Types of glucose transporter
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![Types of Glucose Transporter
1. GLUT1
Present in all human tissue, numbers of the carrier protein molecule GLUT-1 are more numerous
in red blood vessels, in the protective membrane of the blood vessels in the brain and in fetal
tissues. GLUT-1 has a strong affinity for glucose molecules, and ensures that both the brain and
red blood cells receive appropriate levels of glucose. GLUT-1 is also able to transport galactose,
but is unable to transport fructose.
2. GLUT-2
GLUT-2 has a lower affinity for glucose than GLUT-1. It is present throughout all bodily tissues,
with the major expression sites being the liver, kidney, pancreas and small intestine. GLUT-2 is
capable of transporting glucose, fructose and galactose. GLUT-2 is most active as a glucose
transporter when high levels of glucose are present, such as after food.
3. GLUT-3
The major expression sites of GLUT-3 are the brain, placenta and testes. GLUT-3 has a high
affinity for glucose, and is also able to transport galactose, but is unable to carry fructose.
GLUT-3 is the primary glucose carrier for neurons or nerve cells.
4. GLUT-4
GLUT-4 is an insulin responsive glucose transporter that has a high affinity for glucose. GLUT-4
only carries glucose. The major expression sites are the cardiac muscle, the skeletal system and
adipocyte cells. Adipocyte cells are fat cells specializing in storing energy as fats. GLUT-4
transports glucose molecules into adipocytes. Adipocyte cells and the skeletal system both
require insulin as well as a glucose transporter protein to absorb glucose molecules from the
bloodstream. Insulin is released from the pancreas which then attaches to receptors on the
adipocyte and skeletal cell membranes. As GLUT-4 is an insulin responsive protein, it is alerted
to the presence of the insulin bound to the receptors on the cell membrane. The GLUT-4
molecule is then able to transport the glucose molecule across the cell membrane and into the
cell.
5. SGLUT-1
SGLUT-1 is a cotransporter molecule, with primary expression sites in the intestinal mucosa and
kidneys. The intestinal mucosa is the lining of the large and small intestine which absorbs
nutrients. Cotransporter molecules usually carry two different sorts of molecules. SGLUT-1
carries one molecule of either glucose or galactose as well as two sodium ions. SGLUT-1 is
unable to carry fructose.
References
Types of Glucose Transporters By Katy Willis, eHow Contributor [online].
available at http://www.ehow.com/list_6869400_types-glucose-transporters.html
AccessedOctober2,2013](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/typesofglucosetransporter-140813041947-phpapp02/85/Types-of-glucose-transporter-1-320.jpg?cb=1407903656)
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Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
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Types of glucose transporter
- 1. Types of Glucose Transporter 1. GLUT1 Present in all human tissue, numbers of the carrier protein molecule GLUT-1 are more numerous in red blood vessels, in the protective membrane of the blood vessels in the brain and in fetal tissues. GLUT-1 has a strong affinity for glucose molecules, and ensures that both the brain and red blood cells receive appropriate levels of glucose. GLUT-1 is also able to transport galactose, but is unable to transport fructose. 2. GLUT-2 GLUT-2 has a lower affinity for glucose than GLUT-1. It is present throughout all bodily tissues, with the major expression sites being the liver, kidney, pancreas and small intestine. GLUT-2 is capable of transporting glucose, fructose and galactose. GLUT-2 is most active as a glucose transporter when high levels of glucose are present, such as after food. 3. GLUT-3 The major expression sites of GLUT-3 are the brain, placenta and testes. GLUT-3 has a high affinity for glucose, and is also able to transport galactose, but is unable to carry fructose. GLUT-3 is the primary glucose carrier for neurons or nerve cells. 4. GLUT-4 GLUT-4 is an insulin responsive glucose transporter that has a high affinity for glucose. GLUT-4 only carries glucose. The major expression sites are the cardiac muscle, the skeletal system and adipocyte cells. Adipocyte cells are fat cells specializing in storing energy as fats. GLUT-4 transports glucose molecules into adipocytes. Adipocyte cells and the skeletal system both require insulin as well as a glucose transporter protein to absorb glucose molecules from the bloodstream. Insulin is released from the pancreas which then attaches to receptors on the adipocyte and skeletal cell membranes. As GLUT-4 is an insulin responsive protein, it is alerted to the presence of the insulin bound to the receptors on the cell membrane. The GLUT-4 molecule is then able to transport the glucose molecule across the cell membrane and into the cell. 5. SGLUT-1 SGLUT-1 is a cotransporter molecule, with primary expression sites in the intestinal mucosa and kidneys. The intestinal mucosa is the lining of the large and small intestine which absorbs nutrients. Cotransporter molecules usually carry two different sorts of molecules. SGLUT-1 carries one molecule of either glucose or galactose as well as two sodium ions. SGLUT-1 is unable to carry fructose. References Types of Glucose Transporters By Katy Willis, eHow Contributor [online]. available at http://www.ehow.com/list_6869400_types-glucose-transporters.html AccessedOctober2,2013