UCSP module

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2. Understanding Culture,
Society, & Politics
Module 7 : Forms and
Functions of State and
Non–state Institution

3. WHAT IS A
STATE?

4. STATE
• It also uses complete political coerciveness,
which may come in the form of armed forces
personnel, stricter laws, and rigid
government policies in order to attain its
societal goals and objectives.

5. • The concept of the state is also
different from the concept of a nation,
which refers to a large geographical area
and the people there in who perceives
themselves as having a common
identity. The state is a political
geopolitical entity; the nation is a
cultural or ethnic enitity.

6. • The concept of the state is different
from the concept of government. A
government is the particular group of
people that controls the state at a
given time. In other words
governments are the means through
which the state power is employed
like applying the rule of law.

7. • As a state, it consists of actors with varying
interests and assertions, social rules
implemented in the form of laws. These laws are
created to manage the interaction among
individuals and between the individuals and the
state. As a citizen of a country, an individual is
subjected to the legal norms in the territory.
These norms may include paying taxes,
rendering military services, and contributing to
the political life in the society.

8. The state intends to be a strong actor in the
performance of the three important political
functions. The state, in full norms,
1. maintains control over violence in its domain
2. allocates resources and rewards and its
discretion, and
3. stands as the major focus of identity for the
large majority of the people under its
authority.

9. 1. Population
It is the people who make the state,
Population is essential for the state .
Without population there can be no State.
Elements of the States

10. 2. Territory
There can be no state without
fixed territory. People need
territory to live and organize
themselves socially and politically.
It may be remembered that the
territory of the stated includes
land, water, and airspace.

11. 3. Government
It is the organization of machinery or
agency of the state which makes,
implements, enforces, and adjudicates
the laws of the state.

12. 4. Sovereignty
It is the most exclusive elements of the
State. Without sovereignty no state can
exist. State has exclusive title and
prerogative to exercise supreme power
alover all its people and territory. It is the
basis which the state regulates all aspects
of the life of the people living in its
territory.

13. Forms of States
a. Authoritarian Government
Authoritarian Governments differ in who holds the power
and in how control they assume over those who govern.
An example of this type is;

14. Totalitarianism
is a political system that strives to regulate nearly
every aspect of public and private life. It
theoretically permits no individual freedom and
that seeks to subordinate all aspects of individual
life to the authority of the state. Modern
examples of totalitarianism states include the
Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin, Nazi Germany
under Adolf Hitler, the People's Republic of China
under Mao Zedong, and North Korea under the
Kim Dynasty.

15. Monarchy
is a form of government in which supreme power is
absolutely lodged with an individual, who is the
head of the state, often for life or until abdication.
The person who heads a monarchy is called a
monarch. Some monarchs hold unlimited political
powers while many constitutional monarchies, such
as the United Kingdom and Thailand. Currently, 44
nations in the world have monarchs as head of
state.

16. b. Oligarchic Government
An oligarchy is a form of government in which
power effectively rests with a small-elite
segment of society distinguished by royalty,
wealth, family, military, or religious hegemony.
An oligarchy does not have one clear ruler, but
several powerful people who rule. One common
example is theocracy.

17. c. Democratic Government
Democracy is a form of government in which the right to governs is
held by the majority of citizens within a country or a state. The two
principles of democracy are that all citizens have equal access to
power and that all citizens enjoy universally recognized freedoms and
liberties. People can either become country leaders through electoral
process or elect leaders who represent the core values and beliefs.
There are 99 democratic nations globally. Examples of democratic
nations are Philippines, Norway, New Zealand, United States of
America Canada, Columbia, Italy, and South Africa

18. Roles of the States
1. State provides security against external aggressions and
war. For this
purpose, the state maintains an army.
2. State ensures security against internal disturbances
disorders and crimes.
For this purpose, the state maintains police.
3. State legally grants and guarantees the rights of the people.
4. The state issues and regulates currency and coinage.

19. 5. State undertakes steps for the creation of necessary
conditions for the
socio-economic-politico-cultural development of the
people.
6. State grants citizenship and protects their interests and
rights.
7. State conducts foreign relations, foreign trade and
economic relations.
8. State secures the goals of national interest in
international relations

20. Nonstate Institutions
Nonstate institutions are people and/ or organization that
participate in international affairs and relations but are not
affiliated with any state or nation. These nonstate institutions
include the following: bank and corporations, cooperatives and
trade unions, transnational advocacy groups, and development
agencies and international organizations. These nonstate
institutions are equally capable of influencing policy formation and
implementation.

