Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and the largest prevalence of this disease is in Asia (59%) and Africa (26%).
A field and statistical study on the spread of Tuberculosis in various distri...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
ABSTRACT- Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major prevalent disease, which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and among all the diseases it exists in harmful condition. The long term cough with blood sputum and fever is the major symptom of tuberculosis. In 2014, 1.5 million TB patients were dead from the 9.6 million active TB patients. Every second someone in the world affected by M. tuberculosis and 10% of the affected people will be infected in their later period of life. The global scenario in terms of TB infection is varies from one country to another. Developing country like Bangladesh stands on much more harmful condition. According to WHO Global TB Report 2016, Bangladesh is one of the world’s 30 high TB burden countries and near about 73, 000 people die annually due to Tuberculosis. In addition, Multi Drug Resistance Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is increasingly affected the people and it is now a major concern for disease prevention. The infection chances of a HIV affected people are much higher than a healthy people in case of tuberculosis. Although, the infection rate of tuberculosis is increasing over the last few decades, but new anti-Tb drugs show greater audacity to eradicate critical situation of tuberculosis. Through the molecular analysis, researchers pointed out the M. tuberculosis resistance, which will give us effective result in the improvement of drug development. This review summarized the novel drugs, treatment phenomenon and overall condition of tuberculosis in Bangladesh. Key-words- Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Multi Drug Resistance Tuberculosis, HIV, TB infection
A field and statistical study on the spread of Tuberculosis in various distri...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
ABSTRACT- Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major prevalent disease, which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and among all the diseases it exists in harmful condition. The long term cough with blood sputum and fever is the major symptom of tuberculosis. In 2014, 1.5 million TB patients were dead from the 9.6 million active TB patients. Every second someone in the world affected by M. tuberculosis and 10% of the affected people will be infected in their later period of life. The global scenario in terms of TB infection is varies from one country to another. Developing country like Bangladesh stands on much more harmful condition. According to WHO Global TB Report 2016, Bangladesh is one of the world’s 30 high TB burden countries and near about 73, 000 people die annually due to Tuberculosis. In addition, Multi Drug Resistance Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is increasingly affected the people and it is now a major concern for disease prevention. The infection chances of a HIV affected people are much higher than a healthy people in case of tuberculosis. Although, the infection rate of tuberculosis is increasing over the last few decades, but new anti-Tb drugs show greater audacity to eradicate critical situation of tuberculosis. Through the molecular analysis, researchers pointed out the M. tuberculosis resistance, which will give us effective result in the improvement of drug development. This review summarized the novel drugs, treatment phenomenon and overall condition of tuberculosis in Bangladesh. Key-words- Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Multi Drug Resistance Tuberculosis, HIV, TB infection
The epidemiology of tuberculosis in Kenya, a high TB/HIV burden country (2000...Premier Publishers
Interest in the epidemiology of TB was triggered by the re-emergence of tuberculosis in the early 1990’s with the advent of HIV and falling economic status of many people which subjected them to poverty. The dual lethal combination of HIV and poverty triggered an unprecedented TB epidemic. In this study, we focused on the period 2000-2013 and all the notified data in Kenya was included. Data on estimates of TB incidence, prevalence and mortality was extracted from the WHO global Tuberculosis database. Data was analysed to produce trends for each of the years and descriptive statistics were calculated. The results showed that there was an average decline of 5% over the last 8 years with the highest decline being reported in the year 2012/13. TB continues to disproportionately affect the male gender with 58% being male and 42% being female. Kenya has made significant efforts to address the burden of HIV among TB patients with cotrimoxazole preventive therapy (CPT) uptake reaching 98% AND ART at 74% by the end of 2013. Kenya’s TB epidemic has evolved over time and it has been characterised by a period where there was increase in the TB cases reaching a peak in the year 2007 after which there was a decline which began to accelerate in the year 2011. The gains in the decline of TB could be attributed in part to the outcomes of integrating TB and HIV services and these gains should be sustained. What is equally notable is the clear epidemiologic shift in age indicating reduced transmission in the younger age groups.
India is the highest TB burden country in the world & accounts for nearly 1/5th (20 per cent) of global burden of tuberculosis, 2/3rd of cases in SEAR. Every year approximately 1.8 million persons develop tuberculosis, of which about 0.8 million are new smear positive highly'- infectious cases.Annual risk of becoming infected with TB is 1.5 % and once infected there is 10 % life-time risk of developing TB disease
Incidence of Tuberculosis in HIV Sero-positive Patients at HIV Clinic at Kamp...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Incidence of Tuberculosis in HIV Sero-positive Patients at HIV Clinic at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Bushenyi District
Okello, Andrew
School of Allied Health Sciences Kampala International University-Western Campus
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
This study on the prevalence of TB among HIV sero-positive was carried at the HIV CLINIC of Kampala International University Teaching Hospital (KIUTH), Ishaka Bushenyi district. A retrospective cross-sectional study design was used to conduct this research. The study targeted all patients attending KIUTH HIV/TB clinic. A standard structured and semi-structured questionnaires were designed and pre-tested for validity and reliability at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital HIV/Tuberculosis clinic before being used for data collection. Data collection started by recruitment of qualified research assistants, appropriate training and orientation of the interviewers before the survey for example when reading the questions. Quantitative methods of data analysis was used in which data was presented in form of bar charts, graphs and tables. The prevalence of TB among HIV sero-positive patients attending HIV clinic at KIUTH stands at 8.06 per 100 participants. The study found that generally, people are aware about the modes of transmission of TB but there is still need for more awareness. Many patients are still not certain whether TB is curable in HIV patients. As seen from the above study, most of the people are not yet aware whether HIV goes hand in hand with tuberculosis. The prevalence of TB in HIV sero-positive attending HIV clinic at KIUTH is high. Generally, TB is affecting patients of all ages and most patients are still not aware if TB in HIV is curable. Most patients have a perception that all TB patients have HIV. Health workers in HIV clinic of KIU-TH should teach patients the modes of transmission and prevention of TB. KIUTH also need to provide easy access to TB screening services to patients. There is need for financial support by the government to the unemployed patients and low-income earners in order to curb TB infections.
