This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods used in marketing research. It discusses research designs, the usefulness of qualitative research, common qualitative approaches like interviews and case studies. It then goes into detail about conducting interviews, transcription, translation, back-translation, analysis, and reporting findings. Exercises are also provided to help participants practice and refine skills in interviewing, transcribing, and translating qualitative research materials.
In house training 141114 qualitative researchHiram Ting
This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods and procedures. It discusses research designs, the usefulness and approaches of qualitative research including interviews, transcription, translation, analysis and inter-coder agreement. It also covers preliminary decisions, potential errors and biases, and recommendations for enumerators/coders. The document aims to guide researchers on how to properly conduct qualitative research through in-depth yet structured methods.
The document provides an overview of a course on qualitative research methods. It discusses key topics that will be covered in the lectures, including what qualitative research is, different qualitative research strategies and how to implement them, methods for collecting data through observation and interviews, and analyzing qualitative data. The lectures will cover theory, qualitative research strategies and processes, data collection techniques, and critiques of qualitative research approaches.
The document provides guidance on how to write a research proposal. It discusses key components of a research proposal including an introduction, background, purpose, objectives, literature review, methodology, and work plan. The introduction should provide context and explain why the research topic is important. The background discusses previous related work. The purpose clearly states what will be investigated. Objectives should be specific and measurable. The methodology section describes how data will be collected and analyzed. A work plan outlines the timeline and responsibilities.
Collecting Primary Data Using Semi StructuredASAD ALI
This document discusses different types of interviews used in research: semi-structured interviews, in-depth interviews, and group interviews. It explains that semi-structured interviews involve a list of themes and questions that can vary, while in-depth interviews explore a topic in an open-ended way without predetermined questions. Group interviews involve asking questions to and facilitating discussion among multiple participants. The document also outlines how different types of interviews are suited for exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory research purposes.
Descriptive and interpretive approaches to qualitative researchStutty Srivastava
This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods. It discusses that qualitative research relies on linguistic data and meaning-based analysis rather than numerical data and statistics. The document outlines several types of qualitative research designs including grounded theory, empirical phenomenology, and interpretative phenomenological analysis. It also discusses important aspects of qualitative research such as conducting a literature review, developing open-ended exploratory research questions, collecting data through interviews and observations, and analyzing data through categorization and interpreting results. The goal of qualitative research is to provide an in-depth understanding of phenomena through rich description rather than making generalized inferences.
Qualitative Research Questions and MethodologyLevelwing
Big Data isn't just about numbers and charts; qualitative research provides rich insight to help with any business question you may have. This presentation provides an overview of qualitative research methodology and the importance and process of developing scalable research questions. Learn more about Levelwing's research capabilities: http://ow.ly/gcSXU
Class lecture notes #3 (statistics for research)Harve Abella
The document discusses the definition, advantages, disadvantages and construction of questionnaires. It describes the types of questions that can be included such as open-ended, multiple choice, dichotomous and Likert scale questions. Guidelines for creating valid, reliable and unbiased questionnaire items are also provided, such as using clear wording, objectifying responses and logically grouping questions.
In house training 141114 qualitative researchHiram Ting
This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods and procedures. It discusses research designs, the usefulness and approaches of qualitative research including interviews, transcription, translation, analysis and inter-coder agreement. It also covers preliminary decisions, potential errors and biases, and recommendations for enumerators/coders. The document aims to guide researchers on how to properly conduct qualitative research through in-depth yet structured methods.
The document provides an overview of a course on qualitative research methods. It discusses key topics that will be covered in the lectures, including what qualitative research is, different qualitative research strategies and how to implement them, methods for collecting data through observation and interviews, and analyzing qualitative data. The lectures will cover theory, qualitative research strategies and processes, data collection techniques, and critiques of qualitative research approaches.
The document provides guidance on how to write a research proposal. It discusses key components of a research proposal including an introduction, background, purpose, objectives, literature review, methodology, and work plan. The introduction should provide context and explain why the research topic is important. The background discusses previous related work. The purpose clearly states what will be investigated. Objectives should be specific and measurable. The methodology section describes how data will be collected and analyzed. A work plan outlines the timeline and responsibilities.
Collecting Primary Data Using Semi StructuredASAD ALI
This document discusses different types of interviews used in research: semi-structured interviews, in-depth interviews, and group interviews. It explains that semi-structured interviews involve a list of themes and questions that can vary, while in-depth interviews explore a topic in an open-ended way without predetermined questions. Group interviews involve asking questions to and facilitating discussion among multiple participants. The document also outlines how different types of interviews are suited for exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory research purposes.
Descriptive and interpretive approaches to qualitative researchStutty Srivastava
This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods. It discusses that qualitative research relies on linguistic data and meaning-based analysis rather than numerical data and statistics. The document outlines several types of qualitative research designs including grounded theory, empirical phenomenology, and interpretative phenomenological analysis. It also discusses important aspects of qualitative research such as conducting a literature review, developing open-ended exploratory research questions, collecting data through interviews and observations, and analyzing data through categorization and interpreting results. The goal of qualitative research is to provide an in-depth understanding of phenomena through rich description rather than making generalized inferences.
Qualitative Research Questions and MethodologyLevelwing
Big Data isn't just about numbers and charts; qualitative research provides rich insight to help with any business question you may have. This presentation provides an overview of qualitative research methodology and the importance and process of developing scalable research questions. Learn more about Levelwing's research capabilities: http://ow.ly/gcSXU
Class lecture notes #3 (statistics for research)Harve Abella
The document discusses the definition, advantages, disadvantages and construction of questionnaires. It describes the types of questions that can be included such as open-ended, multiple choice, dichotomous and Likert scale questions. Guidelines for creating valid, reliable and unbiased questionnaire items are also provided, such as using clear wording, objectifying responses and logically grouping questions.
This document provides guidance on writing a PhD research proposal. It discusses the key components and structure of a proposal, including the front matter (title page, abstract, table of contents), main part consisting of three chapters (introduction, literature review, methodology), and back matter (references, appendices). The introduction chapter should provide background on the research problem/questions and significance. The literature review critically analyzes related work to identify gaps. The methodology specifies the research design, data collection/analysis plans, and ethics considerations. Common mistakes are failing to properly frame the research or cite relevant studies. Overall, the document aims to help students develop clear, well-structured proposals that convince reviewers of the research merits and feasibility.
The document provides guidance on how to write an effective research proposal in 3-4 sentences. It explains that a research proposal outlines the key components of a planned study such as the problem statement, objectives, methodology, and significance. It emphasizes that the proposal should clearly communicate the researcher's intentions and plan for conducting the study. Finally, it notes that developing a strong proposal is important before beginning research as it helps avoid issues later on and sets clear expectations for how the study will be carried out.
