The document provides a pre-feasibility report for an off-season vegetable tunnel farming project in Pakistan. It details the project description, costs, revenues, and financial analysis. Key findings include: total project cost is Rs. 1.542 million with fixed costs of Rs. 0.685 million and working capital of Rs. 0.857 million. The financial analysis shows an NPV of Rs. 2.117 million, IRR of 32%, BCR of 1.53, and payback period of 3.15 years, indicating the project is financially viable.
This document provides a pre-feasibility study for a tunnel farming project in Pakistan to produce off-season vegetables. It recommends establishing eight 30x100 foot tunnels on one acre of land with a total project cost of 1.542 million PKR. The project is expected to generate a net profit of 2.117 million PKR with an internal rate of return of 32% and payback period of 3.15 years, indicating strong financial viability. Key crops identified are tomatoes, cucumbers, and sweet peppers based on their market demand and suitable growing seasons in tunnels.
This document discusses tunnel farming, which involves growing off-season crops inside polythene tunnels to control the atmosphere. There are three types of tunnels - low, walk-in, and high - which differ in height and suitability for different crops. Tunnel farming allows earlier production and higher yields compared to open field farming. Key requirements include infrastructure, resources, labor, guidance, and market information. Reasons for failure can include lack of training, unsuitable land/water, improper installation, weeds/diseases, and low prices.
Tunnel farming involves constructing greenhouse-like structures covered in plastic to protect summer crops from cold winter temperatures. These structures, called tunnels, serve as cocoons for growing vegetables like tomatoes, peppers, and carrots. The tunnels trap heat and fool crops into thinking it is a different season, extending the growing period. Three main types of tunnels are used - low, walk-in, and high tunnels. Low tunnels are simplest but yield less. Walk-in tunnels provide higher yields than low tunnels at moderate cost. High tunnels maximize yields but are most expensive. The controlled environment of tunnels allows year-round production of summer crops and higher profits for farmers.
I have tried to describe what is tunnel and what is tunnel farming and its types according to both via height and via structure.
And it also includes Substrates we use in preparation of seedlings and different structural features like buffer zone, trellising, coolers etc.
This document contains 100 multiple choice questions related to crop production technology for kharif crops. It was submitted as an assignment by a student named Ritesh Agrawal for a course on crop production technology for kharif crops being taught at Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India. The questions cover topics related to various kharif crops such as rice, maize, soybean, pulses, and cotton.
FARM PLAN MODELS Of INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM For Small and Marginal FarmersSubham Dwivedi
This document describes an integrated farming system model for small and marginal farmers. The model incorporates crop production, dairy farming, horticulture, fisheries, apiary, and vermicomposting on a 1.5 hectare plot of land. The system aims to maximize productivity and profitability through efficient utilization and recycling of resources between the different enterprises. Byproducts from one component are used as inputs for others to minimize waste and optimize resource use. The integrated approach helps farmers meet their food, fodder, and income needs throughout the year in a sustainable manner.
The document discusses planning and design considerations for greenhouses. It covers selecting a site, orientation, interior layout, structural design loads, foundations, frames, cladding materials, roof slope, and how interior components can influence the greenhouse environment. The key factors to consider for greenhouse design are the local climate conditions, structural support needs, optimizing light transmission, and minimizing shading from interior equipment.
This document provides a pre-feasibility study for a tunnel farming project in Pakistan to produce off-season vegetables. It recommends establishing eight 30x100 foot tunnels on one acre of land with a total project cost of 1.542 million PKR. The project is expected to generate a net profit of 2.117 million PKR with an internal rate of return of 32% and payback period of 3.15 years, indicating strong financial viability. Key crops identified are tomatoes, cucumbers, and sweet peppers based on their market demand and suitable growing seasons in tunnels.
This document discusses tunnel farming, which involves growing off-season crops inside polythene tunnels to control the atmosphere. There are three types of tunnels - low, walk-in, and high - which differ in height and suitability for different crops. Tunnel farming allows earlier production and higher yields compared to open field farming. Key requirements include infrastructure, resources, labor, guidance, and market information. Reasons for failure can include lack of training, unsuitable land/water, improper installation, weeds/diseases, and low prices.
Tunnel farming involves constructing greenhouse-like structures covered in plastic to protect summer crops from cold winter temperatures. These structures, called tunnels, serve as cocoons for growing vegetables like tomatoes, peppers, and carrots. The tunnels trap heat and fool crops into thinking it is a different season, extending the growing period. Three main types of tunnels are used - low, walk-in, and high tunnels. Low tunnels are simplest but yield less. Walk-in tunnels provide higher yields than low tunnels at moderate cost. High tunnels maximize yields but are most expensive. The controlled environment of tunnels allows year-round production of summer crops and higher profits for farmers.
I have tried to describe what is tunnel and what is tunnel farming and its types according to both via height and via structure.
And it also includes Substrates we use in preparation of seedlings and different structural features like buffer zone, trellising, coolers etc.
This document contains 100 multiple choice questions related to crop production technology for kharif crops. It was submitted as an assignment by a student named Ritesh Agrawal for a course on crop production technology for kharif crops being taught at Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India. The questions cover topics related to various kharif crops such as rice, maize, soybean, pulses, and cotton.
FARM PLAN MODELS Of INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM For Small and Marginal FarmersSubham Dwivedi
This document describes an integrated farming system model for small and marginal farmers. The model incorporates crop production, dairy farming, horticulture, fisheries, apiary, and vermicomposting on a 1.5 hectare plot of land. The system aims to maximize productivity and profitability through efficient utilization and recycling of resources between the different enterprises. Byproducts from one component are used as inputs for others to minimize waste and optimize resource use. The integrated approach helps farmers meet their food, fodder, and income needs throughout the year in a sustainable manner.