Keywords: Tuberculosis, HIV, Sero-positive, Bushenyi District
________________________________________
A Predictive Factor For Short-Term Outcome In Patients With COVID-19: CT Scor...suppubs1pubs1
This study enrolled 253 patients (63 died in the hospital, 190 were discharged). Compared to survivors, non-survivors were older, mostly male, had a higher prevalence of preexisting comorbidity, higher incidences of hypoxemia, lymphopenia and bacterial coinfection (p<0.001 for each). Regarding CT evaluations, non-survivors had higher CT scores (14.3±3.4 vs. 8.1±2.9), higher incidences of bronchial dilation with mosaic (34.9% vs. 10.5%), emphysema (28.6% vs. 10.5%), and diffuse opacity distribution (76.1% vs. 36.8%; all p<0.001).
Features of Radiation-Induced Thyroid Cancersuppubs1pubs1
A significant part of research on Thyroid Cancer (TC) incidence changes after nuclear disasters concerns mainly the dose effects on this oncopathology, as well as radiation epidemiology. Meanwhile, the features of this disease like gender characteristics of the stages and histological forms of cancer are of particular interest. The incidence and risks of various stages and forms of TC were analyzed in the present study
Case of Rare Entity - Parry-Romberg Syndromesuppubs1pubs1
Parry-Romberg syndrome (PRS), also known as progressive facial hemyatrophy is a rare clinical entity with prevalence of 1 case on 250 000 of general population [1-3]. It was first described by C.Parry in 1825 and – later – by M.Romberg in 1846 [1,2]. Course of this syndrome ends in atrophy of subcutaneous fat with skin changes, en coupe de sabre sign, in some cases facial muscles wasting, ophthalmic and nervous systems involvement [4-9].
Primary Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma of the Kidney Pelvissuppubs1pubs1
Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is a rare type of angiogenic tumor composed of Epithelioid endothelial cells, which is characterized by potentially malignancy and metastasis potential. It is mainly seen in adults, while very rare in children. Tumor can be found in soft tissue or other parts,such as liver and lung, however it is rare in the kidneys.
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The epidemiology of tuberculosis in Kenya, a high TB/HIV burden country (2000...Premier Publishers
Interest in the epidemiology of TB was triggered by the re-emergence of tuberculosis in the early 1990’s with the advent of HIV and falling economic status of many people which subjected them to poverty. The dual lethal combination of HIV and poverty triggered an unprecedented TB epidemic. In this study, we focused on the period 2000-2013 and all the notified data in Kenya was included. Data on estimates of TB incidence, prevalence and mortality was extracted from the WHO global Tuberculosis database. Data was analysed to produce trends for each of the years and descriptive statistics were calculated. The results showed that there was an average decline of 5% over the last 8 years with the highest decline being reported in the year 2012/13. TB continues to disproportionately affect the male gender with 58% being male and 42% being female. Kenya has made significant efforts to address the burden of HIV among TB patients with cotrimoxazole preventive therapy (CPT) uptake reaching 98% AND ART at 74% by the end of 2013. Kenya’s TB epidemic has evolved over time and it has been characterised by a period where there was increase in the TB cases reaching a peak in the year 2007 after which there was a decline which began to accelerate in the year 2011. The gains in the decline of TB could be attributed in part to the outcomes of integrating TB and HIV services and these gains should be sustained. What is equally notable is the clear epidemiologic shift in age indicating reduced transmission in the younger age groups.
India is the highest TB burden country in the world & accounts for nearly 1/5th (20 per cent) of global burden of tuberculosis, 2/3rd of cases in SEAR. Every year approximately 1.8 million persons develop tuberculosis, of which about 0.8 million are new smear positive highly'- infectious cases.Annual risk of becoming infected with TB is 1.5 % and once infected there is 10 % life-time risk of developing TB disease
Incidence of Tuberculosis in HIV Sero-positive Patients at HIV Clinic at Kamp...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Incidence of Tuberculosis in HIV Sero-positive Patients at HIV Clinic at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Bushenyi District
Okello, Andrew
School of Allied Health Sciences Kampala International University-Western Campus
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
This study on the prevalence of TB among HIV sero-positive was carried at the HIV CLINIC of Kampala International University Teaching Hospital (KIUTH), Ishaka Bushenyi district. A retrospective cross-sectional study design was used to conduct this research. The study targeted all patients attending KIUTH HIV/TB clinic. A standard structured and semi-structured questionnaires were designed and pre-tested for validity and reliability at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital HIV/Tuberculosis clinic before being used for data collection. Data collection started by recruitment of qualified research assistants, appropriate training and orientation of the interviewers before the survey for example when reading the questions. Quantitative methods of data analysis was used in which data was presented in form of bar charts, graphs and tables. The prevalence of TB among HIV sero-positive patients attending HIV clinic at KIUTH stands at 8.06 per 100 participants. The study found that generally, people are aware about the modes of transmission of TB but there is still need for more awareness. Many patients are still not certain whether TB is curable in HIV patients. As seen from the above study, most of the people are not yet aware whether HIV goes hand in hand with tuberculosis. The prevalence of TB in HIV sero-positive attending HIV clinic at KIUTH is high. Generally, TB is affecting patients of all ages and most patients are still not aware if TB in HIV is curable. Most patients have a perception that all TB patients have HIV. Health workers in HIV clinic of KIU-TH should teach patients the modes of transmission and prevention of TB. KIUTH also need to provide easy access to TB screening services to patients. There is need for financial support by the government to the unemployed patients and low-income earners in order to curb TB infections.
Keywords: Tuberculosis, HIV, Sero-positive, Bushenyi District
________________________________________
A Predictive Factor For Short-Term Outcome In Patients With COVID-19: CT Scor...suppubs1pubs1
This study enrolled 253 patients (63 died in the hospital, 190 were discharged). Compared to survivors, non-survivors were older, mostly male, had a higher prevalence of preexisting comorbidity, higher incidences of hypoxemia, lymphopenia and bacterial coinfection (p<0.001 for each). Regarding CT evaluations, non-survivors had higher CT scores (14.3±3.4 vs. 8.1±2.9), higher incidences of bronchial dilation with mosaic (34.9% vs. 10.5%), emphysema (28.6% vs. 10.5%), and diffuse opacity distribution (76.1% vs. 36.8%; all p<0.001).
