New Communication Formats for Effective Science Communication
1. Researchers at the Earth-Life Science Institute developed new formats for communicating science more effectively, including a multi-layer scientific article format and a movie format to introduce researchers. 2. One case study involved creating a scientific article on silicon dioxide crystallization and Earth's core evolution with 5 layers of varying accuracy and readability. 3. A second case study developed a movie format to introduce researchers using structured interviews.
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New Communication Formats for Effective Science Communication
- 1. New Communication Formatsfor Effective Science Communication - Two Case Studies - Gensei Ishimura PR Chief/Specially Appointed Associate Professor Earth-Life Science Institute (ELSI),Tokyo Institute of Technology This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 16K01001 2018/11/19 Inaugural Asia-Pacific Science Communication Conference 2018
- 2. Two Case Studies 1.Development of new format of scientific articles with multiple-levels of accuracy- readability trade-offs 2. Development of the new movie format to introduce researchers by making use of structured interview method
- 3. Two Case Studies 1.Development of new format of scientific articles with multiple-levels of accuracy- readability trade-offs 2. Development of the new movie format to introduce researchers by making use of structured interview method
- 4. Background Problem: How can wedeal with dilemma between accuracy and readability of scientific information in the area of PR, communication, or education?
- 5. How can wedeal with dilemma between accuracy and readability of scientific information? 1. If we try to communicate scientific information as understandable, we often lose accuracy. 2. If we try to communicate scientific information as accurate, we often lose readability. readability accuracy 0 100 No one wants to read articles HalfwayStrictly criticized by experts →dilemma forever?
- 6. How in theworld could we solve the problem? →show all of them parallelly 0 100 readability accuracy
- 7. Multiple Levels ofAccuracy- Readability and “AR Index” AR(Accuracy-Readability) Index： • Extent to put priority on readability rather than accuracy. • To deliver multiple AR Index information simultaneously as a package for the same topic. AR Index 5 4 3 2 1 0 100 readability accuracy
- 8. 0 100 Multiple Accuracy-Readability TradeOffs and AR Index 1. You can find which layer(=AR Index) of article you are reading. AR Index works as meta content. 2. Multiple layers are provided with for readers. 3. Readers can move to other layer through links if the current layer doesn’t match their needs. Move to the lower layer if the current one is unsatisfactory To move to the upper layer if the current one is difficult to understandTo confirm on which layer you’re now readable accurate AR Index 5 4 3 2 1
- 9. Case 1. We created5-layered articles for the following nature paper written by ELSI researchers. 1. Crystallization of silicon dioxide and compositional evolution of the Earth’s core 2. Kei Hirose, Guillaume Morard, Ryosuke Sinmyo, Koichio Umemoto, John Hernlund, George Helffrich & Stéphane Labrosse 3. Nature 543, 99–102 (02 March 2017) 2. To write multiple articles differently in reference to the 5 steps （AR Index: 5～1） 3. Title • AR Index 5: Do quartz crystals power the Earth’s magnetic field? • AR Index 1: Crystallization of silicon dioxide and the compositional evolution of the Earth’s core 4. Introduction • AR Index 5: We all know that the Earth has a magnetic field – whenever you look at a compass, you can see it in action, making the needle point at magnetic north. • AR Index 1: The Earth’s magnetic field has existed for at least 3 billion years, according to the paleomagnetic rock record. But the mechanism of the early field has been a source of contention in the Earth science community.