The document discusses planning and design considerations for greenhouses. It covers selecting a site, orientation, interior layout, structural design loads, foundations, frames, cladding materials, roof slope, and how interior components can influence the greenhouse environment. The key factors to consider for greenhouse design are the local climate conditions, structural support needs, optimizing light transmission, and minimizing shading from interior equipment.
The document discusses the use of low tunnel technology for vegetable production compared to traditional open field cultivation. It provides details on the history, establishment, benefits, and types of low tunnel technology. A case study is presented on the effects of different mulches and plastic low tunnels on soil temperature and brinjal production in northwestern India, finding that plastic low tunnels improved growth, yield, and protected plants from frost and pests compared to other treatments.
The document discusses several factors that affect farming, including physical factors like temperature, precipitation, altitude, and wind, as well as socio-cultural factors such as land tenure and inheritance laws. It also examines economic factors such as transportation, markets, technology, and government policies. While physical factors establish basic limits of what can be grown, the document suggests that within those limits, economic factors may be more important in determining patterns of modern food production.
Status of Protected Cultivation in India and AbroadParshant Bakshi
This document provides an overview of protected cultivation in India and abroad. It discusses how protected structures like greenhouses, net houses, and plastic tunnels allow crops to be grown under controlled climatic conditions, leading to early production, higher quality, and protection from pests and diseases. In India, protected cultivation is a relatively new technology introduced around 30 years ago, while countries like China, Israel, the US, and several European nations have practiced it for over a century. The document also outlines the various types of protected structures used for different fruit crops and describes the environmental parameters that can be controlled inside structures like polyhouses to optimize plant growth.
This document provides information about protected cultivation and precision farming. It discusses different types of greenhouses like polyhouses, shade net houses, and tunnels. It outlines the optimal environmental parameters for plant growth in protected structures like temperature, humidity, light, carbon dioxide, and air flow. It also discusses the role of an agricultural engineer in designing protected structures and instrumentation used to monitor the microclimate. Examples of different greenhouse designs seen on farm visits are provided. The document concludes with examples of greenhouse technologies used to produce crops year-round.
This document discusses farm budgeting, including partial and complete budgeting. It defines farm budgeting as estimating the costs, returns, and net income of a farm or enterprise in monetary terms based on an advance farm plan. Partial budgeting estimates the costs and returns of a particular enterprise, while complete budgeting prepares a budget for the entire farm, considering all crops, livestock, production methods, and marketing aspects consolidated into a single estimate of total costs and returns. The document outlines the differences between partial and complete budgeting and their uses for minor versus major changes in farm operations. It also discusses the advantages of farm budgeting for evaluating plans, improving efficiency, and formulating agricultural policies.
Importance of post harvest technology in fruits and vegetables.pptxReetanjaliMeher
This document discusses the importance of post-harvest technology for horticultural crops. It defines post-harvest technology as dealing with operations from harvesting through processing and consumption to utilize waste. India is a major global producer of fruits and vegetables but suffers from 20-40% post-harvest losses. Proper post-harvest handling can increase supply and availability without using more land. It identifies key causes of losses like mechanical injury, diseases, and lack of infrastructure and discusses the economic and social benefits of reducing losses like increased production, exports, employment, and food availability.
India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world after China, producing over 169 million tons of vegetables annually. Vegetables are a major export, valued at over $884 million USD annually, with onions, okra, and potatoes as top exports. While production is seasonal, technology and infrastructure have allowed year-round availability through processing, storage, and transportation. Vegetables are sold through various market channels in India including local markets, street vendors, wholesale markets, retail markets, hypermarkets, and new online markets. However, the vegetable market is still dominated by intermediaries, lacks regulation, and poses challenges for both producers and consumers.
The document discusses entrepreneurship development in Nepal through programs like One Village One Product (OVOP). It provides background on Nepal's natural resources and unemployment issues. The objectives are to understand business regulations and introduce OVOP. OVOP originated in Japan to revitalize villages and was later adopted in countries like Thailand and Nepal. In Nepal, OVOP has focused on production and marketing of local agricultural products to alleviate poverty. The conclusion states that OVOP can utilize local skills to produce and sell quality goods to generate revenue and reduce unemployment through a supportive business environment.
Aeroponics is the process of growing plants in an air or mist environment without the use of soil or an aggregate medium (known as geoponics). The word "aeroponic" is derived from the Greek meanings of aer (air) and ponos (labour).
Aeroponic culture differs from both conventional hydroponics, aquaponics, and in-vitro (plant tissue culture) growing. Unlike hydroponics, which uses a liquid nutrient solution as a growing medium and essential minerals to sustain plant growth; or aquaponics which uses water and fish waste, aeroponics is conducted without a growing medium. It is sometimes considered a type of hydroponics, since water is used in aeroponics to transmit nutrients.
TERMINOLOGY
Aeroponic growing refers to plants grown in an air culture that can develop and grow in a normal and natural manner.
Aeroponic growth refers to growth achieved in an air culture.
Aeroponic system refers to hardware and system components assembled to sustain plants in an air culture.
Aeroponic greenhouse refers to a climate controlled glass or plastic structure with equipment to grow plants in air/mistenvironment.
Aeroponic conditions refers to air culture environmental parameters for sustaining plant growth for a plant species.
Aeroponic roots refers to a root system grown in an air culture.