Features of Radiation-Induced Thyroid Cancersuppubs1pubs1
A significant part of research on Thyroid Cancer (TC) incidence changes after nuclear disasters concerns mainly the dose effects on this oncopathology, as well as radiation epidemiology. Meanwhile, the features of this disease like gender characteristics of the stages and histological forms of cancer are of particular interest. The incidence and risks of various stages and forms of TC were analyzed in the present study
Case of Rare Entity - Parry-Romberg Syndromesuppubs1pubs1
Parry-Romberg syndrome (PRS), also known as progressive facial hemyatrophy is a rare clinical entity with prevalence of 1 case on 250 000 of general population [1-3]. It was first described by C.Parry in 1825 and – later – by M.Romberg in 1846 [1,2]. Course of this syndrome ends in atrophy of subcutaneous fat with skin changes, en coupe de sabre sign, in some cases facial muscles wasting, ophthalmic and nervous systems involvement [4-9].
Primary Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma of the Kidney Pelvissuppubs1pubs1
Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is a rare type of angiogenic tumor composed of Epithelioid endothelial cells, which is characterized by potentially malignancy and metastasis potential. It is mainly seen in adults, while very rare in children. Tumor can be found in soft tissue or other parts,such as liver and lung, however it is rare in the kidneys.
miRNAs: Role of Post-Transcriptional Regulation of NLRP3 Inflammasomes in The...suppubs1pubs1
Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes consist of having nucleotide binding domain and leucine rich repeat with the pyrin and HIN domain family. The NLRP3 inflammasome one of these members of family. It is activated upon sensing microbes or danger associated molecular pattern. NLRP3 inflammasome activation leads to activation of caspase 1 which is in turn activate proinflmmatory cytokines/chemomokines.
Bowel Perforation in COVID-19 Patient Treated With Dexamethasonesuppubs1pubs1
The treatment and management for COVID-19 continues to evolve as we have gained more experience with infected patients over the past year of this pandemic. The goal of the medical team is to optimize the care and balance the risk and benefits of each intervention and treatment. Currently, guidelines include starting dexamethasone therapy for patients requiring supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation. However, each treatment and intervention comes with risks. Here, we discuss the case of a 76-year old male who presented to the ED with dyspnea and cough after being diagnosed with COVID-19 three days prior.
Megacalycosis with Ipsilateral Segmental Mega-Ureter - A Rare Entitysuppubs1pubs1
Congenital megacalycosis of Pugivert is a rare clinical entity which denotes presence of dilated calyces most often without any functional abnormality and Segmental mega-ureter implies large, focal segmental ureteral dilatation producing a distorted ureter. Megacalycosis with an ipsilateral segmental mega-ureter is a rarer association of which only a few cases have been reported after its original description. It is diagnosed incidentally or the patient might present with urinary tract infection or calculus formation and usually respond to conservative management.
Advances Perspectives in Syncytin-1 From Biology to Clinical Practicessuppubs1pubs1
Syncytin-1 serves as an enveloped membrane glycoprotein encoded from env gene and expressed in placenta specifically as HERV-W member product of human genome playing an essential role in cell fusion process of from trophoblast to syncytiotrophoblast during each individual pregnancy. It is widely maintained that unusual expressive levels of syncytin-1 have close relationships to obstetrical syndromes such as pre-eclampsia as a typical gestational hypertension symptom. In this review, correlations between syncytin-1 and related diseases are in detailed discussions.
Benign Metastasizing Leiomyoma: A Case Reportsuppubs1pubs1
Metastasizing benign leiomyoma is an extrauterine smooth muscle tumour. Leiomyoma in spine is extremely rare. We report a case of a 47-year-old female with benign leiomyoma metastasizing to the spine. To our knowledge no case of benign leiomyoma metastasizing to the spine has been reported before. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) revealed C6, C7 vertebral involvement, T2, T4, T7, T8, T11, L2, L3, L4, L5 moderate spinal canal stenosis and cord impingement and cord compression at T12 level. She also presented with growth over her right elbow and psoas muscle.
Clinical Features and general Symptoms of COVID-19 Illness and Influenza: Dif...suppubs1pubs1
Cold, cough, and pain in the pharynx accompanied by fever, seem to be symptoms of influenza, and people often hope that it will be a transient cold, but today it may be an infection with the Corona virus. The difficulty lies in diagnosing the cause of infection, is it viral or bacterial.
Meigs syndrome is characterized by the presence of hydrothorax and ascites in the presence of solid, benign ovarian tumors that resolve after tumor removal. Pseudo-Meigs syndrome is defined as hydrothorax and ascites associated with pelvic tumors other than those identified in Meigs syndrome.
Zeehan Hospital, Zeehan, Tasmania. The First Forty Years, During The Mining B...suppubs1pubs1
The clinical details of the patients admitted to the Zeehan Hospital in Tasmania, Australia from the opening date of the hospital in 1894 for the subsequent forty years during the peak of the mining period in Zeehan are presented. Major features are the frequent but uncompensated industrial fatalities and accidents, outbreaks of infectious diseases in the pre-antibiotic era and the damage to individuals and the environment from severe metal pollution, yet an apparent silence about the issue of clinical lead poisoning.
Zeehan Hospital, Zeehan, Tasmania. The First Forty Years, During The Mining B...suppubs1pubs1
The clinical details of the patients admitted to the Zeehan Hospital in Tasmania, Australia from the opening date of the hospital in 1894 for the subsequent forty years during the peak of the mining period in Zeehan are presented. Major features are the frequent but uncompensated industrial fatalities and accidents, outbreaks of infectious diseases in the pre-antibiotic era and the damage to individuals and the environment from severe metal pollution, yet an apparent silence about the issue of clinical lead poisoning.
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Although pandemics of its scale and geographical coverage are not unprecedented as widely claimed, coronavirus continues to pose novel and complex challenges to governments, businesses, and individuals. Governments had and continue to have obligations to respond speedily with both health and economic policies to prevent irrevocable damages to their respective economies and sovereignties-some more successful than others.
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A new method of surgical treatment of polydactyly of the hand, the most common pathology among congenital malformations of the upper limb, is proposed.
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Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency is a neurometabolic disorder associated by accumulation of succinylpurines in body fluids that causes encephalopathy. It’s a rare neurological dysfunction with psychomotor retardation and epilepsy. We introduce here a five-and-a-half-year-old patient who was referred to the Neurology Department, Mofid Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
It was Kepler who first asked whether contra-globally bounded homomorphisms can be classified. Hence unfortunately, we cannot assume that M is differentiable and pointwise generic. Therefore this reduces the results of [9] to a well-known result of Sylvester [32, 21]. Now it would be interesting to apply the techniques of [31] to associative, naturally Euclid elements. Thus a central problem in elliptic calculus is the derivation of countable monoids.