Qualitative research focuses on words rather than numbers, generates theories rather than generalizing, and aims to understand participant views without claiming to generalize. Qualitative researchers are influenced by interpretivism and seek to understand social life through the eyes of participants by emphasizing context and flexibility over rigid structures. The qualitative research process involves generating questions, selecting sites and subjects, collecting and analyzing data, developing concepts and theories, and writing conclusions. Reliability and validity are ensured through methods like member checking and triangulation. Qualitative sampling uses non-probability methods like convenience sampling. Data collection methods include interviews, focus groups, document analysis, and observation.
This research proposal aims to analyze shared leadership in a self-managing team through participant observation and informal interviews. The researcher will observe meetings and work of an roadworks team for 4 hours per week over 6 weeks to understand how team members influence direction, relationships, and identities. This situational analysis may provide insights into self-managing teams and test theories of leadership. Potential limitations include time constraints and the researcher's outsider status restricting revelations, while the focus on one team allows greater depth of understanding.
This document provides guidelines for writing a thesis report, including the typical sections and content. It outlines that the introduction should state the problem, justify the study, list the aims and objectives, and propose the research hypothesis. The literature review involves collecting and summarizing previous relevant studies. The materials and methods, results, discussion, and conclusion sections describe the research process and findings. References must be cited properly using the American Psychological Association style. Key elements like tables and figures should be included appropriately. Researchers are advised to follow the postgraduate school's guidelines for thesis format and referencing.
Research proposal: Tips for writing literature reviewElisha Bhandari
This document provides guidance on writing a research proposal and conducting a literature review. It discusses:
1) The importance of research and outlines the basic steps, including developing a research proposal and gaining approval before beginning research.
2) Key components of an effective research proposal, including background information, research questions, methodology, and timeline. The proposal convinces reviewers that the proposed study is worthwhile and can be completed successfully.
3) Tips for conducting a literature review, including searching relevant sources, synthesizing information thematically rather than annotating individual sources, and connecting prior work to the proposed research. A literature review establishes the context and significance of a research topic.
The document provides guidance on writing a research proposal. It discusses what constitutes research and the different types of research studies. It also outlines the typical parts of a research proposal, including an introduction, literature review, methodology, timeline, and significance. The document emphasizes reviewing literature critically and identifying gaps to position the proposed research. It stresses synthesizing existing work to build an argument and suggests including implications and future research directions. Overall, the document serves as a comprehensive guide to developing an effective research proposal.
This document outlines the seven essential elements of a computer science thesis: 1) thesis statement, 2) contributions, 3) introduction, 4) literature survey, 5) methodology and implementation, 6) evaluation, and 7) conclusions, summary and future work. It describes each element in detail and explains that the thesis should have approximately five chapters covering these elements, with additional material possibly included in appendices. While the format may vary, the thesis must include discussion of these seven core components to successfully defend the research.
This document discusses qualitative research methods and mixing methods approaches. It begins by defining different qualitative research types like case studies, grounded theory, phenomenology, and ethnography. It then discusses multi-strategy research, noting both advantages like breaking down qual-quant divides, but also difficulties integrating methods from different epistemological perspectives. The document outlines arguments for and against mixing methods and different versions of the debate. It also discusses triangulation strategies and other mixed methods approaches like sequential or concurrent designs.
This document discusses qualitative research techniques, including questioning-based techniques like depth interviews, focus groups, and projective techniques, as well as observation-based techniques like ethnography, grounded theory, and participant observation. It provides details on how each technique is conducted, its purpose, strengths, and limitations. For example, it explains that depth interviews involve talking to individuals with relevant information, focus groups involve group discussions with 8-12 people, and projective techniques indirectly assess attitudes through interpretation of others.
Qualitative Research Proposal writing session by Niroj DahalNiroj Dahal
This research proposal document provides an overview of how to write an effective research proposal. It begins with an introduction that defines research and its purpose. It then lists potential research topics in mathematics education. The document discusses different types of qualitative research studies that could be used, including ethnography, narrative research, phenomenology, grounded theory, and case studies. It provides guidance on the key components to include in a research proposal, such as chapters on introduction, literature review, and methodology. The methodology chapter should address the research paradigm, design, site and participant selection, data collection and analysis procedures, quality standards, and ethical considerations. The proposal emphasizes that a good research proposal clearly communicates the research problem, rationale, and process through a coherent
This basic interpretive study explored students' experiences in a university cooperative education program through interviews with 15 graduating students. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed for themes. Key findings were that cooperative education provided beneficial experiences, helped form relationships, and allowed students to develop skills over time. The study concluded that cooperative education aligned with principles of connected learning and was an overall positive experience for students.
Here are the key points about informed consent:
- It is a process, not just a form. Researchers must ensure participants understand what participation involves through clear verbal and written explanations.
- Consent forms should be written in plain, easy-to-understand language appropriate for the population.
- Participants must be able to refuse or withdraw from the study without penalty.
- Risks and limitations of confidentiality should be clearly explained.
- Participants should have the opportunity to ask questions to fully comprehend what they are consenting to.
- Informed consent is an ongoing process, not a single event, with the option for participants to withdraw later.
The goal is to respect participants' autonomy by
1. The document discusses several qualitative research designs including ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory, historical research, case study, feminist research, and action research.
2. Qualitative research aims to explore phenomena through words rather than numbers to gain an understanding from the participant's perspective.
3. The key types of qualitative research designs discussed are ethnography which studies culture, phenomenology which describes the meaning of lived experiences, and grounded theory which develops theories grounded in data.
Research proposal & thesis format ver 4 april 2011Adam Khaleel
The document provides guidelines for formatting research proposals, reports, theses, and dissertations at Makerere University. It outlines the required components of a research proposal, including the title, background, research problem, objectives, significance, methodology, references, and appendices. It also provides guidelines for formatting the research report/thesis, including required preliminary pages and body sections. The document aims to help researchers properly structure their work according to Makerere University standards.
1. Phenomenological research aims to understand the essence of a shared experience among individuals.
2. It identifies a phenomenon, collects data through interviews, and analyzes the data by identifying themes in the participants' descriptions of experiencing the phenomenon.
3. The analysis seeks to develop a textural-structural description of the essence of the shared experience.
The document provides an overview of research methodologies and methods. It discusses the differences between methodologies and methods, with methodologies representing the overall approach and lens for analyzing results, and methods being the specific tools used to collect data. Both qualitative and quantitative research are covered, with qualitative focusing on meanings and in-depth insights while quantitative examines relationships and trends. Key aspects of choosing and conducting qualitative research are outlined, including sampling techniques, common analysis methods like coding and triangulation, and examples of qualitative research questions.