Problems and Progress for Organic Seed ProductionSeeds
This document discusses problems and progress in organic seed production. It begins by defining organic seed at different levels from certified seed produced organically to cultivars bred for organic systems. Implementation of 100% organic seed faced challenges but has made progress through systems allowing limited non-organic seed initially while increasing organic seed availability and quality over time. Data collection on organic seed use is limited but surveys indicate growing use, especially for arable crops, though full targets have yet to be met.
Distribution channels of major flowers in indiaSAMEER LAKHANI
Growth of floriculture in India
Production and export of flowers
To examine the distribution channels of flowers in India
To know the challenges in floriculture industry
To formulate strategies to develop floriculture industry in India
The document discusses plant selection and care for peace lilies as permanent houseplants. Peace lilies have low light requirements and produce white blooms for 3 weeks to 1 month. They should be lightly fertilized in spring and fall and kept from drying out with medium watering. Peace lilies come in dwarf and standard varieties from desk-top size up to 4 feet tall. The document also contrasts permanent plants that will re-bloom over many years, such as peace lilies, with temporary gift plants that usually bloom only once.
1. The document discusses sugarcane cultivation, including its botanical name, origin, economic uses, species and their characteristics.
2. It also covers preparation of land, selection and treatment of sugarcane sets, planting methods, intercultural operations like weeding and propping, and recommended varieties.
3. Fertilizer requirements are provided for different sugarcane crops, as well as irrigation needs which must be optimized according to growth stage, season and soil type.
Off season vegetables ,tunnel technology By Allah Dad KhanMr.Allah Dad Khan
Tunnel farming involves constructing greenhouse-like structures covered in plastic to protect crops from elements and trap heat. This allows growing summer vegetables like tomatoes, peppers, and strawberries during winter. Tunnels come in low, walk-in, and high styles. Low tunnels are cheapest but hardest for management. Walk-in tunnels provide higher yields than low tunnels at less cost than high tunnels. The idea is to shield crops and extend the growing season to increase production by controlling the atmosphere. Tunnel farming allows harvesting vegetables earlier for higher profits.
The document discusses farm accounting and record keeping. It explains that farm accounting involves systematically recording farm business transactions to analyze farm performance and identify areas for improvement. Effective record keeping involves maintaining physical records of production, financial records of income and expenses, and supplementary records. Physical records track production details, while financial records include inventories, cash accounts, and income statements. Keeping accurate and organized records allows farmers to evaluate their business and make informed management decisions.
Off-season vegetable production involves growing vegetables outside of their normal season to supply the market during periods of low availability. This is done by adjusting planting times, selecting improved varieties suited to different conditions, and creating controlled environments using structures like plastic tunnels and greenhouses. Off-season production benefits farmers through better land use, higher profits from higher prices during lean seasons, and year-round employment and income. It also ensures consumers have access to fresh vegetables year-round and increases overall vegetable production and supply.
The document discusses seed drying. It defines seed drying as the removal of moisture from seeds. Drying maintains seed viability during storage by preventing mold growth and microbial activity. Drying allows for early harvesting and long-term storage. There are two main drying methods - natural/sun drying and mechanical drying using heated air. Key factors that influence drying include temperature, humidity, seed moisture content and airflow. Proper drying ensures seeds can be stored long-term and maintain quality.
Dryland farming refers to cultivation of crops in regions receiving less than 750mm of annual rainfall without artificial irrigation. The document discusses dryland farming in India, including that over 69.5% of cultivated area is rainfed. It describes challenges like uncertain rainfall, drought, and poor soil quality. It provides strategies for dryland farming such as moisture conservation tillage, appropriate crops and cultivars with deep roots and drought resistance, and contingency crop planning for unpredictable rainfall. The document emphasizes maximizing production through alternative cropping patterns and conserving soil moisture.
The document discusses the primary sector of the Indian economy, which is agriculture. It notes that agriculture provides employment for 60% of the population and uses 43% of India's land area. It then discusses the role of information technology in Indian agriculture, noting that IT can help increase food production and productivity by improving areas like farm management, marketing, and access to information. The document also outlines some initiatives by organizations like the Association For People of Haryana to promote the use of IT and e-agriculture in India to benefit farmers.
The document discusses the stages of a product's life cycle from introduction to decline. It identifies the four main stages as introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. Each stage is characterized by different levels of sales, costs, profits, target customers, and competition. In the introduction stage, sales are low and costs are high. Growth sees rapidly rising sales and profits. Maturity marks peak sales but increasing competition. Finally, decline has falling sales and profits as the product winds down. The document emphasizes that companies must employ different strategies during each life cycle stage to maximize profits over a product's lifetime.
The document discusses the use of low tunnel technology for vegetable production compared to traditional open field cultivation. It provides details on the history, establishment, benefits, and types of low tunnel technology. A case study is presented on the effects of different mulches and plastic low tunnels on soil temperature and brinjal production in northwestern India, finding that plastic low tunnels improved growth, yield, and protected plants from frost and pests compared to other treatments.
The document discusses several factors that affect farming, including physical factors like temperature, precipitation, altitude, and wind, as well as socio-cultural factors such as land tenure and inheritance laws. It also examines economic factors such as transportation, markets, technology, and government policies. While physical factors establish basic limits of what can be grown, the document suggests that within those limits, economic factors may be more important in determining patterns of modern food production.
Status of Protected Cultivation in India and AbroadParshant Bakshi
This document provides an overview of protected cultivation in India and abroad. It discusses how protected structures like greenhouses, net houses, and plastic tunnels allow crops to be grown under controlled climatic conditions, leading to early production, higher quality, and protection from pests and diseases. In India, protected cultivation is a relatively new technology introduced around 30 years ago, while countries like China, Israel, the US, and several European nations have practiced it for over a century. The document also outlines the various types of protected structures used for different fruit crops and describes the environmental parameters that can be controlled inside structures like polyhouses to optimize plant growth.
