The document discusses different speech styles that are used in various communication situations. It identifies five speech styles according to linguist Martin Joos: intimate, casual, consultative, formal, and frozen. Each style has defining characteristics and is meant to be used appropriately depending on factors like the audience, topic, purpose, and location of the communication. The document provides details on each speech style and examples to illustrate their uses.

2. In what way does your style or manner
of speaking differ when you are talking
to a person who is close to you and
when you are talking to an
acquaintance? There are various types
of speech style, and each of them is
meant to be used in a certain type of
communication situation. This unit will
help you become familiar with each of
the speech styles and use them to
communicate effectively.

3. What Are Speech Styles?
How do you greet your friends in a party, your parents at
home, or your teacher in a classroom setting? We greet
persons according to our relationship with them, the level of
formality we are currently involved in, or the setting of the
situation. When a person interacts with others, he or she uses
a particular style of speaking or speech style. A speech style
also indicates the level of formality with which a person
speaks.

4. In his book The Five Clocks, Dutch linguist
Martin Joos identified five types of speech
style : INTIMATE, CASUAL ,
CONSULTATIVE, FORMAL , and
FROZEN. These speech styles are also
called language registers.

5. Internal variation, and single-style speakers will not be found.”
As such, you will find yourself using different speech styles in
different situations. In some situations, you may even transition
from one speech style to another. However, Wardhaugh states
that this variation has limits (or norms). For instance, you cannot
just alter the meaning of words or pronounce them differently. If
you do any of these, not only is it unacceptable, but also the
receivers of your message might not be able to understand what
you are conveying. When you interact with others, it is important
to choose an appropriate speech style to use. In doing so, you
should consider several factors, which include the following:

6. a. Audience – Who are you speaking with? What is your
relationship with him, her, or them?
Your audience may be acquaintances, peers, friends, family
members, teachers, counselors, doctors, and other professionals.
b. Topic – What is the subject of the conversation or the
communication situation? Is it a serious topic or a lighthearted
one?
c. Purpose – What is the objective of the communication? What do
you and the other participants in the conversation aim to achieve?
d. Location – Where is the communication being held? What is the
environment like?

7. The intimate speech style, according to Martin Joos, is
characterized by a complete absence of social inhibitions. This
style is used by participants who share a very close
relationship, such as between very close friends, siblings,
husband and wife, parents and children, and boyfriend and
girlfriend. In this style, the participants share a completely
private vocabulary, making it difficult for others who are
outside of the group to understand. Since the participants have
an intimate relationship and they often know each other’s
intention, there is no need for a clear articulation of words or
additional explanations.

8. a. Conversations are usually done in private.
b. Participants usually use short, incomplete
utterances.
c. Grammar and proper word choice are not given
importance.
d. Nonverbal cues are often used to convey
messages.
e. Participants share inside jokes. f. Words that signal
intimacy, such as terms of endearment (e.g.,
sweetheart, dear, honey) are used.

9. Being the most intimate among the speech styles, this should
be avoided in public and in professional situations.
Husband: Honey, it seems like our kids take much of our time lately.
Wife: I thought so too . . .
Husband: Would you like to have some “we time” tomorrow?
Wife: Well, I’d love to, hon!

10. The casual speech style is a relaxed or informal
dialogue between friends, peers, colleagues, or family.
Thus, the participants may use group language so only
members of the group can understand it.

13. The consultative speech style is considered to be the most
operational style among the other styles. It is used in
semiformal situations in which a speaker needs to provide
background information because the listener (or addressee)
may not be able to understand without it. For example, in a
discussion between an insurance agent and a prospective
client, the agent needs to provide the client with
background information regarding the types of insurance
policies the company offers and the benefits provided by
each. In turn, the listener participates by giving feedback.
Thus, both the speaker and the listener are active
participants.

14. a. It is used in ordinary or routine transactions that lead to an
outcome or result.
b. This is often used in business or in other professional
situations, such as in conversations between a doctor and a
patient, a teacher and a student, or a lawyer and his client.
c. c. Interruptions are allowed. The listener gives short
responses like I see, Uh-huh, and Ah to signal that he or she is
paying attention to the speaker or has understood what was
said.
d. Titles such as Mr., Ms., or Doctor are likely to be used when
using this speech style. e. More formal than intimate and
casual styles, this style requires a speaker to choose words
with some care, but the flow of conversation is still
instantaneous.
This speech style is also the one used when meeting or being
introduced to someone for the first time, or when conversing with
a stranger.

15. Situation: The patient is consulting with a pulmonologist.
Patient: Good morning, Dr. Gomez.
Dr. Gomez: Hi, how have you been feeling?
Patient: My cough has been getting worse since last week.
It started with a dry cough . . .
Dr. Gomez: Do you have any history of asthma?
Patient: Yes, Doc. I was also diagnosed with a primary
complex two years ago . . .

16. What distinguishes the formal speech style from
the consultative style is thelack of listener
participation. Unlike in interactions that use the
consultative style, the listener does not participate,
in most cases, in an interaction that requires the
formal style. A formal style is often used in formal
situations, such as in a graduation ceremony, an
ofcial meeting, a television newscast, and a
conference, where there is only one-way
communication. Since there is little or no feedback
from the listeners or audience, the speaker needs
to plan ahead his or her utterances, or what he or
she is going to say.

17. The following are the other characteristics of formal speech style:
Interruptions are not allowed. Only the speaker is the source of informatio
b. Pronunciation is very clear.
c. Words are carefully chosen, and grammar rules are followed.
d. Sentence structures are more complex and varied.
e. Extensive and technical vocabulary is required.
f. Ideas are cohesive and organized.
g. All background or necessary information is clearly given.

18. This speech style is also used in sermons, speeches, and
announcements. This is also the style that is used for
academic and business writing. Raimes stressed the
importance of meaning-making in writing and that
teacher’s comments, responses, and feedback in writing
tasks has been very important to students. The idea of
meaning-making in writing emerged in the 1970s, the
time when students are encouraged to express
themselves freely, as well as write freely. It was believed
that the message the writer [or speaker] would like to
express is more important than the accuracy of the
writing. In this example, the speaker discussed the
importance of what teacher feedback means in writing.
Notice that it follows standard grammatical conventions,
and the ideas are presented in a logical and organized
manner.

19. The frozen speech style, also called the oratorical style, is the
most formal style and is reserved for very formal situations
such as in religious services, state affairs, and court
proceedings. This style is used to address or is given before an
audience of absolute strangers. It uses prescribed and highly
formal language, such as in ofcial or historical documents and
literary texts.

20. Here are other characteristics of this style:
a. It uses “frozen” language, where statements are learned
by rote. Examples are the Lord’s Prayer, the Pledge of Allegiance
and the national anthem.
b. It has a symbolic or historical nature.
c. It is typically prescribed by law, custom, or ritual.
e. It involves certain fixed or stock expressions that
are rarely or never altered or change

21. Examples include the following:
● “I now pronounce you husband and
wife” in wedding ceremonies
● “I solemnly swear to . . .” in oath-taking
ceremonies
● “Do you swear to tell the truth, the
whole truth, and nothing but the truth,
so help you God?” in court proceedings