This document provides guidance on developing a strong research proposal. It discusses the key components of a proposal, including a problem statement, research questions, definitions, delimitations, literature review, research design, methodology, and bibliography. High-quality proposals keep the research project focused and prevent unnecessary work. The proposal should provide a clear, detailed plan for how the researcher will solve the stated problem. Careful preparation and adherence to requirements are important for approval and successful research.
The document provides guidance on how to write an effective research proposal. It explains that a proposal outlines the key elements of a proposed research study, including the problem statement, objectives, methodology, and timeline. The proposal communicates the researcher's plan and justification for the study. It also helps avoid issues that could arise during the actual research by ensuring the researcher has carefully planned the study design. Some of the main components that should be included in a research proposal are an introduction, literature review, methodology, limitations, and budget. The introduction provides background on the research topic and states the purpose and importance of the study.
This document is a registration form for the National Conference on "Innovation in Pharmaceutical Industry: From Drug Development to Distribution" being held on January 28-29, 2012. The form requests information such as name, address, phone number, and registration fees for students, professionals, and industry. It provides details on early bird registration discounts and payment options including bank transfer, demand draft, or cheque in favor of "Pharmanext".
SPSS Presentation. topics include general concepts of statistics, basic concepts of SPSS, Variables, types of variables, data and its types, sources of data,four windows of SPSS, viewer window, output viewer. results etc..............................
This document provides guidance on writing a PhD research proposal. It discusses the key components and structure of a proposal, including the front matter (title page, abstract, table of contents), main part consisting of three chapters (introduction, literature review, methodology), and back matter (references, appendices). The introduction chapter should provide background on the research problem/questions and significance. The literature review critically analyzes related work to identify gaps. The methodology specifies the research design, data collection/analysis plans, and ethics considerations. Common mistakes are failing to properly frame the research or cite relevant studies. Overall, the document aims to help students develop clear, well-structured proposals that convince reviewers of the research merits and feasibility.
The document provides guidance on how to write an effective research proposal in 3-4 sentences. It explains that a research proposal outlines the key components of a planned study such as the problem statement, objectives, methodology, and significance. It emphasizes that the proposal should clearly communicate the researcher's intentions and plan for conducting the study. Finally, it notes that developing a strong proposal is important before beginning research as it helps avoid issues later on and sets clear expectations for how the study will be carried out.
Qualitative research focuses on words rather than numbers, generates theories rather than generalizing, and aims to understand participant views without claiming to generalize. Qualitative researchers are influenced by interpretivism and seek to understand social life through the eyes of participants by emphasizing context and flexibility over rigid structures. The qualitative research process involves generating questions, selecting sites and subjects, collecting and analyzing data, developing concepts and theories, and writing conclusions. Reliability and validity are ensured through methods like member checking and triangulation. Qualitative sampling uses non-probability methods like convenience sampling. Data collection methods include interviews, focus groups, document analysis, and observation.
This research proposal aims to analyze shared leadership in a self-managing team through participant observation and informal interviews. The researcher will observe meetings and work of an roadworks team for 4 hours per week over 6 weeks to understand how team members influence direction, relationships, and identities. This situational analysis may provide insights into self-managing teams and test theories of leadership. Potential limitations include time constraints and the researcher's outsider status restricting revelations, while the focus on one team allows greater depth of understanding.
This document provides guidelines for writing a thesis report, including the typical sections and content. It outlines that the introduction should state the problem, justify the study, list the aims and objectives, and propose the research hypothesis. The literature review involves collecting and summarizing previous relevant studies. The materials and methods, results, discussion, and conclusion sections describe the research process and findings. References must be cited properly using the American Psychological Association style. Key elements like tables and figures should be included appropriately. Researchers are advised to follow the postgraduate school's guidelines for thesis format and referencing.
Research proposal: Tips for writing literature reviewElisha Bhandari
This document provides guidance on writing a research proposal and conducting a literature review. It discusses:
1) The importance of research and outlines the basic steps, including developing a research proposal and gaining approval before beginning research.
2) Key components of an effective research proposal, including background information, research questions, methodology, and timeline. The proposal convinces reviewers that the proposed study is worthwhile and can be completed successfully.
3) Tips for conducting a literature review, including searching relevant sources, synthesizing information thematically rather than annotating individual sources, and connecting prior work to the proposed research. A literature review establishes the context and significance of a research topic.
The document provides guidance on writing a research proposal. It discusses what constitutes research and the different types of research studies. It also outlines the typical parts of a research proposal, including an introduction, literature review, methodology, timeline, and significance. The document emphasizes reviewing literature critically and identifying gaps to position the proposed research. It stresses synthesizing existing work to build an argument and suggests including implications and future research directions. Overall, the document serves as a comprehensive guide to developing an effective research proposal.
This document outlines the seven essential elements of a computer science thesis: 1) thesis statement, 2) contributions, 3) introduction, 4) literature survey, 5) methodology and implementation, 6) evaluation, and 7) conclusions, summary and future work. It describes each element in detail and explains that the thesis should have approximately five chapters covering these elements, with additional material possibly included in appendices. While the format may vary, the thesis must include discussion of these seven core components to successfully defend the research.
This document discusses qualitative research methods and mixing methods approaches. It begins by defining different qualitative research types like case studies, grounded theory, phenomenology, and ethnography. It then discusses multi-strategy research, noting both advantages like breaking down qual-quant divides, but also difficulties integrating methods from different epistemological perspectives. The document outlines arguments for and against mixing methods and different versions of the debate. It also discusses triangulation strategies and other mixed methods approaches like sequential or concurrent designs.
This document discusses qualitative research techniques, including questioning-based techniques like depth interviews, focus groups, and projective techniques, as well as observation-based techniques like ethnography, grounded theory, and participant observation. It provides details on how each technique is conducted, its purpose, strengths, and limitations. For example, it explains that depth interviews involve talking to individuals with relevant information, focus groups involve group discussions with 8-12 people, and projective techniques indirectly assess attitudes through interpretation of others.
Qualitative Research Proposal writing session by Niroj DahalNiroj Dahal
This research proposal document provides an overview of how to write an effective research proposal. It begins with an introduction that defines research and its purpose. It then lists potential research topics in mathematics education. The document discusses different types of qualitative research studies that could be used, including ethnography, narrative research, phenomenology, grounded theory, and case studies. It provides guidance on the key components to include in a research proposal, such as chapters on introduction, literature review, and methodology. The methodology chapter should address the research paradigm, design, site and participant selection, data collection and analysis procedures, quality standards, and ethical considerations. The proposal emphasizes that a good research proposal clearly communicates the research problem, rationale, and process through a coherent
This basic interpretive study explored students' experiences in a university cooperative education program through interviews with 15 graduating students. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed for themes. Key findings were that cooperative education provided beneficial experiences, helped form relationships, and allowed students to develop skills over time. The study concluded that cooperative education aligned with principles of connected learning and was an overall positive experience for students.