This document provides information about protected cultivation and precision farming. It discusses different types of greenhouses like polyhouses, shade net houses, and tunnels. It outlines the optimal environmental parameters for plant growth in protected structures like temperature, humidity, light, carbon dioxide, and air flow. It also discusses the role of an agricultural engineer in designing protected structures and instrumentation used to monitor the microclimate. Examples of different greenhouse designs seen on farm visits are provided. The document concludes with examples of greenhouse technologies used to produce crops year-round.
This document discusses farm budgeting, including partial and complete budgeting. It defines farm budgeting as estimating the costs, returns, and net income of a farm or enterprise in monetary terms based on an advance farm plan. Partial budgeting estimates the costs and returns of a particular enterprise, while complete budgeting prepares a budget for the entire farm, considering all crops, livestock, production methods, and marketing aspects consolidated into a single estimate of total costs and returns. The document outlines the differences between partial and complete budgeting and their uses for minor versus major changes in farm operations. It also discusses the advantages of farm budgeting for evaluating plans, improving efficiency, and formulating agricultural policies.
Importance of post harvest technology in fruits and vegetables.pptxReetanjaliMeher
This document discusses the importance of post-harvest technology for horticultural crops. It defines post-harvest technology as dealing with operations from harvesting through processing and consumption to utilize waste. India is a major global producer of fruits and vegetables but suffers from 20-40% post-harvest losses. Proper post-harvest handling can increase supply and availability without using more land. It identifies key causes of losses like mechanical injury, diseases, and lack of infrastructure and discusses the economic and social benefits of reducing losses like increased production, exports, employment, and food availability.
India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world after China, producing over 169 million tons of vegetables annually. Vegetables are a major export, valued at over $884 million USD annually, with onions, okra, and potatoes as top exports. While production is seasonal, technology and infrastructure have allowed year-round availability through processing, storage, and transportation. Vegetables are sold through various market channels in India including local markets, street vendors, wholesale markets, retail markets, hypermarkets, and new online markets. However, the vegetable market is still dominated by intermediaries, lacks regulation, and poses challenges for both producers and consumers.
The document discusses entrepreneurship development in Nepal through programs like One Village One Product (OVOP). It provides background on Nepal's natural resources and unemployment issues. The objectives are to understand business regulations and introduce OVOP. OVOP originated in Japan to revitalize villages and was later adopted in countries like Thailand and Nepal. In Nepal, OVOP has focused on production and marketing of local agricultural products to alleviate poverty. The conclusion states that OVOP can utilize local skills to produce and sell quality goods to generate revenue and reduce unemployment through a supportive business environment.
Aeroponics is the process of growing plants in an air or mist environment without the use of soil or an aggregate medium (known as geoponics). The word "aeroponic" is derived from the Greek meanings of aer (air) and ponos (labour).
Aeroponic culture differs from both conventional hydroponics, aquaponics, and in-vitro (plant tissue culture) growing. Unlike hydroponics, which uses a liquid nutrient solution as a growing medium and essential minerals to sustain plant growth; or aquaponics which uses water and fish waste, aeroponics is conducted without a growing medium. It is sometimes considered a type of hydroponics, since water is used in aeroponics to transmit nutrients.
TERMINOLOGY
Aeroponic growing refers to plants grown in an air culture that can develop and grow in a normal and natural manner.
Aeroponic growth refers to growth achieved in an air culture.
Aeroponic system refers to hardware and system components assembled to sustain plants in an air culture.
Aeroponic greenhouse refers to a climate controlled glass or plastic structure with equipment to grow plants in air/mistenvironment.
Aeroponic conditions refers to air culture environmental parameters for sustaining plant growth for a plant species.
Aeroponic roots refers to a root system grown in an air culture.
Problems and Progress for Organic Seed ProductionSeeds
This document discusses problems and progress in organic seed production. It begins by defining organic seed at different levels from certified seed produced organically to cultivars bred for organic systems. Implementation of 100% organic seed faced challenges but has made progress through systems allowing limited non-organic seed initially while increasing organic seed availability and quality over time. Data collection on organic seed use is limited but surveys indicate growing use, especially for arable crops, though full targets have yet to be met.
Distribution channels of major flowers in indiaSAMEER LAKHANI
Growth of floriculture in India
Production and export of flowers
To examine the distribution channels of flowers in India
To know the challenges in floriculture industry
To formulate strategies to develop floriculture industry in India
The document discusses plant selection and care for peace lilies as permanent houseplants. Peace lilies have low light requirements and produce white blooms for 3 weeks to 1 month. They should be lightly fertilized in spring and fall and kept from drying out with medium watering. Peace lilies come in dwarf and standard varieties from desk-top size up to 4 feet tall. The document also contrasts permanent plants that will re-bloom over many years, such as peace lilies, with temporary gift plants that usually bloom only once.
1. The document discusses sugarcane cultivation, including its botanical name, origin, economic uses, species and their characteristics.
2. It also covers preparation of land, selection and treatment of sugarcane sets, planting methods, intercultural operations like weeding and propping, and recommended varieties.
3. Fertilizer requirements are provided for different sugarcane crops, as well as irrigation needs which must be optimized according to growth stage, season and soil type.
