Tuning kafka pipelines
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Kafka is a high-throughput, fault-tolerant, scalable platform for building high-volume near-real-time data pipelines. This presentation is about tuning Kafka pipelines for high-performance. Select configuration parameters and deployment topologies essential to achieve higher throughput and low latency across the pipeline are discussed. Lessons learned in troubleshooting and optimizing a truly global data pipeline that replicates 100GB data under 25 minutes is discussed.
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Tuning kafka pipelines
- 1. Tuning Kafka Pipelines October 7, 2017 Sumant Tambe Sr. Software Engineer, Streams Infra, LinkedIn
- 2. My background Blogger Coditation—Elegant Code for Big Data Author (wikibook) Open-source contributor Visual Studio and Dev Tech Reviewer
- 3. Tuning Truly Global Production Kafka Pipelines Data Source (Hadoop) Kafka Venice Feed East Coast Mirror-Maker To west-coast Mirror-Maker To Asia Mirror-Maker To east-coast Mirror-Maker To gulf-coast Gulf Coast West Coast Asia Kafka Venice Kafka Venice Kafka Venice Kafka Venice Venice Consumers Venice Consumers Venice Consumers Venice Consumers East Coast
- 4. But first, some basics… • Kafka: Distributed Messaging System rethought as a distributed commit log Producer 1 Kafka Cluster Broker 1 Broker 2 P0 P1’ P1 P0’ Consumer Group A Consumer Group B A1 A2 B1 Producer 2 Topic T Log Log Replication Topic T has 2 partitions P0 and P1. P0’ and P1’ are replicas of P0 and P1.
- 5. Moving Data Is Critical in Internet Companies (Image Credit: Kafka Online Documentation)
- 6. Kafka Pipeline • Why Kafka-based Pipelines • Producer/Consumer Throughput and Time Decoupling • Large, Reliable, Durable buffer • Data replication for high availability of data Producer Source Kafka Cluster Kafka Mirror-Maker Cluster Destination Kafka Cluster Consumer Log Log The main value Kafka provides to data pipelines is its ability to serve as a very large, reliable buffer between various stages in the pipeline, effectively decoupling producers and consumers of data within the pipeline.
- 7. Anatomy of a Kafka Pipeline (Image Credit: Kafka Definitive Guide, O’Reilly)
- 8. Aspects of Kafka Pipelines • Reliability and Availability • Replication Topologies (Structure) • Time Decoupling • Durability • Throughput • Latency • Data Integration and Schemas • Transformations • Fair Load Distribution • Migration/Upgrades • Topic Lifecycle Management • DDoS Prevention and Quotas • Auditing
- 9. Reliability and Availability • Must avoid single points of failure • Allow fast and automatic recovery • Most systems need at-least once delivery guarantee • Do not lose data • But, be ready for duplicates
- 10. Replication Topologies Hub and Spoke Architecture (Image Credit: Kafka Definitive Guide, O’Reilly) Kafka Cluster Local Apps Kafka Cluster Local Apps Kafka Cluster Local Apps Kafka Cluster Local Apps Kafka Cluster Local Apps Crossbar Architecture (LinkedIn) There are many more replication topologies Each arrow is a Mirror-Maker Cluster
- 11. Kafka Pipelines in Industrial IoT Coditation [link] telemetry (Dotted lines and shaded shapes mean passive replication)
- 12. Durability (no-loss data pipeline) • Durability interacts with throughput and latency • Durability levels change depending upon producer configurations Producer Configurations Throughput Latency Durability Ordered acks=0 High Low No guarantee Yes acks=1 Medium Medium Leader Yes acks=all (-1) Low High In Sync Replicas Yes
- 13. Kafka Mirror-Maker Cluster Throughput • Producer and consumer throughputs are decoupled • Add/Remove producers and consumers independently • Throughput scales with cluster size • Increase parallelization by increasing partitions • Throughput also depends on co-location • Remote consume throughput is much greater than remote produce • Consumers can batch much more data in a response than producer requests Source Kafka Cluster Destination Kafka Cluster Log Log Kafka Mirror-Maker Cluster Remote Produce Remote Consume Datacenter 1 Datacenter 2