- 10. Sentences written accordingto the 5 indexes DoquartzcrystalspowertheEarth’smagneticfield? WeallknowthattheEarthhasamagneticfield–wheneveryoulookatacompass, youcanseeitinaction,makingtheneedlepointatmagneticnorth.Wealsoknow whatdrivesthemagneticfield–moltenrock,mostlyiron,intheplanet’soutercore swirlingaroundthesolidironinnercore. Thisswirlingiscausedbythermalconvection–youcanseethisinapotofboiling water.Cool,densematerialsinks,whilewarm,lessdensematterrises.Withinthe Earth,resultiswhatisknownasthegeodynamo,whichcreatesthemagneticfield. Butthere’saproblemhere–Earthscientistshavecarefullycalculatedhowmuchheat wouldhavetobelostbythermalconvection,andtheyrealizedthatthiskindof convectioncancontinueonlyiftheheatgoesoutcontinuously,andwhenyou calculatetheinitialheatenergy,itmusthavebeenincrediblyhottohavelastedso long.Evidenceofthisextremeheatwouldshowupintherockrecord.Butitdoesn’t, sothermalconvectionalonecan’texplainhowtheearlymagneticfieldsustained itself. Theremustbesomeothersourceofenergyhelpingthingsalong. ResearchersattheEarth-LifeScienceInstitute(ELSI)oftheTokyoInstituteof Technology(TokyoTech)thinkthey’vefoundasolution–“compositional convection.”Theybelievethattheenormousheatandpressureintheplanet’sinterior encouragecrystalstoform,andastheydosotheyremoveingredientsfromthe solution.Thiswouldchangethechemicalcompositionoftheliquid,changingits buoyancyandcausingittochurn,andcontributingtothemovementthatgeneratesthe magneticfield. Totestthisidea,theELSIscientists,ledbyProf.KeiHirose,simulatedtheconditions atthecenteroftheEarthintheirlab.Theytooktinydust-sizefragmentswithvarious amountsofeachelementthatwaspresentintheearlycoreandsqueezedthem betweenprecision-cutdiamonds.Atthesametimetheyheatedthedustupto thousandsofdegreeswithalaserbeam.Then,theylookedatthesampleswitha powerfulelectronmicroscope. Theyweresurprisedtofindthattheyhadmadequartzcrystals–thesameastheones youcanfindatthesurfaceoftheEarth.Theyrealizedthatthiscouldbeanewwayfor currentstoflow–asthecrystalsform,theelementsinthem–siliconandoxygen– areremovedfromthemix,whichaltersthepropertiesoftheremainingliquid.Itshifts andthiscontributestothemovementoftheliquid. QuartzcrystalspowertheEarth’smagneticfield TheEarth’smagneticfieldisgeneratedbycurrentsofmolteniron-richmagmainthe outercoreswirlingaroundthesolidironinnercore,producingadynamoeffect.Most scientistsbelievethattheswirlingistheresultofthermalconvectiondrivenbyheat escapingfromthecore. Butthemechanismoftheearlyfield,whentheEarthwasfirstforming,isabitofa mystery–inparticularwhatpoweredthelong-runningdynamothatgeneratedthe earlyfield.Thisisknownasthe“newcoreheatparadox.”Judgingbythesizeand electricalconductivityoftheEarth’score,thetemperatureofthecorewhenitformed 3billionyearsagowouldhavebeenextraordinarilyhigh–muchtoohightosustain permanentmagnetismforverylong.Itwouldhavequicklydecayed–unlessthere wassomethingelsegoingon,someotherenergysource,tokeeptheballrolling. Crystalenergy ResearchattheEarthLifeScienceInstitute(ELSI)attheTokyoInstituteof Technology(TokyoTech),byateamledbyProf.KeiHirose,indicatesthatthis additionalenergysourcecouldbe“compositionalconvection.”Theideaisthat,under theextremeconditionsofthecore,crystalsofsilicondioxideformandprecipitateout ofthemagma.Thisremovesthesiliconandoxygenfromthemix,thebuoyancyofthe liquidchanges,andthisinducesconvectionasthemorebuoyantliquidrises. TheELSIteamreportedinthesciencemagazineNatureontheirinvestigationsinto thismechanism.Theyexaminedwhathappenstoavarietyofalloys,spanningarange ofcompositions,underconditionsthatmimicthoseintheEarth’score. Thescientistsusedprecision-cutdiamondasan“anvil”tosqueezetinydustsize samplestothesamepressuresthatexistattheEarth'score,andalasertosimulatethe hightemperatures.Theythenexaminedthetexturalandchemicalcharacteristicsof theresultingsamplesunderanelectronmicroscope. Theyweresurprisedtofindthatthesmallamountsofsiliconandoxygeninthe startingsamplehadcombinedtogethertoformsilicondioxidecrystalsthesame compositionasmineralquartzfoundatthesurfaceoftheEarth. ThesearchofalloysbegantoyieldevenmoreusefulresultswhenHiroseandhis collaboratorsbeganmixingmorethanonealloy,includingiron.