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Blood flow is normally controlled by individual tissues, providing the appropriate rate of oxygen delivery (DO2 ). Cardiac output is the result of the addition of all tissue blood flows. Cardiac output is therefore controlled at the tissues, not heart or brain. Complications in anesthesia are from lowered DO2 due to venous relaxation lowering arterial pressure. Arterial blood pressure depends on arterial volume, in turn depending on total blood volume and venous volume control. The usual idea, arterial pressure is controlled by arteriolar tone in therefore incorrect. The bases of these assertions, are outlined in sections 1 and 2, and implications in section 3. Further interesting surgical phenomena receive attention, including carotid endarterectomy effects on hypertension, and potential improvement in treatment of myocardial ischemia.
Should All Patients Having Planned Procedures or Surgeries Be Tested for COVI...suppubs1pubs1
The current pandemic of Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) which is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in lockdown in many countries culminating in a major socio-economic crisis globally. COVID-19 can remain asymptomatic and so is crucial for early diagnosis to prevent further spread of this pandemic. Here we highlight the importance of screening asymptomatic patients prior to elective surgery, procedure or scheduled hospital admission. This analysis was done for the month of July 2020 during which 261 asymptomatic people were screened for COVID-19. Out of this, 6 patients (2.29%) were diagnosed to have COVID-19 on nasopharyngeal/ oropharyngeal swabs and subsequently had to delay their elective procedure or surgery. This clearly shows how important it is to screen this cohort of asymptomatic people who could potentially have spread the virus to other patients as well as healthcare professionals.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. ajsccr.org 2
Volume 3 | Issue 12
drug-resistant TB (MDR TB, characterized by resistance to isoni-
azid and rifampin) [4]. The republic of Sudan has a large popula-
tion of internally displaced persons. so it has a high burden of tu-
berculosis (TB) with a prevalence of 209 cases per 100,000 of the
population and 50,000 incident cases during 2009[5]. Tuberculosis
(TB) is a disease caused by bacteria that are spread from person to
person through the air. TB usually affects the lungs, but it can also
affect other parts of the body, such as the brain, the kidneys, or the
spine in most cases, TB is treatable and curable; however, persons
with TB can die if they do not get proper treatment [6]. Bacterio-
logical examinations include sputum smear microscopy it allows
simple and reliable identification of patients with M+ PTB, but has
low sensitivity. Culture is much more sensitive but requires a more
equipped and qualified laboratory. TB is mainly transmitted by air-
borne transmission. The source of infection is a patient with pul-
monary (or laryngeal) TB who expectorates bacilli. During cough-
ing, speaking, or sneezing, the patient produces tiny infectious
droplets from the bronchial tree; an aerosol of droplets each of
which contains a number of bacilli, these droplets dry out and re-
main in the air for several hours [7]. The number of TB infectious
droplets projected into the atmosphere by a patient is very high
when coughing (3500) or sneezing (1 million), when they come
into contact with the air these droplets rapidly dry and become
very light particles, which still containing live bacilli, and remain
suspended in the air in an enclosed space, the droplets can remain
suspended for a long time, and the bacilli remain alive for several
hours in the dark, these are “infectious particles, when people live
or sleep near a patient, they are at risk of inhaling infectious parti-
cles [8].The period from infection to development of the first
symptoms is usually four to 12 weeks, but the infection may per-
sist for months or even years before the disease develops ,a person
with the disease can infect others for several weeks after he or she
begins treatment, and the symptoms of TB include; general weak-
nesses, weight loss, fever, and night sweats ,in pulmonary tubercu-
losis, the symptoms include persistent cough, a cough lasting for
more than 2-3 weeks, chest pain, chills, discolored or bloody spu-
tum, fatigue, loss of appetite, pain with breathing, severe head-
ache, shortness of breath, slight fever, tiredness or weakness,
weight loss, in young children, however the only sign of pulmo-
nary TB may be stunted growth or failure to thrive [9]. The term
case detection used by WHO, means that a patient is diagnosed as
having TB (correctly or incorrectly), and is reported within the
national surveillance system, and then to WHO. Smear-positive
cases are the focus of DOTS program because they are the princi-
pal sources of infection to others, because sputum smear microsco-
py is a highly specific (if somewhat insensitive) method of diagno-
sis, and because patients with smear-positive disease typically
suffer higher rates of morbidity and mortality than smear negative
patients [10]. Tuberculosis can also be diagnosed with the aid of
other techniques that allow a presumptive diagnosis and some-
times confirm pulmonary and extra-pulmonary form. Radiography
used for pulmonary TB; chest x-ray useful for the diagnosis of
M- PTB and TB in children. Tuberculin skin test (PPD) it is cuta-
neous hypersensitivity to tuberculin reflects a delayed hypersensi-
tivity reaction to M. Tuberculosis antigen. A positive reaction sig-
nifies that an infection has occurred, but it does not determine if
the TB is latent or active, and is not synonymous with immunity
[7]. Serological tests attempt to demonstrate the presence of circu-
lating antibodies, using mycobacterial antigens to recognition of
antigens by the antibodies present in infected individuals could aid
in the diagnosis of disease at certain extra-pulmonary sites for
which diagnosis by bacteriology or histology is difficult [8]. In
many developing countries progress in establishing integrated tu-
berculosis control activities has been very slow since the eighties.