21. a. Banks
Bank is a financial institution licensed to provide several financial
services to different types of customers. Banks are in operation
mainly for their deposits and lending functions. Customers are
allowed to deposit their money to banks which grow through an
interest rate. Banks also provide loans, with an interest to customers
who need money either for personal
consumption or for investment and businesses. Banks may be
categorized into major forms such as commercial banks and
investment banks.

22. Forms of Banks Description
• Financial deposit with security and
convenience
which could be in the form of credit
cards, debit
cards, and check
• Provide business, individual, and
personal
loans, enabling commercial banks to
earn
interest
•Serve as payment agents within
and outside the
country through wire transfer
•Subjected to more regulations
Commercial Banks

23. Forms of Banks Description
• Financial intermediaries that
performs a variety
of services for businesses and some
government
• Issues securities to the investing
public
• Make markets, facilities, mergers,
and other
corporate reorganizations
• Acts as brokers for institutional
clients
• Under the supervision of regulatory
bodies such
as the Securities and Exchange
Commission
(SEC), FINRA, and the US Treasury
• Subjected to fewer regulations
Investment Banks

24. The two most well-known financial institutions
that are actively
shaping the socioeconomic development of the
Philippines are the World
Bank and the Asian Development Bank. They
have been providing financial
aid to the Philippine government and various
non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) to facilitate their
development objectives.

25. b. Corporations
It is a form of business operation that declares the business as a
separate entity guided by a group of officers known as the Board of
Directors. They were created by individuals, stockholders or
shareholders, with the purpose of operating for profit. They have all
legal rights of an individual, except for the right to vote and certain
limitations. They are given the right to exist by the state that issues
their charter. Corporation example includes General Motors
Corporation an icon of American craftmanship, Apple Corporation as
one of the famous tech companies, Amazon Corporation founded by
Jeff Bezos is the world’s leading eCommerce and innovation company,
Domino’s Pizza is a global food chain company delivering quality food
worldwide.

26. Common Types of Corporations
A corporation can be created by a single shareholder or by multiple
shareholders who come together to pursue common goal. A
corporate can be formed as a for-profit or a non-for-profit entity.
• For-profit entities form most corporations, and they are
formed to generate revenues and provide a return to their
shareholders, according to their percentage of ownership in the
corporation. Examples: HBO in partnership with International
Rescue Committee, Ford Motors and Lynda.com.

27. • Not–profit entities operate under the category of charitable
organizations, which are dedicated to a particular social cause
such as educational, religious, scientific, or research purposes.
Rather than distribute revenues to shareholders, not-for-profit
organizations use their revenues to further their objectives.
Human Rights Campaign is a very impressive example of using
Facebook profile photos to spread the word far and wide about
campaign. Greenpeace the environmental non-profit that used
GPS technology to inform the public about their cause.

28. Multinational Corporations (MNCs)
are business organization that
extends ownership, management,
production, and sales activities into
several or more countries. MNCs are boon
to the economic growth and development
of the states.

29. Good Effects Bad Effects
Introduce Technology Offer lll–Suited Technology
Encourage Economic Growth Retard Economic Growth
Encourage Interdependently Cause Dependency
Elites Learn to Regulate Elites Becomes Compradors
Promote Human Rights Harms Human Rights
Protect the Environment Hurt the Environment
Economic Actors Political Actors
Promote a Cosmopolitan World Damage National Culture

30. Checks out the big names of MNCs that are
already exist in the
Philippines:
—Google
—Viber
—Palo Alto Networks
—Procter and Gamble
—Thomson Reuters
— Accenture
— HSBC
— Citibank
—Maersk
— Hewlett Packard
—Coca Cola Far East
— Deutsche Bank

31. e. Cooperatives
Cooperatives are people-centers enterprises owned, controlled and
run by and for their members to realize their common economic,
social, and cultural needs and aspirations.
Cooperatives are businesses governed on the principle of one
member, one vote. There are several common types of co-ops,
including cooperatives owned and operated by:
a. The people working there (worker cooperatives);