- 14. Configurations For Tuning Throughput [link] Producer Source Kafka Cluster Kafka Mirror-Maker Cluster Destination Kafka Cluster Consumer Log Log Producer Configurations Kafka Broker Configurations KMM Configurations Consumer Configurations batch.size num.replica.fetchers All producer and consumer configs are applicable Increase # of topic partitions linger.ms replica.fetch.max.byte s Consumer to producer ratio fetch.message.max.byt es compression.type Disable inter-broker SSL fetch.min.bytes acks socket.receive.buffer. bytes max.in.flight.requests .per.connection send.buffer.bytes (also TCP buffers)
- 15. Latency • Typical latency few hundred milliseconds • Latency SLA depends on availability SLA • One 60-minutes downtime in a week is 99.4% availability (Assuming a weekly report) • One 1-minute downtime in a week is 99.99% availability (Assuming a weekly report) • But SLA can be fragile • Large Mirror-Maker clusters could take minutes to rebalance • Maintenance of Mirror-Maker clusters could take several minutes • Bounce Mirror-Maker cluster with 100% concurrency (to avoid repetitive rebalances) • Configurations that affect pipeline latency • Producer linger.ms and acks • Topic replication factor
- 16. Data Integration and Schemas • Kafka is schema agnostic • But applications must be protected from backwards incompatible changes to schema • Schema-registry • Data Integration should support schema evolution • Only backwards compatible schema evolution • But bend the rules if/when needed • Single topic with multiple schemas • Propagate schema changes automatically through the pipeline
- 17. Transformations • Extract-Transform-Load • Thick pipeline (with significant processing logic) • Complex • Potentially inflexible • Extract-Load-Transform • Thin pipeline, minimal • Flexible • Repeated computations • Pipelines (Brokers and Mirror-Makers) remain schema agnostic (and hence easy to manager)
- 18. Fair Load Distribution • Ideal: Each Kafka Mirror Maker should share the burden equally • But • When brokers go up/down partition imbalance can happen because Preferred Leader Election is not run • Imbalance in partitions and change in partition leadership may caused KMM to exceed quotas • Remedy: Move partitions manually
- 19. Migration/Upgrades • Upgrading hardware for brokers • More cores • More memory • Faster NIC • If you reduce # of brokers • Must increase quotas • Increase num.replica.fetchers • Increase replica.fetch.response.max.bytes
- 20. Topic Lifecycle Management • Topic creation • Topic should be created in the destination cluster first • If not, Mirror-Maker will start replicating the topic and may fail to produce (or a topic with default configs gets created) • Topic deletion • Topic should be deleted in the source cluster first • But only when no one is producing or consuming • If topic is deleted in the source cluster, the mirror-maker will cause them to be recreated with default configs due to metadata refresh
- 21. DDoS Prevention and Quotas • Hadoop to Kafka pipeline gets DDoS easily • 800+ mappers in some cases • Should use reducers instead • Quotas on incoming byte rate • Byte rate may be low but request-rate also matters • Request-rate throttling is available in Kafka 0.11. • Mirror-Makers batch very well so request-rate throttling is not necessarily needed
- 22. Back To Tuning Global Kafka Pipelines
- 23. Global PROD Kafka Pipelines for Venice Data Source (Hadoop) Kafka Venice Feed East Coast Kafka MM To west-coast Kafka MM To Asia Kafka MM To east-coast Kafka MM To gulf-coast Gulf Coast West Coast Asia Kafka Venice Kafka Venice Kafka Venice Kafka Venice Venice Consumers Venice Consumers Venice Consumers Venice Consumers East Coast Low throughput Low throughput
- 24. The Slow Throughput Problem (One Topic Experiment) 22 min 38 min Replication to West Coast = 54 mins Replication to Asia = 180 min
- 25. CPU Utilization On Slow Mirror-Makers To Asia (this one was the slowest) To West coast (slower) Average CPU Util (aggregate) Max CPU Util (aggregate) To Gulf Coast 96% 165% To East Coast 104% 165% To West Coast 40% 90% To Asia 16% 60%