Since tuberculosis continuous to attack millions of people, every
year, particularly in the less developing countries, new imaginative
approaches were badly needed [11]. Health education for behavior
change and community outreach in addition to others are crosscut-
ting components for TB programs contributing in prevention and
control disease [12]. The development of effective treatment for
tuberculosis has been one of the most significant advances during
this century, the objective of treatment is cure that is, the elimina-
tion of both the fast and slowly multiplying bacilli from patient's
body and the treatment should be easily available free of charge to
every patient detected. The patient must take the correct drugs at
the correct dosage for correct length of time; incomplete treatment
puts patient at risk of relapse and development of bacterial resis-
tance and, importantly, the community at risk of infection with
resistant organisms. [13]. The standardized regimens for anti-TB
treatment include five essential medicines designated as “first
line”: isoniazid (H), rifampicin (R), pyrazinamide (Z), ethambutol
(E) and streptomycin (S), dose given according to weight. All TB
patients with strain susceptible to the first line drugs must be treat-
ed with same treatment regimen for six month or 12 months ac-
cording to the site of involvement. For treatment of new and re-
treatment cases of pulmonary or extra-pulmonary TB, the stan-
dardized regimen consisting of two phases: 1 the initial (intensive)
phase: uses four drugs (rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and
ethambutol) administered for two months. This is followed by 2 a
Continuation phase: with two drugs (rifampicin and isoniazid) for
four months [14]. Statistics in Sudan showed that, the treatment
success rate of new and relapsed cases registered in 2012 was
75.0%. Drug-resistant tuberculosis is estimated at 1.9% among
new cases and 20.0% among previously treated cases [15]. The
BCG vaccine is prepared from live attenuated tubercle bacilli that
have lost some of their virulence; the introduction of these bacilli
into the body provokes the same immunological reactions as pri-
mary infection with tubercle bacilli, without leading to disease.
BCG vaccination confers partial immunity, essentially against the
consequences of primary infection, and particularly against the
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Volume 3 | Issue 12
acute forms of tuberculosis in children [8]. The BCG vaccine pro-
tects against childhood TB, but this immunity diminishes with age,
which is not perfect for its limited ability to protect against the
adult form of TB. Therefore, TB still represents a main and yet
increasing global dilemma. For this reason, the development of a
new more efficient TB vaccine than the current BCG vaccine is
one of the main concerns in TB research. The Bacilli Calmette
and Guerin vaccine. The currently licensed vaccine against TB,
BCG is an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium Bovis a mycobac-
terium that infects cattle [16]. Two meta-analyses of the published
results of BCG vaccine clinical trials and case-control studies con-
firmed that the protective efficacy of BCG for preventing serious
forms of TB in children is high (i.e., >80%). These analyses, how-
ever, did not clarify the protective efficacy of BCG for preventing
pulmonary TB in adolescents and adults; this protective efficacy is
variable and equivocal. The concern of the public health commu-
nity about the resurgence and changing nature of TB in the United
States prompted a re-evaluation of the role of BCG vaccination in
the prevention and control of TB. CDC, the Advisory Committee
for the Elimination of Tuberculosis [17]. The recent main factor
and challenges facing the TB program's success and prevalence are
the MDR. In a cross-sectional study during 2011, conducted in
East Sudan Kassala, to study Multi-drug resistance tuberculosis,
the study found that drug resistance M. tuberculosis in Kassala
State was high (30%) and was found to be mainly (83.3%) due to
mutations in the rpoB gene [18]. The study found that the TB con-
trol program in Khartoum State achieved a 77.2% case detection
rate of the smear-positive cases, and 73.5% treatment success rate,
and a case fatality rate of 2.2%, a treatment failure rate of 2.2%,
and a default rate of 14.1%. There was no system to detect the
prevalence of MDR-TB (multi-drug-resistant TB) or HIV (human
immunodeficiency virus) among the TB cases. The program was
not well implemented at locality or health area levels [19]. The
study was conducted in Sudan, which included 243-suspected TB
patients in TB clinics in any of three cities located in different parts
of Sudan. Khartoum (Central), Port Sudan (Eastern), and Al Obeid
(Western). The study was looking for patient information; the
study resulted that TB is spread all over Sudan, and showed more
males than females were found to have TB (187:57). In the study,
the number of males was 186 (74.7%). Of them, 72 were workers
(30.4%), 26 were farmers (10.7%), 30 were free workers (un-
skilled laborers) (12.3%), 27 were unemployed (11.9%), 16 were
students (7%), 11 were drivers (4.9%), and 4 were soldiers (1.6%).
The number of females included in this study was 57 (25.3%). Of
them, 35 were homemakers (14.4%), 6 were female students
(2.5%), 14 were workers (5.7%), and 2 were teachers (0.8%).
while 78 (31.8%) were single, 10 (4.0%) were widowed, and 7
(3%) were divorced. The disease was found to be prevalent in all
parts of Sudan. According to the residence of the patients, which
was classified as urban and rural, 156 (64.1%) were urban and 87
(35.9%) were rural. 34 (8.1%) of them live in houses made of con-
crete, 78 (32.1%) in houses built of bricks, 90 (37%) built of mud;
the remaining houses were 35 (14.4%) Gutiya, 4 (1.0%) British,
and 2 (0.5%) made of straw.93 (38.3%) patients were illiterates
and 18 (7.4%) went to khalwa while the educated vary in their
education from primary to university, 66 (27.4%) had primary ed-
ucation, 8 (3.3%) stopped at the intermediate level, 48 (19.8%) had
a secondary level of education while only 3 (1.1%) went to univer-
sity. The patients included in the study commonly complained of
cough, fever, and shortness of breath. The duration of these symp-
toms varied from 6 weeks to 3 years. Of the 243 subjects included
in the study, 179 (74%) were new cases, 44 (18.1%) relapsed, 16
(6.5%) were patients with interrupted anti‑TB treatment, and 4
(1.8%) were cases of failure of treatment. Of the study partici-
pants, 179 (74%) had no history of treatment while 64 (26%) re-
ceived first‑line anti‑TB treatment. Microscopic result Two hun-
dred and forty‑three sputum samples from TB patients included in
the study were processed for staining using ZN stain and examined
by the light microscope. 207(85.2%) of them were positive show-
ing AFB in ZN stain. Cultures of sputa from 191 of 243 pulmonary
TB patients (78.6%) were positive for mycobacteria. 149 (75%)
were successfully sub-cultured on LJ. 19 (13%) cultures were con-
taminated and only 149 isolates were used for biochemical identi-
fication and sensitivity testing [20].
During the year 2011, 670 patients were registered at Kassala hos-
pital in Sudan with clinical, laboratory, and radiological evidence
proven TB. Their mean age (SD) was 34.1 (18) years. The majority
of these patients had less than secondary education, males, and of
rural residence. Of the total patients, 36.8% were non-skill work-
ers, 26.1% were skill workers, 25.4% were employees, and 11.7%
were homemakers. Pulmonary TB accounted for 73.4% (492/670)
while extra-pulmonary TB was reported in 26.6% (178/670) of
all TB patients. The mean age (SD) was not significantly differ-
ent between the cases and controls (670 in each arm), 34.1 (18.0)
vs. 33.8 (8.5), P=0.7. TB patients were those who had less ed-
ucation and the infection was more likely common among male
patients [21]. The study was conducted in Sudan which includes
53 children (63.1%) belonging to the original Eastern Sudan ethnic
groups and 50 children (59.5%) living inside the city. The male
to female ratio was almost equal (43:41). Almost all the group is
of low socioeconomic background. The most common presenting
symptom was the loss of weight (100%), anorexia (92.8%), mood
changes and fever (90.5%) cough (79.8%) and sweating (61.9%).