Here are the key points about informed consent:
- It is a process, not just a form. Researchers must ensure participants understand what participation involves through clear verbal and written explanations.
- Consent forms should be written in plain, easy-to-understand language appropriate for the population.
- Participants must be able to refuse or withdraw from the study without penalty.
- Risks and limitations of confidentiality should be clearly explained.
- Participants should have the opportunity to ask questions to fully comprehend what they are consenting to.
- Informed consent is an ongoing process, not a single event, with the option for participants to withdraw later.
The goal is to respect participants' autonomy by
1. The document discusses several qualitative research designs including ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory, historical research, case study, feminist research, and action research.
2. Qualitative research aims to explore phenomena through words rather than numbers to gain an understanding from the participant's perspective.
3. The key types of qualitative research designs discussed are ethnography which studies culture, phenomenology which describes the meaning of lived experiences, and grounded theory which develops theories grounded in data.
Research proposal & thesis format ver 4 april 2011Adam Khaleel
The document provides guidelines for formatting research proposals, reports, theses, and dissertations at Makerere University. It outlines the required components of a research proposal, including the title, background, research problem, objectives, significance, methodology, references, and appendices. It also provides guidelines for formatting the research report/thesis, including required preliminary pages and body sections. The document aims to help researchers properly structure their work according to Makerere University standards.
1. Phenomenological research aims to understand the essence of a shared experience among individuals.
2. It identifies a phenomenon, collects data through interviews, and analyzes the data by identifying themes in the participants' descriptions of experiencing the phenomenon.
3. The analysis seeks to develop a textural-structural description of the essence of the shared experience.
The document provides an overview of research methodologies and methods. It discusses the differences between methodologies and methods, with methodologies representing the overall approach and lens for analyzing results, and methods being the specific tools used to collect data. Both qualitative and quantitative research are covered, with qualitative focusing on meanings and in-depth insights while quantitative examines relationships and trends. Key aspects of choosing and conducting qualitative research are outlined, including sampling techniques, common analysis methods like coding and triangulation, and examples of qualitative research questions.
This document provides guidance on developing a strong research proposal. It discusses the key components of a proposal, including a problem statement, research questions, definitions, delimitations, literature review, research design, methodology, and bibliography. High-quality proposals keep the research project focused and prevent unnecessary work. The proposal should provide a clear, detailed plan for how the researcher will solve the stated problem. Careful preparation and adherence to requirements are important for approval and successful research.
The document provides guidance on how to write an effective research proposal. It explains that a proposal outlines the key elements of a proposed research study, including the problem statement, objectives, methodology, and timeline. The proposal communicates the researcher's plan and justification for the study. It also helps avoid issues that could arise during the actual research by ensuring the researcher has carefully planned the study design. Some of the main components that should be included in a research proposal are an introduction, literature review, methodology, limitations, and budget. The introduction provides background on the research topic and states the purpose and importance of the study.
This document is a registration form for the National Conference on "Innovation in Pharmaceutical Industry: From Drug Development to Distribution" being held on January 28-29, 2012. The form requests information such as name, address, phone number, and registration fees for students, professionals, and industry. It provides details on early bird registration discounts and payment options including bank transfer, demand draft, or cheque in favor of "Pharmanext".
SPSS Presentation. topics include general concepts of statistics, basic concepts of SPSS, Variables, types of variables, data and its types, sources of data,four windows of SPSS, viewer window, output viewer. results etc..............................
Counselling is an interactive process where a counsellor helps a client overcome problems by facilitating interpretation of facts to make choices or adjustments. The goal of counselling is to help individuals through a variety of personal, educational, vocational and parental issues without directly advising or influencing them. Counselling aims to bring about voluntary change in clients by providing a supportive relationship to help them make their own decisions.
Proposed structure of pgdm marketing projectManish Parihar
The document outlines guidelines for a final marketing project, including:
1) Focusing on the student's current organization and industry, analyzing trends, competition, and marketing strategies.
2) Conducting a PEST analysis, reviewing the organization's product mix, pricing, distribution, and promotions.
3) Comparing to global industry leaders and proposing recommendations to improve marketing strategies.
The report should follow a standard structure with sections like introduction, analysis, conclusion, and recommendations.
Globalization case - medical tourism in indiaManish Parihar
The document discusses India's growing medical tourism industry and some challenges it faces. It notes that while currently a small portion of the global medical tourism market, the industry in India is growing rapidly and could generate $3 billion by 2013. However, political statements by leaders like President Obama claiming Americans shouldn't need to go abroad for "cheap" healthcare have caused concerns in India. Nonetheless, most analysts believe the cost savings India offers will continue attracting medical tourists despite potential issues. The industry is important for India as it could boost related industries and help develop healthcare infrastructure.
The document discusses various data structures for representing sets and algorithms for performing set operations on those data structures. It describes representing sets as linked lists, trees, hash tables, and bit vectors. For linked lists, it provides algorithms for union, intersection, difference, equality testing, and other set operations. It also discusses how bit vectors can be used to efficiently represent the presence or absence of elements in a set and perform operations using bitwise logic.
Slides prepared and presented by Prof Dr Nara at Unimas 2012. For more detail, go to http://de-run.blogspot.com/2012/08/webometrics-and-launching-of-unimas-new.html
The document discusses the nature, scope, and types of educational research. It defines research as a systematic, scientific process of investigation aimed at gaining new knowledge. Educational research specifically seeks to better understand the educational process with the goal of improving its effectiveness. It has several key characteristics - it is systematic, scientific, objective, verifiable, and relies on empirical evidence. The scope of educational research spans various fields related to education. There are different types of educational research based on its purpose such as basic, applied, action, and evaluation research, as well as based on methods like historical, descriptive, experimental, and correlational research.
This 3-credit, 33-session course on Brand Management aims to provide students with a fundamental understanding of building, measuring, and managing brands. It will cover topics such as defining what a brand is, measuring brand equity, developing brand positioning strategies, implementing marketing programs to build brand equity, measuring brand performance, and enhancing brand equity for sustainability. Course deliverables include understanding the fundamentals and contemporary issues of brand management, and how marketing activities increase brand equity.
This document discusses and compares qualitative and quantitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as research based on meanings, concepts, and descriptions rather than numerical data, with the aim of understanding phenomena. Characteristics include exploring relationships and perceptions through words rather than numbers. Quantitative research is defined as research that measures and describes phenomena numerically, and aims to investigate relationships and causes through experimental results. The key difference highlighted is that qualitative findings are non-measurable while quantitative findings can be measured objectively.
The document discusses strings in C and common string functions. It defines a string as an array of characters terminated by a null character. It describes two ways to use strings - with a character array or string pointer. It then explains functions such as strcpy(), strcat(), strcmp() that copy, append, or compare strings. Other functions like memcpy(), memcmp() operate on a specified number of characters rather than null-terminated strings.
