 A check every 800 flying hours, 20-50 man hours
 B Check every 6 months, 150 man hours
 C Check every 2 years, 1-2 weeks out of service, up to 6000 man-hours
 D Check every 6 years, 2 months out of service, up to 50,000 man-hours
Constraints on Development:
Timescales

12.  Remotely Piloted Aircraft
 Spectrum to support command and non-payload communication
 Access to additional spectrum (≈150 MHz)
 Wireless Avionics
 Replacement of wires with radio systems
 Increased diversity of routing
 Additional sensors
 Accommodated in existing aeronautical allocations
 Wingtip Radar
 Avoid collisions whilst taxiing
 Use of automotive radar
 No additional spectrum requirements
 Space Planes
 Virgin Galactic
 Spectrum requirement being investigated (type, quantity, propagation)
Future Evolution/Revolution:
Known Developments

13.  Work holistically across in a multidiscipline environment to:-
 Identify Required Future Global ATM System (2060 and beyond)
 Requires Minimum Equipment Fit
 Rationalising Systems where Possible
 Workable Transition Plan that is Adhered to
 Justified Protection Criteria
 Can be Globally Harmonised and Implemented
 Benefits
 Aviation Controls its own Destiny
 Possible Release of Spectrum
 Reduced Equipage in the Air and on the Ground
 Less fuel burn
 Reduced CO2 emissions/maintenance/AIP/etc
?
Future Evolution/Revolution:
Evolution/Revolution

14. Definition of Radio Frequency Management:
“Radio frequency management is done by experts who
meld years of experience with a curious blend of
regulation, electronics, politics and not a little bit of
larceny. They justify requirements, horse trade, coerce,
bluff and gamble with an intuition that cannot be taught
other than by long experience”
Vice Admiral Jon L. Boyes
U.S. Navy