- 26. CPU Utilization on the Best Mirror-Makers To Gulf coast (best)
- 27. Setup • Producer Setup • 100 GB data in each push from Hadoop • 840 mappers producing data • Kafka Broker Setup • 4 large brokers, 32 cores each, 256 GB RAM each • Broker replication over SSL • Topic Replication Factor=3 • Producer ACK = -1 (all) • Partitions = 200 • Mirror Maker Setup • 4 independent groups • 10 processes in each cluster • 8 consumers in each process • 80 consumers in each pipeline • It’s CPU bound (due to decompression)
- 28. High Ping Latency • From East Coast East coast Gulf Coast West Coast Asia 0.025 ms 29 ms 67 ms 236 ms
- 29. Text Book Solution • Don’t remote produce. Prefer remote consume and local produce • Increase max.in.flight.request.per.connection > 1 Data Source (Hadoop) Kafka Venice Feed Kafka MM To east-coast Kafka MM To gulf-coast Gulf Coast West Coast Asia Kafka Venice Kafka Venice Kafka Venice Kafka Venice Venice Consumers Venice Consumers Venice Consumers Venice Consumers East Coast Kafka MM To west-coast Kafka MM To Asia
- 30. Text Book Solution Was Not Practical (at the moment) • Must guarantee order (max.in.flight.requests.per.connection must be 1) • Must open ACLs (firewall ports) for incoming remote connections. Takes time. • Must have hardware capacity in the destination datacenter
- 31. Key Observations and Remedies • High Ping Latency • From East-coast • Four Source brokers • 150+ Under Replicated Partitions (URP) • 840 mappers (producers) is simply way to many Replaced by reducers • SSL has overhead Disable inter-broker SSL • Imbalanced response time • Unequal workload on the brokers. Should do manual replica movement to spread load evenly • Kafka Mirror Maker • Under provisioned machines. 4 cores only. Must change to 8 cores. • 200 partitions and 80 consumers 2 or 3 partitions per consumer Each consume talks to at most 3 brokers Inefficient Fetch Must increase # of partitions • Producer batch.size=100K Must increase batch size (1 MB max is allowed) • Producer send.buffer.bytes=128K Must increase send.buffer.bytes (10 MB) • Just 1 producer per process. At most one request in flight at a time Can’t change that because order must be preserved East coast Gulf Coast West Coast Asia 0.025 ms 29 ms 67 ms 236 ms
- 32. The Solution That Saved The Day Week • Remote produce • Max-in-flight = 1 • Increased batch.size to 1 MB and send.buffer.bytes to 10 MB • But there was a bug. Producer estimated batch sizes incorrectly. • Sent larger than 1MB batches to the broker. • Sporadic REQUEST_TO_LARGE exceptions. Shuts down KMM. • Disabled compression estimation • Pack a batch up to 1 MB, compress, and send. • Resulting compressed batch size up to 650K (30% unutilized)
- 33. A Well-behaved Global Kafka Pipeline (One Topic) 23 minutes (SLA = 30 mins)
- 34. Well-Behaved KMM CPU Utilization To West Coast To Asia To Gulf Coast To East Coast
- 35. Acknowledgements • Kafka Dev and SRE Team, LinkedIn • Venice Team, LinkedIn • More Reading on LinkedIn Engineering Blog • Kafka Articles • Venice Articles
- 36. Thank You!
Editor's Notes
- The main value Kafka provides to data pipelines is its ability to serve as a very large, reliable buffer between various stages in the pipeline, effectively decoupling producers and consumers of data within the pipeline. This decoupling, combined with reliability security and efficiency, makes Kafka a good fit for most data pipelines.
- Fetch response sent to consumers batch much more data than a produce response can batch.
- Performance of compression types differs a lot. KMM: High value of messageBatchSize to 200K. 1 consumer 4 producers per process. Small linger because the batches fill fast due to cpu optimization Another way to increase throughput without increase partition number is to bump up the fetch.min.bytes to something like 20 MB, this will allow more data to be fetched from a single partition. The downside is that there might be long GC due to such big memory allocation,
- When end-to-end latency requirements are in seconds, even availability % starts to matter