“Inthepast,most researchonironalloysinthecorehasfocusedonlyontheironandasinglealloy,” Hirosesaid.“Butintheseexperimentswedecidedtocombinetwodifferentalloys containingsiliconandoxygen,whichwestronglybelieveexistinthecore.” Inadditiontocorecoolingandenergysourcesforthegeomagneticfield,theresearch QuartzcrystalsintheEarth’scorepoweritsmagneticfield ResearchersattheEarthLifeScienceInstitute(ELSI)attheTokyoInstituteof Technology(TokyoTech)havemadesomeexcitingdiscoveriesabouttheprocesses intheEarth’scorethatdrivethegeomagneticfield.Theirfindingshintatapreviously unknownsourceofenergythatdrivestheEarth'smagneticfield,aswellasinsights intotheplanet’score–howitcooled,itschemicalcompositionandtheconditions thatexistedwhenitformed. TheresearchdealtwiththemechanismthatdrivestheEarth’smagneticfield,whichis generatedascurrentsofmolteniron-richmagmaintheoutercoreswirlaroundthe solidironinnercore,producingadynamoeffect.Theconventionalviewisthatthe swirlingistheresultofthermalconvectioncurrentsdrivenbyheatescapingfromthe core. Butthemechanismoftheearlyfieldhasbeenamystery,inparticulartheenergy sourcethatpoweredthelong-runningdynamothatcreatedthefield.Judgingbythe sizeandelectricalconductivityoftheEarth’score,thetemperatureofthecorewhenit formed3billion yearsago,wouldhavebeentoohightosustainpermanent magnetism Itwouldhavequicklydecayed–unlesstherewassomethingelsegoingon,some otherenergysource,tokeeptheballrolling. Crystalenergy ResearchbytheELSIteamandothersindicatesthatthisadditionalenergysource couldbe“compositionalconvection.”Undertheextremeconditionsofthecore, crystalsofsilicondioxideformandprecipitateoutofthemagma.Asthesiliconand oxygenareremoved,thebuoyancyoftheliquidchanges,andthisinducesconvection. TheteamatELSI,ledbyProf.KeiHirose,recentlyreportedinNatureontheir investigationsintothismechanism.Theyexaminedwhathappenstocoolingliquid alloysspanningarangeofcompositionsunderconditionsthatmimicthoseinthe Earth’score. AtHirose'slabatELSI,thescientistsusedprecision-cutdiamondsasan“anvil”to squeezetinydustsizesamplestothesamepressuresthatexistattheEarth'score,and alasertosimulatethehightemperatures.Theythenexaminedthetexturaland chemicalcharacteristicsoftheresultingsamplesunderanelectronmicroscope. Theresearchersweresurprisedtofindthat,whentheyexaminedthesamplesunderan electronmicroscope,thesmallamountsofsiliconandoxygeninthestartingsample hadcombinedtogethertoformsilicondioxidecrystals(Fig.2)thesame compositionasmineralquartzfoundatthesurfaceoftheEarth. ThesearchofalloysbegantoyieldevenmoreusefulresultswhenHiroseandhis Crystallizationofsilicondioxidecouldpowerthegeomagneticfield TheEarth’smagneticfieldhasexistedforatleast3billionyears,accordingtothe paleomagneticrecord.Butthemechanismoftheearlyfieldhasbeenamystery,in particulartheenergysourcethatpoweredt1helong-runningdynamothatproducesthe field.JudgingbythesizeandelectricalconductivityoftheEarth’score,the temperatureofthecorewasmuchtoohightosustainpermanentmagnetism,andit wouldhavequicklydecayed–unlesstherewassomeothersourceofenergyavailable Currently,itiswidelyacceptedthattheswirlingofmagmaintheEarth’sfluidouter core,whichsurroundsitssolidinnercore,inducesaconvectivedynamo.Thesolid innercoreisroughlythesizeofthemoonbutisashotasthesurfaceofthesun,andis mostlyiron.Theconventionalmodelisthatmovementinthefluidoutercoreisdriven bythermalconvectionattheinnercoreboundary.CoriolisforcesduetotheEarth’s rotationaddtothemovementandintensifythedynamoeffect. However,thisscenariooftheconvectivelydrivengeodynamoastheoriginofthe Earth’smagneticfieldhasrecentlybeenchallengedby(1)theupwardrevisionofthe thermalconductivityofthecore,whichimpliesaninner-corenucleationyoungerthan 1.4billionyearsand(2)atotallong-termcoolingofthecoreinexcessof1,000Kto drivethermalconvectionbefore1.4billionyearsago,whichwouldberequiredto explainpalaeomagneticintensitymeasurements. TheEarth’scoreisabout10%lessdensethanpureiron,whichsuggeststhatit containslightelementsaswellasiron.Modelingofcoreformationathighpressure andtemperatureinadeepmagmaoceanpredictsthatbothsiliconandoxygenare