Off season vegetables ,tunnel technology By Allah Dad KhanMr.Allah Dad Khan
Tunnel farming involves constructing greenhouse-like structures covered in plastic to protect crops from elements and trap heat. This allows growing summer vegetables like tomatoes, peppers, and strawberries during winter. Tunnels come in low, walk-in, and high styles. Low tunnels are cheapest but hardest for management. Walk-in tunnels provide higher yields than low tunnels at less cost than high tunnels. The idea is to shield crops and extend the growing season to increase production by controlling the atmosphere. Tunnel farming allows harvesting vegetables earlier for higher profits.
The document discusses farm accounting and record keeping. It explains that farm accounting involves systematically recording farm business transactions to analyze farm performance and identify areas for improvement. Effective record keeping involves maintaining physical records of production, financial records of income and expenses, and supplementary records. Physical records track production details, while financial records include inventories, cash accounts, and income statements. Keeping accurate and organized records allows farmers to evaluate their business and make informed management decisions.
Off-season vegetable production involves growing vegetables outside of their normal season to supply the market during periods of low availability. This is done by adjusting planting times, selecting improved varieties suited to different conditions, and creating controlled environments using structures like plastic tunnels and greenhouses. Off-season production benefits farmers through better land use, higher profits from higher prices during lean seasons, and year-round employment and income. It also ensures consumers have access to fresh vegetables year-round and increases overall vegetable production and supply.
The document discusses seed drying. It defines seed drying as the removal of moisture from seeds. Drying maintains seed viability during storage by preventing mold growth and microbial activity. Drying allows for early harvesting and long-term storage. There are two main drying methods - natural/sun drying and mechanical drying using heated air. Key factors that influence drying include temperature, humidity, seed moisture content and airflow. Proper drying ensures seeds can be stored long-term and maintain quality.
Dryland farming refers to cultivation of crops in regions receiving less than 750mm of annual rainfall without artificial irrigation. The document discusses dryland farming in India, including that over 69.5% of cultivated area is rainfed. It describes challenges like uncertain rainfall, drought, and poor soil quality. It provides strategies for dryland farming such as moisture conservation tillage, appropriate crops and cultivars with deep roots and drought resistance, and contingency crop planning for unpredictable rainfall. The document emphasizes maximizing production through alternative cropping patterns and conserving soil moisture.
The document discusses the primary sector of the Indian economy, which is agriculture. It notes that agriculture provides employment for 60% of the population and uses 43% of India's land area. It then discusses the role of information technology in Indian agriculture, noting that IT can help increase food production and productivity by improving areas like farm management, marketing, and access to information. The document also outlines some initiatives by organizations like the Association For People of Haryana to promote the use of IT and e-agriculture in India to benefit farmers.
The document discusses the stages of a product's life cycle from introduction to decline. It identifies the four main stages as introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. Each stage is characterized by different levels of sales, costs, profits, target customers, and competition. In the introduction stage, sales are low and costs are high. Growth sees rapidly rising sales and profits. Maturity marks peak sales but increasing competition. Finally, decline has falling sales and profits as the product winds down. The document emphasizes that companies must employ different strategies during each life cycle stage to maximize profits over a product's lifetime.
Farming-Primitive and Modern : A comparisonJishan Ali
The document discusses the differences between modern and old farming methods. In olden times, farming relied more on manual labor and green manures rather than machines and chemical fertilizers. Seeds were also of lower quality. Now, agriculture utilizes many machines, produces higher yields through improved techniques, and relies more on chemical pesticides, fertilizers, and higher-quality seeds. However, modern farming also causes more pollution and environmental degradation through extensive machine and chemical use.
This document discusses farming techniques and their influence on agricultural patterns. It describes the processes of ploughing, sowing, and harvesting. Ploughing involves loosening the soil to bring nutrients to the surface and allow water to reach seeds. Sowing is placing seeds in ploughed soil and covering them. Harvesting occurs when crops are fully grown and ready to be collected from fields. The document also contrasts old and new farming methods, noting that old farms were smaller and relied more on human and animal labor while new farms are larger and use machinery.
Role of information technology in AgricultureChandan Singh
Information technology can play an important role in improving Indian agriculture by enabling efficient farm management, timely access to weather forecasts and market prices, and reducing risks. IT tools summarized include digital mandis, mKrishi mobile advisory services, Kisan call centers, e-Choupal internet kiosks, GPS and GIS systems to optimize input use, and drones and remote sensing for tasks like land surveys, seeding, fertilizing and irrigation. The document outlines India's IT vision for agriculture in 2020 and initiatives by groups like AFPOH to increase food production through e-agriculture, while also noting remaining challenges to effective IT adoption in the sector.
Role of computers in science and technology agricultureGobind Raj Aulakh
This document discusses the role of computers and technology in Indian agriculture. It outlines how remote sensing, GIS, and precision farming are helping farmers monitor fields and environment. It also describes how e-Choupal, Agmarknet, and other online platforms are improving access to information on crops, prices, and markets to help farmers. Overall, the document argues that information technology has great potential to benefit Indian agriculture by increasing efficiency, productivity, and farmer incomes.
This document proposes a framework for an agricultural information dissemination system using information technology to improve crop productivity for farmers in India. It suggests creating a crop database and information services system to provide expert advice and disseminate knowledge on crop varieties, production techniques, and market demands. While IT is still growing in Indian agriculture, the document argues it could play an important role in agricultural development by allowing remote monitoring of storage facilities, precise application of inputs using GPS, and weather forecasting to benefit farmers.
This document discusses using technology to close the gap between technology generation and dissemination in agriculture. It proposes an agricultural information system portal that connects agriculture experts, communities, and farmers so they can share soil data, plant properties, crop data, research, and farmers' details to help disseminate innovations and information.