This 3 credit, 33 session course on Industrial Marketing is taught by Manish Parihar. The purpose is to understand concepts of business-to-business marketing and differences from consumer marketing. Students will learn organizational buying processes and latest online B2B marketing trends. The course covers fundamentals of industrial marketing, business buying behaviors, product strategies, pricing, distribution channels, strategic planning, and industrial marketing using online media.
This document discusses memory-based database management systems (MDBMS). Key points include:
- An MDBMS stores the database in main memory rather than disk storage for faster access speed. However, data is transient and could be lost if power is lost.
- MDBMS are well-suited for applications with frequent data reads, shared databases with many users, or where performance is critical. They are less suitable when data persistence is required.
- Sybase implemented an MDBMS that uses memory as a virtual disk volume, retaining the SQL interface. Transactions are stored in a transfer table then committed to the original disk-based database.
In house training 151114 qualitative researchHiram Ting
The document provides an overview of a training on qualitative research procedures conducted by Hiram Ting Huong Yiew. It begins with acknowledgments and an introduction of the instructor's background and experience in research. The contents section outlines topics to be covered, including research paradigms, designs, approaches, mixed-methods, and an overview of qualitative research. Examples and comparisons are provided between qualitative and quantitative research.
Lithium is a mood stabilizer used to treat bipolar disorder. It works by altering sodium transmission in nerves and modulating neurotransmitter levels in the brain.
The document discusses India's Unique Identification (UID) project and the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI). It describes the purpose of UIDAI as providing a unique identification number to all Indian residents. It outlines the enrollment and authentication processes and discusses the various agencies, technologies, and challenges involved in implementing the UID system on a large scale. Key risks discussed include issues relating to adoption, privacy/security of biometric data, and ensuring the system's long-term sustainability.
The document discusses parsing in compilers. It defines parsing as the second stage after lexical analysis, where a parser checks if the stream of tokens from the lexical analyzer is grammatically correct by generating a parse tree. The fundamental theory behind parsing is context-free grammar, which is used to define languages and check parsing. The document then discusses context-free grammars, parse trees, ambiguity, and provides examples of grammars for Boolean expressions to illustrate parsing concepts.
Sets are collections of unique elements that do not allow repetition. Elements must satisfy membership rules to be included in a set. Common set operations include union, intersection, difference and subset testing. Sets can be mutable, allowing addition and removal of elements, or immutable. Hash functions are used to map elements to locations in hash tables, enabling fast set operations on large collections. Spelling checkers use hash tables to implement sets and check dictionary words against input words.
L. O'Keefe Writing Sample - Qualitative Research NarrativeLindsay O'Keefe
This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods that can be used to evaluate learning programs at the John G. Shedd Aquarium. It describes several common qualitative methods including interviews, observations, document/content analysis. For each method, it outlines what it is, when it is useful, pros and cons, analysis procedures, and provides examples of how each method has been used to evaluate programs at other museums. The overall purpose is to inform staff at Shedd Aquarium about qualitative evaluation methods that could be applied to better understand their learning programs.
Understanding Exploratory Research DesignDrShalooSaini
This Power Point Presentation has been made while referring to the research books written by eminent, renowned and expert authors as mentioned in the references section. The purpose of this Presentation is to help the research students in developing an insight about The Exploratory Research Design.
This document discusses qualitative data collection tools of document analysis and interviews. It provides an overview of document analysis, describing it as a systematic review of both printed and electronic materials to gain understanding. It also discusses different types of interviews including structured, semi-structured, and unstructured/in-depth interviews. For each type of interview, it outlines the advantages and disadvantages. Finally, it provides steps to conduct interviews such as defining objectives, selecting respondents, preparing questions, recording the interview, and organizing responses.
A CRITICAL REVIEW OF QUALITATIVE INTERVIEWSKate Campbell
This document provides a critical review of qualitative interviews as a research method. It discusses different types of interviews, including structured, unstructured, and semi-structured interviews. It also addresses practical issues researchers should consider, such as selecting participants and ensuring participants feel comfortable. The document outlines how interviews should be conducted, including making recordings, asking clear questions, and dividing the interview into phases. It also discusses analyzing interviews, such as transcribing, coding, and interpreting the data. Overall, the document evaluates interviews as a common qualitative research method and highlights both benefits and limitations.
Qualitative research by Dr. Subraham PanySubraham Pany
This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods. It discusses the characteristics of qualitative research including a focus on description, interpretation, and understanding participants' perspectives. Common data collection techniques are described like participant observation, interviews, focus groups, and sampling approaches. The stages of qualitative analysis are outlined as data reduction, data display, drawing and verifying conclusions. Finally, some software options for qualitative analysis are mentioned along with their limitations.
This document outlines the process of conducting interviews and focus groups for research purposes. It begins with definitions of interviews and their purposes. There are several types of interviews described, including structured, semi-structured, unstructured, and focus groups. The planning and conducting of interviews is explained in a 10 stage process: 1) thematizing, 2) designing, 3) constructing a schedule, 4) question format, 5) response mode, 6) conducting, 7) transcribing, 8) analyzing, 9) verifying, and 10) reporting. Focus groups are defined as involving a small group of participants who discuss a topic led by a moderator. The analysis of interview data can involve thematic analysis, narrative analysis, or
This document discusses effective interview techniques for obtaining information. It identifies several skills effective interviewers employ, such as preparing well by defining the purpose, setting appropriate expectations with the interviewee, choosing relevant topics to cover, structuring questions clearly, and probing for clarification when needed. Interviewers should also be aware of potential sources of error or bias and how to mitigate them, such as through question wording or sequencing. With practice, interviewers can improve their skills at conducting interviews that obtain full and accurate information from respondents.
This document discusses qualitative research interviews as a method of data collection. It explains that interviews allow researchers to get detailed personal accounts and insights from participants. There are various types of interviews, from informal conversations to standardized questions. Data is typically analyzed for themes and to develop theories. Key advantages include obtaining rich, nuanced data directly from human experience. However, analysis can be time-consuming and results may not be generalizable. The document provides guidance on conducting, administering, analyzing and reporting qualitative interviews.
The document discusses different types of interviews and procedures for conducting interviews. It defines an interview as a meeting between two people to exchange information and ideas through questions and responses. There are several types of interviews, including structured interviews which have explicit research goals similar to a survey, and unstructured interviews which have an implicit research agenda and allow questions to emerge from the conversation. When conducting interviews, it is important to establish trust and make the interviewee feel comfortable, while also using an interview schedule or guide to cover relevant topics. The goals are to understand the interviewee's perspective and interpret their responses in the proper context.