Fever most commonly was of a continuous history of close family
member contact was detected in 25% of cases. The mean duration
of symptoms was 46 days with ranges from 10 days up to 6 months.
Pulmonary TB was statistically significantly associated with the
presence of cough (p-value of 0.042) but no significant associa-
tion between pulmonary disease and fever was detected (p-value
> 0.6). Difficulty breathing at rest occurred in 23 (27.4%) of the
children and the weight loss was severe in 50 (59.5%) of patients.
4. ajsccr.org 4
Volume 3 | Issue 12
Rarer symptoms were back deformity in 5 children and convul-
sions in six children. Convulsions have a statistically significant
correlation with severe types of TB (miliary or meningitis types)
with a p-value of > 0.001. Seventeen of the children were admitted
twice or more to the hospital previously. There were 51 children
who were BCG vaccinated but about half of the vaccinated chil-
dren did not show a BCG scar [22]. Sudan is one of the developing
countries with a high prevalence rate of tuberculosis; the second
country after Pakistan in the eastern Mediterranean region EMRO,
tuberculosis considers one of the public health important events
in the country, statistics showed the incidence is 1.2% or 120 TB
patients for 100000 populations (9) and recently WHO stated ac-
cording to the last available data for country profile (Estimates of
TB burden 2018) the total TB incidence is 71 per 100 000 popu-
lations this is 30000 cases[23]. A study conducted in Patients with
active/quiescent tuberculosis who presented to the Department of
Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases, Government Medical College,
Patiala, Punjab, India, with complaints of breathlessness and had
rhonchi on examination were subjected to bronchodilator revers-
ibility testing to prove if they were suffering from concomitant
asthma, the results: Over 6 months, 69 patients with tuberculosis
along with asthma were found. Only 21/69 (30.4%) patients. De-
veloped tuberculosis after asthma. 48/69 (69.6%) patients devel-
oped asthma after tuberculosis. Majority (25/48=52.1%) of them
developed asthma within 5 years of completion of ATT (p=0.020).
Only 2/48 (2.9%) patients had a positive family history of asthma.
Lung function abnormalities correlated with the extent of radio-
logical involvement in these patients who developed asthma after
tuberculosis (p ≤0.0001) [24]. A study conducted in Ethiopia to
know the level of tuberculosis knowledge among adults the study
shows knowledge is low and varied by socioeconomic group. Tu-
berculosis control programs should consider appropriate strategies
for tuberculosis education, promotion, communication, and social
mobilization to address the rural women, youths, the poor, less
educated people, and unskilled workers [25].
3. Material and Methods
3.1. Study design and setting
Community-based a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted
in is Alsalam IDPs camp in South Darfur state in Sudan, in the
period of 2019 – 2021. The aim of this study to measure the prev-
alence and risk factors of tuberculosis.
3.2. Sampling
Sample selected to represent all cluster within the camp and the
sample size determinant by the following formula: N =(z^2 (p.q))/
d^2 , where the sample size calculated N =(z^2 (p.q))/d^2 , =(2^2
(0.5.0.5))/〖0.05〗^2 , = (4 (0.25))/0.0025, = 1/0.0025, so the sam-
ples size, N = 400 households, and the clusters were selected ran-
domly to determine the number of households selected from each
cluster; sample size (400 HHs) divided by the cluster sample (5) =
(400 HHs)/5 = 80 household selected from each of the five clus-
ters, the key persons was selected randomly to interview, and all
suspected cases were selected to TB test.
3.3. Data collection and analysis
the data were collected use deferent tools which included, ques-
tionnaire, KoBo toolbox program designed and used for data
collection, interview with key persons, check list and TB test. In
addition, the data was analysis use statistical program for social
sciences (SPSS) computer package latest version no 26.0.
3.4. Research Ethics Considerations
Ethical permission for the study was obtained, by consulting and
receiving approval from the university of Shendi, and ministry of
health, the local health authority, Community Leaders in the camp,
and consent those who are interviewed.
4. Result
• The TB, program targeting to detect 4424 cases from the
community this year 2020, currently detected only 774
cases represent 23% from the annual target, program
planned to establish 50 TB centers (TBMUs / DOTS) in
the south Darfur state.
• There is no government support for TB programs, only
there is a partnership with international organizations, the
ministry of health provides health cadres, training.
• There support from the global fund, which is not enough
as well as this support reduced in 2016, the current sup-
port from the global fund (2020) include, medical sup-
plies, treatment, and laboratories equipment’s, as well as
training, annual meetings, annual monitoring, and super-
vision, no support from the government of Sudan at all.
(Figure 1)
31.2% (125) of participants are illiterate or who did not have any
education, were 31.2% (125), and 30.4% (122) of them complet-
ed basic/primary level school, and 25.5% (104) of them attended
Khalwa. (Figure 2)
The study shows the majority of participants 82% (329) they do
not know the causative of tuberculosis, while 7.7% (31) of par-
ticipants mentioned bacteria cause tuberculosis, and 5.5% (22) of
them said it causes by virus. (Figure 3)
The majority of participants 52.6% (211) mentioned tuberculosis
is an infectious disease, while 40.9% (164) answered they don’t
know if it is infectious or not and 6.5% (26) of respondents men-
tioned tuberculosis is not an infectious disease (Figure 4)
The majority of participants 54.86% (220) mentioned TB signs
and symptoms are coughing for a long time, while 42.14% (169)
of the participants they do not know, the sign and symptoms of
tuberculosis, where an equal percentage 14.46% (58) of partici-
pants mentioned TB signs and symptoms are fever or difficulty of
breathing. (Figure 5)
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Volume 3 | Issue 12
53.9% (216) of participants do not know the methods of tubercu-
losis transmission, while 24.9% (100) of them mentioned tuber-
culosis is transmitted through cough and air, and 11.2% (45) said
it transmits through unclean food or water while 6.2% (25) see
that TB is transmitted through contacting others in public areas.