amongtheimpuritiesintheliquidoutercore.However,untilnow,onlyalloysofFe- SiandFe-Ohavebeenstudiedindetailathighpressures,andlittleisknownaboutthe compositionalevolutionofanFe–Si–Oalloyundercoreconditions. AteamattheEarth-LifeScienceInstituteoftheTokyoInstituteofTechnology,led byProf.KeiHirose,recentlyreportedinNatureontheirinvestigationsintothis mechanism.Theyexaminedwhathappenstocoolingliquidalloysinarangeof compositionsthatsimulatethepresumedconditionsintheEarth’score.Theyuseda diamondanvilandalasertoapplycore-likepressuresandtemperaturestoavarietyof samples,thenexaminedthetexturalandchemicalcharacteristicsoftheresulting samplesusinganelectronmicroscope. “Inthepast,mostresearchonironalloysinthecorehasfocusedonlyontheironand asinglealloy,”Hirosesaid."Butintheseexperimentswedecidedtocombinetwo differentalloyscontainingsiliconandoxygen,whichwestronglybelieveexistinthe core." Theresearcherswereexcitedtofindthatwhentheyexaminedthesamplesinan electronmicroscope,thesmallamountsofsiliconandoxygeninthestartingsample Crystallizationofsilicondioxideandthecompositional evolutionoftheEarth’score TheEarth’smagneticfieldhasexistedforatleast3billionyears,accordingtothe paleomagneticrockrecord.Butthemechanismoftheearlyfieldhasbeenasourceof contentionintheEarthsciencecommunity.Judgingbythesizeandelectrical conductivityoftheEarth'score,thefieldwouldhavequicklydecayedand disappeared,sincethetemperatureofthecorewastoohightosustainpermanent magnetism,accordingtorecentfindings. Therefore,anothermechanismmustexistwithintheEarth'scorethatcontinually generatesthegeomagneticfield.Scientistshavespeculatedthatthereisaconvective dynamooperatingintheEarth'sfluidoutercore,whichsurroundsitssolidinnercore. Theconvectionintheoutercoreisnowbelievedtobedrivenbyboththermaland compositionalbuoyancysourcesattheinnercoreboundary.Theseareproducedas theEarthslowlycoolsandironintheiron-richfluidalloysolidifiesontotheinner core,givingofflatentheatandthelightconstituentofthealloy.Thesebuoyancy forcescausefluidtorise,inducingconvection. Thispreviouslyacceptedscenariooftheconvectivelydrivengeodynamoastheorigin ofthemagneticfieldoftheEarthhasrecentlybeenchallengedby(1)theupward revisionofthethermalconductivityofthecore,whichimpliesaninner-core nucleationyoungerthan1.4billionyearsand(2)atotalsecularcoolingofthecorein excessof1,000Ktodrivethermalconvectionbefore1.4billionyearsago,whichis requiredtoexplainpalaeomagneticintensitymeasurements. TheEarth’scoreisabout10%lessdensethanpureiron,whichsuggeststhatit containslightelementsaswellasiron.Modelingofcoreformationathighpressure (around40–60gigapascals)andhightemperature(about3,500kelvin)inadeep magmaoceanpredictsthatbothsiliconandoxygenareamongtheimpuritiesinthe liquidoutercore.However,onlythebinarysystemsFe-SiandFe-Ohavebeenstudied indetailathighpressures,andlittleisknownaboutthecompositionalevolutionofthe Fe–Si–Oternaryalloyundercoreconditions. AteamattheEarth-LifeScienceInstituteoftheTokyoInstituteofTechnology,led byProf.KeiHirose,performedmeltingexperimentsonliquidFe–Si–Oalloyatcore pressuresinalaser-heateddiamond-anvilcell.Theirresultsdemonstratedthatthe liquidusfieldofsilicondioxideisunexpectedlywideattheiron-richportionofthe Fe–Si–Oternary,suchthataninitialFe–Si–OcorecrystallizesintoSiO2asitcools.If crystallizationproceedsontopofthecore,thebuoyancyreleasedshouldhavebeen morethansufficienttopowercoreconvectionandadynamo,inspiteofhighthermal conductivity,fromasearlyastheHadeaneon,4.5billionyearsago,whentheEarth firststartedtoform.Thefindingalsoprovidesinsightsintothemakeupoftheinner AR Index 5 AR Index 4 AR Index 3 AR Index 2 AR Index 1
- 11. Sentences written accordingto the 5 indexes (web contents) • Here.
- 12. Discussion 1. “AR Index”is not one dimensional. 2. For those who need “AR Index 5”, not only readability but also relevance, introduction to attract attention, and attractive story are important. 3. “AR Index” seems to be composed of around 5 representative factors. 4. However, it is too much difficult to design “5 dimensional” contents, it’s better to compress the dimensions from 5 to 1, temporarily.