By the end of this presentation you should be able to:
Describe different types of data collection techniques
Demonstrate dimensions , type of observations and how to prepare and conduct observation
Understand the practical communication skills for interviews to ask good questions , probe and follow up questions .
Able to prepare for interview
Understand the characteristics and uses of focus group discussions
Conduct focus group discussions
The document discusses different types of interviews used in research. It describes structured, semi-structured, and unstructured interviews, as well as single, group, and focus group interviews. The key aspects of preparing for an interview, properly executing it, and accurately recording and interpreting the responses are also outlined. Interviews are a commonly used research method that allow direct collection of data through verbal communication, but require skill and care to implement effectively.
qualitative research DR. MADHUR VERMA PGIMS ROHTAKMADHUR VERMA
This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research and discusses its historical roots. Some key characteristics of qualitative research include exploring phenomena from participants' perspectives with a small sample size. Common qualitative methods described are participant observation, interviews, focus group discussions, and case studies. The document also covers qualitative data analysis and sampling.
This document discusses various qualitative research approaches and methods. It begins by defining key terms like methodology, which refers to the philosophy of research, and method, which are the specific tools and techniques used to collect data. Some common qualitative methods mentioned include interviews, focus groups, observations, and document analysis. The document then discusses different qualitative research approaches like phenomenology, case studies, grounded theory, and ethnography. It provides examples of each approach and outlines the typical steps involved in qualitative data analysis which usually includes preparing, coding, and analyzing data to identify themes.
The document provides information on different types of interviews that can be used for data collection in research. It discusses structured, semi-structured, and unstructured interviews. Structured interviews involve asking all respondents the same closed-ended questions in a standardized order. Semi-structured interviews use an interview guide but allow flexibility in wording and order of questions. Unstructured interviews are open conversations that gather in-depth details on a limited number of topics. The document outlines advantages and disadvantages of each type of interview.
The document discusses interview methods for research. Interviews involve direct face-to-face interaction between the interviewer and interviewee. They allow for collection of in-depth data through open-ended questions and discussion. There are different types of interviews - structured interviews follow a rigid standardized format; semi-structured interviews have some flexibility in question order; single interviews involve one interviewer and interviewee; group interviews have multiple interviewees. Interviews have advantages like depth of information, insights from experts, and flexibility, but are also time consuming to analyze and can be affected by the interviewer.
The document provides information about interviews as a method for collecting qualitative data in research. It discusses different types of interviews including structured, semi-structured, and unstructured interviews. Structured interviews involve asking all participants the same standardized set of closed-ended questions in a specific order. They allow for comparisons across responses but lack detail. Semi-structured interviews use an interview guide but allow flexibility in the order of questions. The document outlines advantages such as control and standardization with structured interviews but notes they lack flexibility.
The document discusses various qualitative research methods used for rapid assessment including rapid appraisal (RA), focus group discussions (FGDs), focus group interviews (FGIs), and in-depth interviews (IDIs). It provides details on the principles and processes for each method. RA uses a systems perspective, triangulation, and iterative data collection. FGDs involve group discussions guided by a moderator to discuss key themes. FGIs are similar but less structured. IDIs use intensive individual interviews to explore perspectives on a topic in depth. All these methods aim to gather in-depth qualitative data within a short time period to inform project design and evaluation.
This document discusses interview techniques and best practices. It covers types of interviews like structured, semi-structured, and unstructured. It also discusses training interviewers to avoid bias, preparing for an interview with topics like confidentiality and format, asking questions with the right sequence and type, analyzing interviews, and considering the strengths and weaknesses of interviews. The overall goal is to help researchers conduct effective qualitative interviews.
1. Hiram Ting Huong Yiew
Interview, Transcription, Translation,
Analysis and Preparation
In-House Training (1) – Qualitative Research
CGS Unimas, Kota Samarahan
November 14, 2014
1
Organized by Marketing Research Team
and Sarawak Research Society
2. Acknowledgement
The training instructor wishes to express his gratitude to
Prof Dr Ernest Cyril de Run and Prof Ramayah Thurasamy
for their guidance on the training and its contents.
2
In-House Training (1) – Qualitative Research
November 14, 2014
3. Contents
Research Designs
Qualitative Research
Its Usefulness
Its Approaches
Interview
Transcription
Translation
Back-translation
Analysis
Inter-coder Agreement
Enumerators/Coders
Findings and Discussions
Post hoc Interview
Post hoc Analysis
Preliminary Decisions
Potential Errors/Bias
Relevant Preparation
Do‟s and Don‟t‟s
Schedule and Budget
3
4. Research Designs
What is Research Design:
Procedures for collecting, analyzing, interpreting and reporting
data in research studies.
They are useful because they help guide the methods decisions
that researchers make.
Set the logic by which they make interpretations at the end of
their studies.
Research designs are composed of quantitative, qualitative and
mixed methods designs.
4
5. Qualitative Research
What is Qualitative Research:
Qualitative research includes an ―array of techniques which
seek to describe, decode, translate, and come to terms with the
meaning, not the frequency of certain more or less naturally
occurring phenomena in the social world.
What is Qualitative Business Research:
Research that addresses business objectives through techniques
that allow the researcher to provide elaborate interpretations of
phenomena without depending on numerical measurement. Its
focus is on discovering true inner meanings and new insights.
Hence, it is researcher-dependent.
5
6. Its Usefulness
It is useful when:
It is difficult to develop specific and actionable decision.
statements or research objectives.
The research objective is to develop a detailed and in-depth
understanding of some phenomena.
The research objective is to learn how a phenomenon occurs in
its natural setting or to learn how to express some concept in
colloquial terms.
The behavior the researcher is studying is particularly context-
dependent.
A fresh approach to studying the problem is needed.
6
7. Its Approaches
Phenomenology:
A philosophical approach to studying human experiences based
on the idea that human experience itself is inherently subjective
and determined by the context in which people live.
Seeks to describe, reflect upon, and interpret experiences.
Relies on conversational interview tools and respondents are
asked to tell a story about some experience.
Ethnography
Represents ways of studying cultures through methods that
involve becoming highly active within that culture.
Case Studies
The documented history of a particular person, group,
organization, or event.
7
8. Its Approaches (cont.)
Participant-observation
An ethnographic research approach where the researcher
becomes immersed within the culture that he or she is studying
and draws data from his or her observations. Example: Sales
tactics
Grounded Theory
Represents an inductive investigation in which the researcher
poses questions about information provided by respondents or
taken from historical records.
The researcher asks the questions to him or herself and
repeatedly questions the responses to derive deeper
explanations.
8
9. Interview
Most useful tools of collecting data in qualitative research
(DeVillis, 1991; Zikmund et al., 2010).
Most common type of research instrument employed in mixed-
method marketing studies (Hanson & Grimmer, 2007).