This document discusses agriculture in Pakistan. It begins by defining agriculture and listing different types. It then discusses major crops grown in Pakistan like wheat, rice, cotton, sugarcane and fruits/vegetables. It also outlines soils and cash crops. Major problems facing Pakistan's agricultural sector are then presented, such as limited land, water issues, diseases, and socioeconomic challenges. Finally, 10 measures to address these problems are recommended, including providing credit, controlling water logging/salinity, constructing dams, supplying improved seeds, increasing mechanization, boosting research, and establishing agro-industries.
1. Agriculture involves growing crops, fruits, and vegetables to earn a livelihood. The land used for growing crops is called arable land, and important inputs include seeds, fertilizers, machinery, and labor.
2. There are different types of farming including subsistence farming, which is done to meet the family's needs using low technology and household labor on small plots. Subsistence farming can be intensive or primitive.
3. Other types are shifting cultivation practiced in forested areas, nomadic herding in dry regions, and commercial farming including grain, mixed, and plantation agriculture. Major crops grown globally include rice, wheat, and cotton to meet population demands.
Indian agriculture is one of the strong sectors of the Indian economy, contributing 14% to GDP and employing 58% of the population. Major crops include rice, wheat, oilseeds, cotton, jute, and tea. The Green Revolution in the 1960s increased agricultural production and exports through high-yielding varieties and increased fertilizer and irrigation. However, average yields remain low due to inadequate irrigation, illiteracy, and lack of technical development compared to other countries.
The document discusses different types of agriculture practiced in India. It describes primitive subsistence farming, intensive subsistence farming, commercial farming, and plantation farming. It also discusses major crops grown in India like rice, millets, cotton, and coffee. Agricultural development aims to increase farm production to meet population growth through expanding cropped area, irrigation, use of fertilizers and high-yielding seeds, and farm mechanization. The ultimate goal is increased food security. Farming in India has a long history and India ranks second worldwide in agricultural output. In the US, agriculture is a major industry and the country exports food, with over 2 million farms covering over 900 million acres.
1. model scheme on_setting_up_of_high_tech_nursery_under_plantation_and_horti...ShalabhBansal6
This document discusses horticulture crops and commercial prospects for nursery enterprises in India. It notes that India grows a wide variety of temperate, subtropical and tropical fruits, vegetables, flowers, spices and more. Nursery production is seen as a viable business opportunity to meet the demand for quality planting materials. The document proposes a model scheme for establishing a modern nursery unit to produce planting materials for perennial horticultural crops. Key requirements discussed include suitable location, infrastructure for irrigation, propagation structures like mist chambers and greenhouses, and ensuring availability of skilled labor.
PROJECT REPORT, PROJECT REPORT ON COLD STORAGE, PROJECT FINANCE, CAPACITY, TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT, COOL CHAMBER, CAPACITY UTILIZATION, METHODS OF STORAGE, PATTERN OF ASSISTANCE, BASIC DESIGN OF THE COLD ROOM, ANALYSIS OF COST OF COOL CHAMBER, etc.
Techno-Economic Feasibility Study Report on IQF Plant for Manufacturing Froze...Dr. Sreekanta Sheel
This document provides an overview of a proposed techno-economic feasibility study for an IQF (Individually Quick Frozen) plant for manufacturing frozen vegetables in Bangladesh. The summary includes:
1) The plant would have a production capacity of 2,400 MT per year and process vegetables into frozen products using IQF freezing technology to preserve taste, texture and nutrients.
2) Raw materials would be sourced through contract farming and the plant would aim to obtain certifications like ISO, GMP, HACCP and comply with relevant regulations.
3) The processed frozen vegetables would be sold domestically as well as exported internationally.
Precision farming involves using new technologies and collected field information to optimize agricultural practices based on variability within fields. It aims to do the right thing, in the right place, at the right time. This tailors inputs like fertilizers and pesticides based on conditions and can improve crop yields while reducing costs and environmental impact. Precision farming uses tools like GPS, GIS, sensors and software to gather and analyze data on soil properties, climate and crop conditions to develop customized farm management plans. While promising, precision farming faces challenges in adoption related to costs, farm size and lack of expertise in developing countries.
1. Water sources can become contaminated by human or animal waste containing harmful bacteria and viruses.
2. Chemical contaminants like heavy metals, pesticides, and other pollutants can leach into water sources from industrial and agricultural runoff.
3. Unsafe delivery methods or storage containers can introduce physical contaminants and allow microbes to grow if water is not protected from exposure. Proper treatment and handling is needed to provide clean drinking water.