- 13. Two Case Studies 1.Development of new format of scientific articles with multiple-levels of accuracy- readability trade-offs 2. Development of the new movie format to introduce researchers by making use of structured interview method
- 14. Two Case Studies 1.Development of new format of scientific articles with multiple-levels of accuracy- readability trade-offs 2. Development of the new movie format to introduce researchers by making use of structured interview method
- 15. Purpose of theProject 1. In ELSI(our institute), research activities in extremely diverse topics are executed by variety of researchers. 2. You might find some difficulty in understanding relationship among those researches and research activities. Goal: To communicate with the public effectively relationships among different researchers in ELSI, among their achievements, and also relationship between them and other activities outside ELSI.
- 16. To focus ona method “interview movies” 1. Can we communicate our activities by making use of “interview movies” effectively? 2. Long interviews are unpopular today, especially on the web. 3. However, too short movies cannot tell anything sufficiently.
- 17. Development of theNew Movie Format to Introduce Researchers by Making Use of Structured Interview Method 1. Interviews with researchers were done using the same list of questions. 2. The duration of one answer is, in principle, 1 minute at the longest. 3. Questions are designed to make audience find any kind of connections among answers by different interviewees. 4. Audience can see many movies in any order, with any context freely.
- 18. List of Questions No.Indexes Questions 1 My Research Explain your research briefly. 2 Adjacent Research What are the "adjacent research fields" of your own? 3 Broader Area What is the broader research area including your own? 4 Research Questions What is the most important research question in your current research activities? 5 Ultimate Goal What is your "ultimate goal or purpose"? 6 I Can Do! If you collaborate with someone, what kind of contribution can you offer to them? 7 Help! When you promote your own research, is there anyone who can probably help you much? 8 Basis What kind of other researches support or give basis for your own? 9 Applicability What are other research or non-research areas which your research can be helpful for? 10 Theories What kind of "theories" or "frame of thinking" support your own research? 11 Subjects What is the "subject" of your research? 12 Methods What are "methods" or "methodologies" used in your own research? 13 Tools What kind of devices, tools, or materials you use? 14 Challenge What is the most challenging scientific "barrier" against your research? 15 Joy What is the happiest moment in your research life? 16 Collaboration What kind of themes or collaborators do you want to chose?
- 19. Design of theQuestions and Their Relations My Research Adjacent Research Fields Basis Applica- bility Joy Collaborat ion Help! I Can Do! Broader Area Research Question Tools Challenge Theories Methods Subjects Ultimate Goal
- 20. My Research Adjacent Research Fields Basis Applica- bility Joy Collaborat ion Help! I Can Do! BroaderArea Research Question Tools Challenge Theories Methods Subjects Ultimate Goal My Research Adjacent Research Fields Basis Applica- bility Joy Collaborat ion Help! I Can Do! Broader Area Research Question Tools Challenge Theories Methods Subjects Ultimate Goal Question: What kind of devices, tools, or materials you use? (* The movies here are just examples, which don’t necessarily correspond to the charts.) リレーションシップ ID rId4 のイメージ パーツがファイルにありませんでした。 リレーションシップ ID rId4 のイメージ パーツがファイルにありませんでした。 The same question to another researcher Find similarity between different researches of different researchers.
- 21. My Research Adjacent Research Fields Basis Applica- bility Joy Collaborat ion Help! I Can Do! BroaderArea Research Question Tools Challenge Theories Methods Subjects Ultimate Goal My Research Adjacent Research Fields Basis Applica- bility Joy Collaborat ion Help! I Can Do! Broader Area Research Question Tools Challenge Theories Methods Subjects Ultimate Goal リレーションシップ ID rId4 のイメージ パーツがファイルにありませんでした。 (* The movies here are just examples, which don’t necessarily correspond to the charts.) Find possibility of collaboration between different researchers. Question: If you collaborate with someone, what kind of contribution can you offer to them? Question: When you promote your own research, is there anyone who can help you much? リレーションシップ ID rId4 のイメージ パーツがファイルにありませんでした。
- 22. Audience can findvarious connectivity among diverse researches and researchers in ELSI, as a whole. My Research Adjacent Research Fields Basis Applica- bility Joy Collabora tion Help! I Can Do! Broader Area Research Question Tools Challenge Theories Methods Subjects Ultimate Goal My Research Adjacent Research Fields Basis Applica- bility Joy Collabora tion Help! I Can Do! Broader Area Research Question Tools Challenge Theories Methods Subjects Ultimate Goal My Research Adjacent Research Fields Basis Applica- bility Joy Collabora tion Help! I Can Do! Broader Area Research Question Tools Challenge Theories Methods Subjects Ultimate Goal
- 23.
- 24. New Communication Formatsfor Effective Science Communication - Two Case Studies - 1. Development of new format of scientific articles with multiple-levels of accuracy- readability trade-offs 2. Development of the new movie format to introduce researchers by making use of structured interview method