(Figure 6)
Figure 1: Education level of participants at Alsalam IDPs camp, South Darfur State, November 2020, N = 401
Figure 2: Illustrated the knowledge of participants of the causative agent of TB at Alsalam IDPs camp; South Darfur State, November 2020, N = 401
Figure 3: Demonstrated the knowledge of participants is tuberculosis if it infectious or not at Alsalam IDPs camp; South Darfur State, November 2020,
N = 401
Figure 4: Demonstrated the knowledge of participants of TB symptoms at Alsalam IDPs camp, South Darfur State, November 2020, N = 401
6. ajsccr.org 6
Volume 3 | Issue 12
Figure 5: The knowledge of participants the transmission methods TB is transmitted in Alsalam IDPs camp; South Dar State, November 2020, N =
401
Figure 6: Shows the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of families and their contact with the TB patient family member at Alsalam IDPs camp, South
Darfur State, November 2020 , N = 401
38.9% (156) of the families’ patients contact normally with TB
patients without any precautions, and 37.9% (152) of families sep-
arate TB patients from other family members, and 13.2% (53) of
families change the way of a deal with TB patients. (Table 1)
9(2.2%) of participants are TB sputum test results positive, and
392(97.8%) of the negative result (Table 2)
The study shows sector number one high prevalence (smear-posi-
tive) 7(1, 75%) and there is the relation between the sector and TB
prevalence, sector one high crowded. (Table 3)
There is strong relation between people who has signs and symp-
toms and considered suspected TB case, send for test and the prev-
alence of TB (smear positive), the prevalence high among people
who has signs and symptoms 9 (2.24%). (Table 4)
The study shows the people who have previous infection of TB
was a low prevalence of 1(0.25%) TB (smear-positive) than those
who do not have the previous infection. (Table 5)
The study shows there is a strong relationship between the number
of people sleeping in a room and positive sputum test results, found
3 people slept in one room is high prevalence3(0,75%). (Table 6)
The prevalence of TB (sputum -Smear positive) is high among
people who have do not receive health education message 5 (1,
25%), than those who have received health education message 4
(1%). (Table 7)
The prevalence of TB (smear positive) is high among those not
have previous history of Asthma 7 (1, 75%), while those have TB
(smear positive) and have previous history of asthma is 2 (0.5%).
Table 1: Shows the prevalence of tuberculosis in Alsalam IDPs camp, South Darfur State, November 2020, N = 401.
TB sputum test results
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Positive 9 2.2 2.2 2.2
Negative 392 97.8 97.8 97.8
Total 401 100 100 100
9(2.2%) of participants are TB sputum test results positive, and 392(97.8%) of the negative result
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Table 2: Shows the TB prevalence (smear-positive) within different sectors, at Alsalam IDPs camp; South Darfur State, November 2020, N = 401
Number of camp sector Distribution the prevalence of TB among sectors (sputum test results) Total
Positive Negative
No % No % No %
1 7 1,75% 80 19,95% 87 22%
3 0 0,00% 80 19,95% 80 20%
5 1 0,25% 86 21,45% 87 22%
7 0 0,00% 73 18,20% 73 18%
9 1 0,25% 73 18,20% 74 18%
Total 9 2,24% 392 97,76% 401 100%
Ch2
= 18.349 p. value = 0.010
The study shows sector number one high prevalence (smear-positive) 7(1, 75%) and there is the relation between the sector and TB prevalence, sector
one high crowded.
Table 3: Illustrated the relation between people who has signs and symptoms and considered suspected TB case, and the prevalence of TB (smear-pos-
itive), at Alsalam IDPs camp; South Darfur State, November 2020, N = 401
The present of signs and symptoms, suspected
case, send for test
TB status (if there are symptoms – sputum test
results)
Total
Positive Negative
No % No % No %
Yes 9 2,24% 8 2,00% 17 4,24%
No 0 0,00% 384 95,76% 384 95,76%
Total 9 2,24% 392 97,76% 401 100%
Ch2
= 207.962 p. value = 0.000 significant
There is strong relation between people who has signs and symptoms and considered suspected TB case, send for test and the prevalence of TB (smear
positive), the prevalence high among people who has signs and symptoms 9 (2.24%).
Table 4: Shows the relation between people who have the previous infection of TB and the tuberculosis prevalence (smear-positive), at Alsalam IDPs
camp; South Darfur State, November 2020, N = 401
Have you ever been infected with TB
TB status (if there are symptoms – sputum test results)
Total
Positive Negative
No % No % No %
Yes 1 0,25% 4 1,00% 5 1,25%
No 8 2,00% 388 96,76% 396 98,75%
Total 9 2,24% 392 97,76% 401 100%
chi2
= 7.275 p. value = 0.007
The study shows the people who have previous infection of TB was a low prevalence of 1(0.25%) TB (smear-positive) than those who do not have the
previous infection.
Table 5: Illustrated the relationship between the number of people sleeping in a room (house crowded) and tuberculosis prevalence (smear-positive),
at Alsalam IDPs camp; South Darfur State, November 2020, N = 401
Number of people sleeping in a room
TB status (if there are symptoms – sputum test results)
Total
Positive Negative
No % No % No %
1 0 0,00% 8 2,00% 8 2%
2 2 0,50% 104 25,94% 106 26%
3 3 0,75% 129 32,17% 132 33%
4 2 0,50% 99 24,69% 101 25%
5 1 0,25% 27 6,73% 28 7%
6 0 0,00% 13 3,24% 13 3%
7 0 0,00% 10 2,49% 10 2%
8 0 0,00% 1 0,25% 1 0%
9 1 0,25% 0 0,00% 1 0%
10 0 0,00% 1 0,25% 1 0%
Total 9 2,24% 392 97,76% 401 100%
Ch2
= 44.632 p. value = 0.000
The study shows there is a strong relationship between the number of people sleeping in a room and positive sputum test results, found 3 people slept
in one room is high prevalence3(0,75%).
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Table 6: Demonstrated the relation between people receiving health education messages related to TB and the prevalence of TB (smear-positive), at
Alsalam IDPs camp; South Darfur State, November 2020, N = 401
Did you receive any health education messages related to TB?