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Advance cost and management Accounting ABC costing
tunnel farming project
1. Financial Management
Tunnel Farming Project Report
FINANCIAL STUDY
OFF SEASON VEGETABLE PRODUCTION
(HIGH TUNNEL)
Presented to: Prof. Nauman Nazir
Financial Management
2. Financial Management
Tunnel Farming Project Report
Group Members
Serial # Name Reg. #
01 Umair Mohsin 05
02 Usman Zaka 08
03 Mohsin Sohail 09
04 Umair Saeed 10
05 Sadaqat Ali 11
3. Financial Management
Tunnel Farming Project Report
Contents
Group Members.................................................................... i
Contents............................................................................... ii
PURPOSE OF DOCUMENT .................................................... 1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................... 1
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT AND PRODUCT................. 2
CRITICAL FACTORS ............................................................... 3
INSTALLED AND OPERATIONAL CAPACITY FOR OFF SEASON
VEGETABLE FARMING .......................................................... 3
GEOGRAPHICAL POTENTIAL FOR INVESTMENT ................... 4
POTENTIAL TARGET MARKETS ............................................. 4
PRODUCTION PROCESS FLOW ............................................. 4
PROJECT COST AND BENEFIT SUMMARY ............................. 5
11.1ProjectEconomics.....................................................................................................................6
11.2Project Financing......................................................................................................................6
11.3 Project Cost.............................................................................................................................7
11.4 Space Requirement.................................................................................................................7
11.5Machinery and Equipment ......................................................................................................7
11.7Human Resource Requirement................................................................................................8
11.8Revenue Generation................................................................................................................8
KEY ASSUMPTION................................................................. 9
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS.......................................................... 10
4. Financial Management
Tunnel Farming Project Report
PURPOSE OF DOCUMENT
The purpose of this document is to facilitate potential investors in Off Season
Vegetable Production-High tunnelby providing them with a general understanding of
the business, with the intention of supporting potential investors in crucial investment
decisions. The project pre-feasibility may form the basis of an important investment
decision and in order to serve this objective, the document/study covers various
aspects of project concept development, start-up, production, finance, and business
management. The need to come up with pre-feasibility reports for undocumented or
minimally documented sectors attains greater imminence as the research that precedes
such reports reveal certain thumb rules; best practices developed by existing
enterprises by trial and error, certain industrial norms and well established research
findings that become a guiding source regarding various aspects of business set-up and
it’s successful management. Apart from carefully studying the whole document, one
must consider critical aspects provided later on, which form the basis of investment
decisions.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Growing out-of-season crops in controlled atmosphere inside polythene tunnel is called
Tunnel Farming. It was first introduced by William Fredrick 2600 years before. High
tunnels, also known as hoop houses, are relatively simple polyethylene-covered
unheated structures. It covered with one or two sheets of plastic and two layer offering
better insulation and consequently more cold protection. It gives maximum yield of
crops and makes easy soil preparation, picking and spraying due to its width and height.
It’s much suitable for tomatoes, cucumber and sweet pepper.
Vegetable Production under high tunnel is considered for Business in this project pre-
feasibility. This business is proposed to be located primarily in all temperate and sub
tropical areas of the country. All aspects of tunnel farming i.e. selection of suitable crop
for tunnel farming, nursery raising for off season crop, their nutritional requirement, all
crop management practices and different necessary measures for productivity
improvement has been studied at Vegetable Crops Research Programme, Horticultural
Research Institute (HRI),National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad.
After successful experimentation, this technology is declared technically feasible for
5. Financial Management
Tunnel Farming Project Report
commercial vegetable farming. The technology of tunnel farming is in the phase of
extension to the farmers. Farmers are already practicing this technology at their farms.
The tunnel farming can be successfully carried in Punjab, KhyberPakhtunkhwa and
some parts of Balochistan. The project can be started at an area of one acre with eight
tunnels of 30ft x 100 ft(3000 sq.ft) each per acre. Total cost estimate is Rs.1.542 million,
with fixed investment of Rs.0.685 million and working capital amounting to Rs.0.857
million. Given the cost assumptions, Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return
(IRR), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) and payback period are Rs. 2,117,799,32%, 1.53 and
3.15 years respectively.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
AND PRODUCT
Following key parameters must be addressed as per pre-feasibility study:
• Techniques: Different methods and techniques are used for off-season vegetable
farming. However, keeping in view the economical, technical
andmanagerial factors, high tunnel off season vegetable farming is
suggested for the proposed project
• Location: The business can be successfully carried in Punjab, KhyberPakhtunkhwa
and some parts of Balochistan.
6. Financial Management
Tunnel Farming Project Report
• Product: Year round vegetable consumption is increasing in Pakistan due to changing
food habits. Off season tunnel farming is the only way to fulfill this
objective.
• Target Market: In addition to local consumption in the country, there is an enormous
export potential.
• Employment Generation: The proposed project will provide direct employment to
seven individuals. Financial analysis shows the profitability of proposed
business within first year of its operation.
CRITICAL FACTORS
The commercial viability of the proposed project depends on the following factors:
Any person who is planning to adopt this technology should have some practical
knowledge about farming.
Land that is being utilized for off-season vegetable farming should be tested
which will help in determining the quality of land for agriculture purposes.
Farmer should ensure that the plant they are planning to grow must have the
ability to self-pollinate under the plastic sheet.
Selection of the seed is most important factor because this determines the
productivity of the crop.
Vegetables, which are in demand, should be cultivated, this will help in earning
higher profit margins.
Timing of cultivation of vegetables has to be done accurately. The farmer should
have knowledge about the benefit that the early crop will offer and should gather
data about the prices of these early crops.
INSTALLED AND OPERATIONAL
CAPACITY FOR OFF SEASON
VEGETABLE FARMING
This pre-feasibility suggests a farm operation on one acre of land with eight tunnels of
size (30 x 100 ft) each.
7. Financial Management
Tunnel Farming Project Report
GEOGRAPHICAL POTENTIAL FOR
INVESTMENT
The proposed location for establishment of the tunnel farming will primarily be
temperate and sub tropical areas.
POTENTIAL TARGET MARKETS
The marketing of off season vegetables follows the traditional marketing channel,
through middlemen or wholesalers at farm who identifies potential buyers and
negotiate price, or directly to retailers in urban markets. The time spent in
transportation, from farm to the retail shop, varies from area to area. Over the years,
transportation of vegetables has improved with the use of better and refrigerated
vehicles. However, greater the distance between farm and consumer, more complicated
will be the marketing or distribution system, due to the perishable nature of the
vegetables. The key factors in marketing are availability of current market information,
quality of vegetables and supply & demand which will determine the selling price.