Able to offer great insight into consumer behaviour (Kahan,
1990; Roller, 1987).
Recommendable qualitative means for studies related to
generation (Fountain & Lamb, 2011; Pennington-Gray et al.,
2010).
The purpose is to allow probes and obtain unrestricted
responses so as to identify important subjects and common
themes for subsequent analysis (Burns & Bush, 2005).
9
10. Interview (cont.)
Rubin and Rubin (2005, p. 13) elaborate that, “the depth,
details, and richness sought in interviews, what Clifford Geertz
(1973) called „thick description‟, are rooted in the interviewers‟
first-hand experiences and form the material that researchers
gather and synthesize. To get to this level of detail, depth, and
focus, researchers work out main questions, probes, and follow-
ups.”
The emphasis is to draw as much information as possible from
the respondents by listening patiently, and encouraging them to
speak (Dicicco-Bloom & Crabtree, 2006).
10
11. Interview (cont.)
Interviewing techniques can be learnt using trial interviews and
role plays (Bernard, 1995).
For example, establishing of rapport, the use of active silence
and echoes are important (Gorden, 1992).
Indicative questions, such as „let me give you an example‟ is not
to be used to prevent any partiality or predetermined responses.
Respondents need to be assured at the outset that there is no
right or wrong answer, and that their responses would only be
used for research purposes (Podsakoff et al., 2012). This reduces
social desirability bias (Bowling, 2005).
11
12. Interview (cont.)
Interview protocol was designed to make certain that all
important questions would be covered during interviews, while
allowing possible probes and follow-ups (Arsenault, 2004;
Kurasaki, 2000).
Funnel approach was adopted, starting with broader questions,
narrowing down the scope from general to specific, and
eventually ending with demographic details (Churchill &
Iacobucci, 2005; Hair, Bush & Ortinau, 2006; Kinnear &
Taylor, 1995; Saunders et al., 2003).
Interviews should be conducted at the convenience of the
respondents (Evers & De Boer, 2007; Rubin & Rubin, 2005;
Seidman, 2006; Weiss, 1994).
12
13. Interview (cont.)
Eliciting skills – try to use open questions in interviews
Open questions take the form „who‟, „what‟, „why‟, „where‟,
„when‟, „how‟, and usually lead to answers that are open-ended
and more descriptive.
Listening skills
“An interviewer needs to follow the content of what is being
said, listen to the meaning underneath the words, and then
gently bring this into the conversation. He or she offers or
reflects back what they have heard, so that the respondent can
confirm, deny, or elaborate. This way of working creates
empathy, deepens the conversation and ensures the meaning
has been understood.” (Chrzanowska, 2002, p. 112).
13
14. Interview (cont.)
Structured interviews
The use of pre-formulated questions, strictly regulated with
regard to the order of the questions, and sometimes regulated
with regard to the time available
Semi-structured interviews
The use of some pre-formulated questions, but no strict
adherence to them. New questions might emerge during the
conversation
Unstructured interviews
Few if any pre-formulated questions. In effect the interviewee
has free rein to say what they want. Often no set time limit
14
15. Interview (cont.)
Example
Interviewer : Could you tell me what are some of the major events
that have affected you greatly?
Respondent : What do mean major events?
Interviewer : Past societal events that you feel impactful?
Respondent : There are quite a few.
Interviewer : Could you tell me one at a time?
Respondent : I think the losing of Tun Mahathir is huge.
Interviewer : Do you mean his resignation?
Respondent : Yes, when he resigned in 2003.
Interviewer : Why would you think so?
Respondent : He is a great leader and we need his leadership.
Interviewer : How has this event affected you?
Respondent : I felt if he is still in the office, he will drive the
country forward, and we will be better off today.
Interviewer : How would you be better off if he is still in office?
15
16. Interview (cont.)
Exercise
1. Discuss about members‟ past interview experience.
2. Listening to some of the interviews that the members have done.
3. Comment what could and should have been done.
4. Refine interviewing techniques.
5. Revising interview protocol.
16
17. Transcription
Good audio recording is crucial for the quality of the transcript,
and likewise the quality of the transcript itself is crucial for the
reliability of the analysis (Moerman, 2010; Potter & Hepburn,
2005).
Interviews are transcribed verbatim (Burns & Bush, 2005). It is
known to be time-consuming.
More transcribers are recruited to do transcription to ensure
potential errors were randomized (Moerman, 2010).
In the process, an independent assistant can do a thorough
review of each completed transcript, matching it against the
recorded interview (Kurasaki, 2000).
Transcribe immediately after interview is done.
17
18. Transcription (cont.)
Exercise
1. Discuss about members‟ past transcribing experience.
2. Reading some of the transcriptions that the members have done.
3. Comment what could and should have been done.
4. Refine transcribing techniques.
5. Reach consensus on transcriptions.
18
19. Translation
Translation of questions into mother languages is encouraged in
order to draw reliable and valid information from respondents
who preferred using these languages (Malhorta & Birks, 2003).
Hence, using the language that the respondents are most
comfortable with can draw more information from them.
Past studies emphasize the importance of establishing
appropriate translation procedure (Brislin, 1970; Rustogi,
Hensel & Burgers, 1996; Werner & Campbell, 1970).
Competent translators who are familiar with the content involved
in the source language materials are essential.
Translate immediately after transcription is done.
19
20. Back-Translation
Back-translation is known to be one of the most widely used
translation techniques adopted in cross-cultural research
(Cateora, 1990; Usunier, 2000).
When translating the transcripts from English back to the source
language, different translators must be called upon to back-
translate the transcripts (Werner & Campbell, 1970).
Reliability or usability of English transcripts is determined by
looking at the agreement between the script with source language
and back-translated script.
Back-translate immediately after translation is done.
20
21. Analysis
Content analysis has long been used in qualitative marketing
studies (Wright & Barbour, 1975; Resnik & Stern, 1977;
Kassarjian, 1977).
It is particularly useful when data are collected through personal
or in-depth interview (Kassarjian, 1977), and for evaluating
various communication forms on human behaviours (Yale &
Gilly, 1988).
It includes frequency counts (Wilkinson, 2000), but at the same
time allows for exploratory analysis of qualitative data (Ryan &
Bernard, 2000).
Coding procedures (Kurasaki, 2000).
21
23. Analysis (cont.)
Responses to open-ended and probing questions were found in
free-flowing texts. One solution to annotating the main points for
coding purpose was to identify “idea units” based on where an
idea started and ended (Carey, Morgan, & Oxtoby, 1996).
Coding is the process by which themes are attached to segments
of data that depict what each segment is about (Charmaz, 2006).
As qualitative research emphasizes on information richness, the
replication of information/emerging themes indicate data
saturation.
A final codebook (theme list) is to be produced for analysis.
