Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to symptoms like wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. It can be triggered by various factors including allergens, respiratory infections, exercise, smoke, and pollutants. Management involves medication, identifying triggers, creating an action plan, monitoring symptoms, staying active, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, getting vaccinated, and regular check-ups with healthcare providers. Effective management aims to control symptoms, prevent flare-ups, and improve overall quality of life.
Stroke is a type of cardiovascular disease.
It affects the arteries leading to and within the
brain. A stroke occurs when a blood vessel
that carries oxygen and nutrients to the brain
is either blocked by a clot or bursts. When
that happens, part of the brain cannot get the
blood and oxygen it needs, so it starts to die.
A myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked for a long enough time that part of the heart muscle is damaged or dies. This blockage is usually caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries. Symptoms can include chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea, and sweating. Immediate medical attention is crucial to minimize damage to the heart muscle. Treatment may include medications, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, procedures such as angioplasty or coronary artery bypass surgery.
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, also known as "broken heart syndrome," is a temporary heart condition that mimics a heart attack. It's typically triggered by intense emotional or physical stress, causing a sudden weakening of the heart muscle. Symptoms can include chest pain, shortness of breath, and irregular heartbeats. The condition usually resolves on its own within days to weeks, and treatment focuses on managing symptoms and addressing the underlying stressors.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
2. OBJECTIVES
The student will be able to,
▪ define primary health care
▪ list out the elements of primary health care
▪ explain the principles of primary health care
▪ detail the roles and responsibility of
community
health nurse in primary health care
3. INTRODUCTION
● Primary health care approach had its
inception in the year 1978 following an
international conference at Alma –ATA in
USSR.
● Primary health care is equally applicable for
all the countries from most to the least
developed countries have accepted primary
health care as the vital part of the health
system.
4. DEFINITION
“Primary Health Care is essential health care
made universally accessible to individuals &
acceptable to them, through their full
participation & at a cost the community &
country can afford ”.
4
5. ELEMENTS OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
The Alma-Ata conference outlined 8 essential components of primary health
care. Education concerning prevailing health problems and the methods of
preventing and controlling them.
1. Education and information concerning prevailing health problems and
methods of preventing and controlling them
2. Promotion of food supply and proper nutrition.
3. An adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitation.
4. Maternal and child health care, including family planning.
5. Immunization against major infectious diseases.
6. Prevention and control of locally endemic diseases.
7. Appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries.
8. Provision of essential drugs.
5
6. PRINCIPLES OF PRIMARY
HEALTH CARE
1. Equitable distribution.
2. Community participation.
3. Intersectoral coordination.
4. Appropriate technology.
5. Focus on Prevention
6
7. EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION
🠶 The first key principle in the primary health care strategy is equity
or equitable distribution of health services.
🠶 Health services must be shared equally by all people irrespective
of their ability to pay, and all must have access to health services.
🠶 At present health services are mainly concentrated in the major
towns and cities resulting in inequality of care to the people in
rural areas.
🠶 The worst hit are the poor and the needy and vulnerable groups of
the population in rural areas and urban slums.
🠶 This has been termed as social injustice.
8. 🠶 The failure to reach the majority of the people is
due to inaccessibility.
🠶 Primary health care aims to redress this
imbalance by shifting the centre of gravity of the
health care system from cities to the rural areas
and bring these services as near people’s homes
as possible.
9. Community participation
🠶Health of the people is not just the responsibility of
central and state government alone.
🠶 Involvement of people in the development process
voluntarily and willingly is vital component of
primary health care.
9
10. 🠶There must be a continuing effort to secure
meaningful involvement of the community in
planning, implementing & maintenance of health
services, besides maximum reliance on local
resources such as manpower, money & materials.
10
11. Best example for community participation is
introduction of village Health Guides” & “Trained
Dais” using people from local community. It is an
essential feature of primary health care in India.
• China had set his fore front strategy by
introducing community participation in the from of
“bare foot doctors” .
11
12. INTERSECTORAL COORDINATION
❖ There is an increasing realization of the fact that the components
of primary health care cannot be provided by the health sector
alone.
❖ The declaration of Alma-Ata states, primary health care involves
in addition to the health sector, all related sectors and aspects of
national and community development, in particular agriculture,
animal husbandry, food, industry, education, housing, public
works, communication and other sectors”.
❖ This requires strong political will to translate values into action,
an important element in intersectoral approach is planning –
planning with other sectors to avoid unnecessary duplication of
activities.
13. Appropriate technology
Appropriate technology has been defined as
“technology that is scientifically sound,
adaptable to local needs, & acceptable to
those who apply it & for those whom it is
used & that can be maintained by the people
themselves in keeping with the principles of
self reliance with the resources the
community & country can afford
14. Cont..
🠶 The term appropriate is emphasized because
in some countries luxurious hospitals that are
totally inappropriate to the local needs, are
built, which absorb a major part of the
national health budget, effectively blocking
many improvement in general health
services.
14
15. Focus on Prevention
🠶Prevention is the core strategy of primary
health care. Community health nurses focus
on health promotion and health maintenance
activities for which they engage in primary
,secondary and tertiary level of preventive
care activities.
15
16. ROLE OF NURSE IN PRIMARY
HEALTH CARE
WHO study group in 1985 highlighted the following roles and
functions of nurses in primary health care.
1. Direct care provider
The nurse provide direct care to individual,families and
community with reference to 8 elements of primary health care
Ex:MCH Care
16
17. ● In order to promote health, prevent disease, regain
and maintain health, the nurse educates
individuals, families and community at large about
healthful behavior, sanitary environment,
prevention of diseases etc., she educates family
members to take care of the sick in her absence
and also other preventive measures.
● As a teacher, she trains other health workers such
as ANMs, health Guides, Village Dais
18. 3. Good planner & care manager
● The nurse working for primary health care
makes assessment of health needs, health
problems of individuals, families and
community.
● The nurses involves individuals, families and
community in planning and implementing of
the care. She makes referrals when required.
● She maintains the record of care given and
evaluates the effectiveness of the same.
18
19. 4. Guide & supervisor
19
As a nurse engaged in providing primary
health care, she is expected to supervise,
guide and help other personnel in providing
care, planning health services for families and
for the community.
20. 5. Specific functions-PHC
● Assessment of healthneeds and health
problems of individuals and community.
● Provide integrated comprehensive primary health
care service related to 8 essential elements.
● Mobilize involvementof individuals families
and community in providing primary health care.
20
21. ● Surveillance of locally endemic diseases
● Monitoring and analysis of health condition to
determine the progress in primary health care
● Training and supervision of health workers.
● Working in collaboration with other
socioeconomic sectors.
● Maintenance of accurate, complete and up-to-
date records of health care services rendered