PRODUCTION PROCESS FLOW
The overall production cycle for the off season vegetable farming comprises of 4-8
months, depending upon the crop. In case of tomato, the production cycle will take eight
months to achieve the desired output.Following is the production process flow of off-
season vegetables farming:
Figure 1: Production flow of off- season vegetables
Nursery
Bed
Preparation
Soil
Fertilizing
Nursery
Transplantation
Top Dress
Fertilizing
Harvesting
Plant
Protection
Moisture
Conditioning
Shipment
Post
Harvesting
Aspects
Grading
8. Financial Management
Tunnel Farming Project Report
Sowing& Picking Period Of Off -Season Vegetables
Following are sowing and picking periods of selected off-season vegetables in their
respective normal growing seasons:
Table 1: Sowing and picking period for the selected off--season vegetables
vegetables Sowing period Picking period
Tomato October (Nursery)
November (Transplantation)
February-May
Cucumber End of October to end of
December (direct seeding)
Mid January to May
Sweet peppers Mid of September to 1st week of October
End of October to 1st week of November
(Transplantation)
End of January toSeptember
Temperature Requirements for Best Growth of Vegetables
Temperature is much important in off-season vegetables.Following are the temperature
requirement for the off-season vegetables
Table 2:Temperature Requirements for Vegetables
Vegetables Temperature Requirements
Tomato 29-21
Cucumber 24-18
Sweet pepper 24-21
PROJECT COST AND BENEFIT
SUMMARY
A detailed financial model has been developed to analyze the commercial viability of off-
season vegetable farming under the Prime Minister’s Small Business Loan Scheme.
Various cost and revenue related assumptions, along with results of the analysis, are
outlined in this section.
9. Financial Management
Tunnel Farming Project Report
11.1ProjectEconomics
The following table shows the Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR),
Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and payback period.
Table 3.Project Economics
Description Details
Net Present Value (NPV)
2,117,799
Benefits Cost Ratio (BCR) 1.53
Internal Rate of Return (IRR) 32%
Payback Period (years) 3.15
Returns on the scheme and its profitability are highly dependent on theentrepreneur
having some practical knowledge about agriculture & farming,selection of fertile land,
selection of best seed, cultivating the in-demandvegetables and selection of right time
for vegetable cultivation.
11.2Project Financing
Following table provides details of the equity required and variables related to bank
loan;
Table 4: Project Financing
Description Details
Project life (Years) 10
Equity Ratio (10%) 154200
Debit Ratio (90%) 1387800
Interest Rate on Loan 8%
Debt Tenure (Years) 8
10. Financial Management
Tunnel Farming Project Report
11.3 Project Cost
Following requirements have been identified for operations of the projectedbusiness:
Table 5.Total Project Cost
Capital Investment Amount (Rupees)
Capital Cost (one time investment) 685000
Initial operational cost 857000
Total Cost 1542000
11.4 Space Requirement
Following is the space requirement for the construction of Eight Tunnels for the Project.
Table 6.Space Requirement and its Cost
Space Requirement
(30x100 Sq. ft.)
Cost
Rs./ tunnel
Quantity
(No)
Area
(Acre)
Total Cost
(Rs.)
Construction of tunnels 80,000 08 01 640,000
Total 640,000
11.5Machinery and Equipment
Following table provides a list of machinery and tunnel farm equipment required for
Off-Season Vegetable Farming (High Tunnel).
Table 7.Machinery&EquipmentCost
Description Quantity
(No)
Unit Price
(Rs.)
Total (Rs.)
Tube Well and Channels including
boring & motor
01 250,00 250,00
Electricity connections 20,000 20,000
Total 45,000
11.6 Operational and Maintenance Cost
11. Financial Management
Tunnel Farming Project Report
Following table provides list of Consumable Requirement for off season vegetable
farming.
Table 8.Operational & Maintenance Cost
Description No. Unit Price Total
Plastic Cost 120000
FYM Cost 10000
Chemical Fertilizer Cost 12000
Land Lease expenses 50000
Land preparation expenses 10000
Seed Cost 25000
Labor expenses 6 11000 per month 528000
Nursery raising expenses 12000
Herbicides and insecticide Cost 50000
Irrigation Cost 40000
Total Cost 857,000
11.7Human Resource Requirement
The table below provides details of human resource required to manage basic tunnel
farm. The staff salaries are estimated according to the market trends. However, these
requirements and pay scales may vary area to area.
Table 9. Human Resource Requirement and its Cost
Description No. of Employees Salary/person/ month Total salary per year
Labour 6 11000 528000
11.8Revenue Generation
Final product of tunnel farming is vegetable that will generate revenue. The proposed
crop mix is tomato, cucumber and sweet pepper and the average capacity of farm is
35000, 40000 and 8000 kg per acre with sale price as per market Rs. 50, Rs. 40 &Rs. 50
respectively.
12. Financial Management
Tunnel Farming Project Report
Table 10. Revenue and production of the project
Vegetable
Land Utilization
(Acre)
Production
Quantity
(Kgs/Acre)
Total
Production
Quantity (kgs)
Sale Price
Rs./Kg
Amount
Tomatoes 0.33 35000/- 11550/- 60/- 693000
Cucumber 0.33 40000/- 13200/- 40/- 528000
Sweet Pepper 0.33 8000/- 2640/- 50/- 132000
Total Amount 1353000
KEY ASSUMPTION
Particulars Assumption
Sales Price Growth Rate 5% per year
Increase in cost of raw material 5% per year
Increase in utilities 5% per year
Debt/Equity Ratio 90:10
Plant Building Maintenance Expenses 10%
Machinery Maintenance Expenses 10%
Loan Period 8 years
Grace Period 1 year
Loan installments Yearly
Financial charges (interest rate) 8%