This document discusses biological and social differences between males and females. It notes that sex is determined biologically while gender is a social construct involving genetic, psychological, social and cultural factors. Biologically, females have two X chromosomes while males have an X and a Y chromosome. Females typically have more fat, less muscle, mature more rapidly and live longer than males. Socially, research has found gender differences in language usage patterns, with women focusing more on effective communication and solidarity while men focus more on power and status. Linguistic differences between genders also exist in areas like phonology, morphology, grammar and vocabulary across various languages.

2. Gender and sex
 Sex is to a very large extent biologically
determined, whereas
 Gender is a social construct involving the whole
gamut of genetic, psychological, social, and
cultural differences between males and females.

3. Biological differences
 Females have two X
chromosomes.
 Have more fat & less
muscle than male.
 They also mature more
rapidly & live longer.
 Have different
characteristics from the
male voice.
 Exhibit different ranges of
verbal skills.
 Males have an X & aY.
 Males are stroger and
weigh less.

4. Otak Pria dan Otak Wanita

5. Differences in speech
 Mowen’s speech is trivial,
gossip laden, corrupt,
illogical,idle,
euphemistic, or deficient is
highly suspect; more
precise or stylish or even
less profane than men’s
speech
 Men indulge in a kind of
phatic small talk that
involves insults,
challenges,and various
kinds of negative behavior
to do exactly what women
do by their use of
nurturing,
polite,feedback-
laden,cooperative talk. In
doing this , they achieve
the kind of solidarity they
prize.

6. Sociolinguistic differences
 Holmes (1998) identified five differences what she calls
“sociolinguistic universal tendencies”:
1. women & men develop different patterns of language use.
2.Women tend to focus on the effective functions of an interaction
more often than men do.
3.Women tend to use linguistic devices that stress solidarity more often
than men do.
4.Women tend to interact in ways which will maintain and increase
solidarity, while men tend to interact in ways which will maintain &
increase their power and status.
5. Women are stylistically more flexible than men

7. Phonological differences
 In Amerindian language, women have
palatalized velar stops where men have
palatalized dental stops, e.g: female kjatsa
“bread” and male djatsa.
 InYukaghir, both women & children have /ts/
and /dz/ where men have /tj/ and /dj/.

8. Morphological differences
 Women use color words like:
mauve,beige,aquamarine or
lavender, but most men do
not.
 Women also maintains
adjectives such as: adorable,
charming,
divine,lovely,&sweet.
 Women also use
words&expression such as: so
good,such fun,exquisite,
lovely, divine, precious,
darling,fantastic.
 But men do not.

9. Morphological differences
 Actor-actress
 Waiter-waitress
 Master-mistress
 Widower-widow
 Gentleman-lady
 Bachelor-spinster
Differences in used:
You can say: (She is Fred’s widow),
but not ( He’s Sally’s widower).
Neutral words:
Chair-person, salesclerk, letter carrier
and actor ( she’s an actor).
New categorization:
Policeman to police officer
Chairman to chair person
Sailorman to sailor person

10. Grammatical differences
 According to Lakoff:
 Women may answer a
question with a statement
that employs the rising
intonation pattern.
 Women often add tag
questions to statements, e.g.
“they caught the robber last
week, did’nt they?”
 Women using certain
patterns associated with
surprise&politeness more
often than men.
 Why?
 Women do this because
they are less sure abouit
themselves and their
opinions than are men.

11. change
 Change
Early man
Man and his world
Mailmen
The common man
The motorist...he
The farmer & his wife
Mary Smith is highly successful
woman executive
The fair sex
The captain is John Smith. His
beautiful first officer is Joan Porter
 To
Early humans
World history
Mail carriers
Ordinary people
The motorist..he or she
A farm couple
Mary smith is a highly succesful
executive
Women
The captain is John Smith and the first
officer is joan Porter

12. Gender differences in various
languages
 In japanese:
When women speak they use of a
sentence-final particle ne & wa.
Female use:watasi or atasi While
male use : boku or ore.
e.g: a man says : boku kaeru (i will go
back) while a female says: watasi
kaeru wa .
 In Arabic:
 In arabic all vocabularies differ
according to gender : Female
(muannats) & male ( mudhakkar)
.