TB status (if there are symptoms – sputum test results)
Total
Positive Negative
No % No % No %
Yes 4 1,00% 67 16,71% 71 17,71%
No 5 1,25% 325 81,05% 330 82,29%
Total 9 2,24% 392 97,76% 401 100%
Chi2
= 4.517 p. value = 0.034 significant
The prevalence of TB (sputum -Smear positive) is high among people who have do not receive health education message 5 (1, 25%), than those who
have received health education message 4 (1%).
Table 7: Shows the relation between Asthma and prevalence of tuberculosis prevalence (smear positive), at Alsalam IDPs camp; South Darfur State,
November 2020, N = 401.
History with Asthma
TB status (if there are symptoms – sputum test results)
Total
Positive Negative
No % No % No %
Yes 2 0,50% 17 4,24% 19 4,74%
No 7 1,75% 375 93,52% 382 95,26%
Total 9 2,24% 392 97,76% 401 100%
Chi2
= 6.235 p. value = 0.013
The prevalence of TB (smear positive) is high among those not have previous history of Asthma 7 (1, 75%), while those have
TB (smear positive) and have previous history of asthma is 2 (0.5%).
5. Discussion
The study shows the prevalence of TB was 9 (2, 2%), this agree
with mentioned by (5) and (23) the Republic of Sudan has a large
population of internally displaced persons. It has a high burden
of tuberculosis (TB) with a prevalence of 209 cases per 100,000
of the population and 50,000 incident cases during 2009. statis-
tics showed the incidence is 1.2% or 120 TB patients for 100000
populations, WHO stated according to the last available data for
Sudan country profile (Estimates of TB burden 2018) the total TB
incidence is 71 per 100 000 populations this is 30000 cases.
The study illustrated the majority of people 54.86% (220) men-
tioned the signs and symptoms of TB are coughing for a long time
this agrees with mentioned by (9) the symptoms of TB include;
general weaknesses, weight loss, fever, and night sweats. In pul-
monary tuberculosis, the symptoms include persistent cough, a
cough lasting for more than 2-3 weeks, Chest Pain, Chills, Dis-
coloured or bloody sputum, fatigue, loss of appetite, pain with
breathing, severe headache, shortness of breath, slight fever, tired-
ness or weakness, weight loss.
The majority of participants 24.9% (100) mentioned tuberculosis
is transmitted through cough and air and 11.2% (45) of them said
it transmits through unclean food or water while 6.2% (25) see
that TB is transmitted through contacting others in public areas,
this similar to mentioned by (7) TB is mainly transmitted by air-
borne transmission, the source of infection is a patient with pulmo-
nary (or laryngeal) TB who expectorates bacilli. During coughing,
speaking, or sneezing, the patient produces tiny infectious droplets
from the bronchial tree; an aerosol of droplets each of which con-
tains a number of bacilli, these droplets dry out and remain in the
air for several hours.
The study shows most people 82% (329) they do not know the
causative agent of tuberculosis, while 7.7% (31) of participants
mentioned tuberculosis is caused by bacteria, and 5.5% (22) said
it causes by a virus, this agrees with mentioned by (25) A study
conducted in Ethiopia to know the level of tuberculosis knowledge
among adults the study shows knowledge is low and varied by
socioeconomic group. Tuberculosis control programs should con-
sider appropriate strategies for tuberculosis education, promotion.
The study shows the majority of participants 52.6% (211) men-
tioned tuberculosis is an infectious disease this agrees with (6) Tu-
berculosis (TB) is a disease caused by bacteria that are spread from
person to person through the air. And agree with (3) as mentioned
“Refugee and displaced populations are known to be at increased
risk for TB. This finding is believed to be caused, in part, by in-
creased risks for malnutrition and overcrowding, which lead to in-
creased susceptibility to and transmission of TB”
The study demonstrated a strong relationship between the number
of people sleeping in a room, while 3 people slept in one room is
high prevalence3(0,75%), this agrees with (8) When people live
or sleep near a patient, they are at risk of inhaling TB infectious
particles.
The study shows the people who have the previous infection of
TB have a low prevalence of 1(0.25%) TB (smear-positive), this
agrees with (8) the introduction of the bacilli into the body pro-
vokes the same immunological reactions as primary infection with
tubercle bacilli, without leading to disease.
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There is a strong relationship between participants who received
health education messages of TB, so the prevalence is low among
those who received health education messages 4(1, %). This agree
with (12) health education for behavior change and community
outreach in addition to others are cross-cutting components for TB
programs contributing to prevention and control.
The study showed the prevalence of TB high among suspected
cases that have signs and symptoms of TB was 9 (2.24%). this
agrees with (9) the symptoms of TB include; general weaknesses,
weight loss, fever, and night sweats. In pulmonary tuberculosis,
the symptoms include persistent cough, a cough lasting for more
than 2-3 weeks.
The study demonstrated the positive relationship between Asthma
and tuberculosis, the prevalence of TB was low among those who
have a history of asthma was 2 (0.5%), this dis agree with (24)
69 patients with tuberculosis along with asthma were found. Only
21/69 (30.4%) patient has developed tuberculosis after asthma.
48/69 (69.6%) patients developed asthma after tuberculosis. The
majority (25/48=52.1%) of them developed asthma within 5 years
of completion of ATT (p=0.020). Only 2/48 (2.9%) patients had a
positive family history of asthma.
6. Conclusion
The prevalence of tuberculosis (positive cases) was 9 (2.2%). The
study shows the majority of people 220(54.86%) mentioned the
signs and symptoms of TB is coughing for a long time. Most of
the people 216(53.9%) they do not know the methods of tuber-
culosis transmission, while 100 (24.9%) of people mentioned tu-
berculosis is transmitted through cough and air. The study shows
there is a strong relationship between the number of people slept
in one room those slept (3 people) in one room is high prevalence
3(0,75%), while the study found the prevalence of TB low among
people received health education message than those not received
health education message 5(1,25%).
7. Recommendations
1. Health education programmers to preventions and con-
trol of TB disease should be an increase
2. Government and INGOs to support socioeconomic activ-
ities mainly to improve living condition, improve hous-
ing conditions and reduce the number of persons per a
room, improve the ventilation rooms Improve housing
conditions and reduce the number of people sleep per one
room, and improve the ventilation rooms
3. Increase the vaccinations programmers (BCG) to cover
all the IDP camps.
4. National TB program to activate Alsalam TBMU and ap-
ply Active case findings besides the mentioned commu-
nity outreach activities
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