Analysis can be done either manually or through computer-
assisted software, such as ATLAS.ti, Nvivo and Leximancer
23
24. Inter-coder Agreement
Researchers have suggested using multiple coders to establish
high inter-coder reliability in content analysis of open-ended
interview data (Bernard, 1995, Kurasaki, 2000).
It is a measure of agreement between multiple coders about how
they code the themes and apply them to the data (Kurasaki,
2000).
Such joint agreement is used not only to measure the reliability
of the coders in identifying themes in the transcripts, it also
serves as a proxy for the validity of themes emerged from the
data (Ryan, 1999).
This prevents the coded themes to be anything but the subjective
imagination or predetermination of the researcher.
24
25. Enumerators/Coders
Inexperienced interviewers all started at about the same level
and thus could be trained together or separately (Dijkstra, 1983).
Experienced interviewers would cost more, and would be much
more diverse and opinionated at times.
Moreover, young adults are more flexible in terms of time and
pliable in intellectual capabilities.
Females in their young adulthood could easily stabilize possible
confounders of gender, age and language differences (Moerman,
2010).
Consistency must be preserved across the enumerators while
generating productive discussion during interviewing process.
25
26. Enumerators/Coders (cont.)
Enumerators who interview are encouraged to transcribe the
recorded interviews due to their familiarity with the topics
discussed during interview sessions.
Translators and back-translators should not be the same persons.
Enumerators/transcribers are also encouraged to be
coders/judges due to their familiarity with the topics.
Training and stringent procedures are mandatory to ensure the
transcribing and coding behaviours are consistent and
appropriate.
Do you have/need enumerators/coders? Who should be your
enumerators/coders? Can they do it?
26
27. Findings and Discussions
Findings are the presentation of results after analysis.
Despite the use of frequency count, the percentage of each count
is not required in findings.
Quotes of interviews are presented as findings so as to provide
evidence to later discussion.
Researchers need to discuss the findings with reference to past
literature. Stating what the findings are is not discussion.
Discussion must be relevant, insightful and rigorous with sound
justification based on the literature.
Sample qualitative paper:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220670903382921
27
28. Post Hoc Interview
Do transcriptions immediately.
Do translation immediately.
Contact the respondents for clarification or more information.
Save and backup all recorded interviews and files.
Always check the progress of enumerators/coders, if any.
28
29. Post Hoc Analysis
Report and write immediately.
Publish as part of reporting or writing training.
Present at conference as part of presenting training.
Save and backup all analyses.
29
30. Preliminary Decision
Descriptive of rules and systematic procedures are
necessary for the validation of research (Kolbe & Burnett, 1991).
1. Sampling technique and research method.
2. Design of interview.
3. Pilot study/pre-test.
4. Enumerators, transcribers, coders and translators are
carefully selected and/or trained (Hemsley, 2000).
5. Respondents are contacted beforehand to make sure refusals
to participate in the survey and break-offs were dealt with
(Tyagi, 1989). Prepare a checklist.
30
31. Preliminary Decision (cont.)
Pre-test helps ascertain whether enumerators can perform
interview well and the selected methods will actually work the
way it is designed. It can also check whether the questions are
clear enough for respondents to give responses (Dicicco-Bloom
& Crabtree, 2006).
Face validity through the judgment by experts and relevant
people from the actual population provides validation check
(Wolburg & Pokrywcznski, 2002).
Anonymity and confidentiality are methods used to reduce
intentional respondent error (Childers & Skinner, 1985; Steele,
Schwendig & Kilpatrick, 1992).
31
32. Potential Errors/Bias
Error (statistical error) describes the difference between a value
obtained from a data collection process and the 'true' value for
the population. The greater the error, the less representative the
data are of the population.
Sampling error occurs solely as a result of using a sample from a
population, rather than conducting a census (complete
enumeration) of the population. It refers to the difference
between an estimate for a population based on data from a
sample and the 'true' value for that population which would
result if a census were taken.
Non-sampling error is caused by factors other than those related
to sample selection. It refers to the presence of any factor,
whether systemic or random, that results in the data values not
accurately reflecting the 'true' value for the population.
32
33. Potential Errors/Bias (cont.)
Coverage error: this occurs when a unit in the sample is
incorrectly excluded or included, or is duplicated in the sample
(e.g. a field interviewer fails to interview a selected household or
some people in a household).
Non-response error: this refers to the failure to obtain a response
from some unit because of absence, non-contact, refusal, or
some other reason. Non-response can be complete non-
response (i.e. no data has been obtained at all from a selected
unit) or partial non-response (i.e. the answers to some questions
have not been provided by a selected unit).
33
34. Potential Errors/Bias (cont.)
Response error: this refers to a type of error caused
by respondents intentionally or accidentally providing inaccurate
responses. This occurs when concepts, questions or instructions
are not clearly understood by the respondent; when there are
high levels of respondent burden and memory recall required;
and because some questions can result in a tendency to answer
in a socially desirable way (giving a response which they feel is
more acceptable rather than being an accurate response).
Interviewer error: this occurs when interviewers incorrectly
record information; are not neutral or objective; influence the
respondent to answer in a particular way; or assume responses
based on appearance or other characteristics.
Processing error: this refers to errors that occur in the process of
data collection, data entry, coding, editing and output.
34
35. Relevant Preparation
A good recorder, batteries; and a backup.
A checklist of respondents and their contact information.
A hard-disk to backup every recorded interview and documents.
A official letter from UNIMAS/FEB to indicate your status and
your research.
Your student ID card.
Contact the respondents before the interview.
Tell them what the research is about before the interview. (Some
may request for interview questions).
Accommodation, transportation and meals arrangement.
35
36. Do’s and Don’t’s
Do‟s
Keep practicing interview by doing trials.
Be well prepared physically and mentally
before interview.
Be consistent and persistent in the whole process.
Do keep good rapport with respondents.
Save and backup everything from time to time.
Don‟t‟s
Don‟t rush into interview and data analysis.
Do not treat interview as the completion of research.
Do not say too much or influence respondents during interview.
Do not guess or assume what respondents have said.
36
37. Schedule and Budget
Schedule
November: training and rehearsal
December-February: interview, transcription, translation
March: checking and completion for data analysis
Interview schedule and budget
Locations: the whole Malaysia
Availability of researchers/enumerators; familiarity, language
Go in pairs/groups; interview checklist to be looked at and
possible accommodation to be decided first.
Expenses: Flights, ground transportation, food allowance (?)
Budget: Grant, financial aids and own expenses.
37
39. THANK YOU
Hiram Ting MBA, PhD
Email: hiramparousia@gmail.com
Research Officer at Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
MBA PT Lecturer at SEGi College Sarawak
in collaboration with University of Sunderland, UK
PT Lecturer at Open University Malaysia and
Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak, Malaysia
39