32. b. The people buying the co-op’s goods or
services (consumer cooperatives)
c. The people collaborating to process and market
their products (producer cooperatives); and
d. Groups uniting to enhance their purchasing
power (purchasing cooperatives)

33. Cooperatives play a critical role in building community wealth
for several key reasons:
a. They often provide quality goods and services to areas that
have
been shunned by traditional businesses because they are
deemed less profitable
b. They typically invest in local communities
c. Since most cooperative members are local residents,
business profits remain and circulate in the community

34. d. Cooperative membership builds social networks and
strengthens social cohesion which are essential elements
of a strong, healthy communities by connecting diverse
community residents
e. Purchasing cooperatives help small, local businesses
remains competitive within markets dominated by large,
national retailers
f. Worker cooperatives create quality, empowering jobs
for community members

35. d. Trade Unions/Labor Unions
Trade Unions are organizations formed by workers from related fields
that work for common interest of its members. They help workers in
issues like fairness of pay, good working environment, hours of work and
benefits. They represent a cluster of workers and provide a link between
the management and workers. The purpose of these unions is to look
into the grievances of wagers and present a collective voice in front of
the management. It acts as the medium of communication between the
workers and management. Among these trade unions that exist in the
Philippines are the Federation of Free Workers (FFW), Kilusang Mayo
Uno (KMU) and the Trade Union Congress of the Philippines (TUCP).

36. Functions of Trade Unions:
1. Advocating for fairness and equality for workers’ compensations
2. Securing better working conditions for workers
3. Trade Unions will organize strikes and demonstrations on behalf of
worker demands
4. Fight for social welfare for workers
5. Promote and advocate for education and proper training for
workers
6. Advocate and fight the government for legislative protections of
the workers

37. 7. Promote and advocate for organizational growth and stability
8. Trade Unions acts as representatives of workers in national and
international forums
9. Involved in collective bargaining agreements and disputes with
management to settle any conditions on employment
10.Advising management on correct personnel policies and
procedures
11.Involved in collective and personal collective grievances between
management and workers.

38. e. Transnational Advocacy Groups
Transnational Advocacy Groups (TAGs) play an
increasingly important role in international and regional
politics and have contributed to changing policies of
multilateral organizations and states. They are
particularly visible in contentious areas as human rights,
environmental issues, international peace, and women’s
rights. They have specific roles to partake that can be
achieved through effective measures, case-specific
methods, and activities.

39. TAGs serve as international catalysts for change, aiming to
achieve
international changes towards policies and practices. The
very essence of TAGS is the formation and development of
their advocacies and campaigns
that represent causes, ideas, values, and beliefs.
Human Rights Watch and Amnesty are active in the human
rights
field. Oxfam and Save children deal with humanitarian
issues. Greenpeace
and Friends of the Earth represent environmental concerns.

40. f. Development Agencies
Development Agencies have been established to
develop the cooperation between the public sector,
private sector, and civil society. These are
organizations with specific aims and goals. The
common denominator among these organizations is
the term development. These agencies concentrate
on the growth, progression, and advancement of
specific concerns, which can be infrastructure or
social institutions

41. Types of Development Agencies:
International Organization is an institution with
membership drawn from two or more countries. Its activities
transcend national boundaries as it facilitates cooperation among
its members in the performance of one or more tasks. The
international organization can be public or private. A public
organization is an international government organization (IGO) with
states as its members.

42. Prominent examples of IGOs are United
Nations, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO),
International Monetary Fund (IMF), European Union (EU),
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and World Health
Organization (WHO). A private organization has a membership of
individuals or groups and is an international nongovernment
organization (INGO) that originate for reasons other than politics
such as International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol). INGOs
may lobby or work regularly with the government and IGOs.

43. Non-government Organization is a non-profit group that
functions independently of any government. It serves the social
or political goals such as humanitarian and environmental causes.
Most NGOs aim to promote the practice of democracy among
societies and social change through their initiatives and
organizational methods. Many NGOs have targeted their efforts
toward population groups that tend to be underserved by
governmental programs, including women, the aged, physically
and mentally disabled persons, the poor, and various social
groups that
have been marginalized by virtue of race, religionethnicity, caste,
and social class.

44. Interrelationship of Government and Non-state
Institutions
Government rules society. This reflects how powerful government
institution
can be. If nonstate institutions interfere with the governing body,
two possible things
can happen:
1. Integration among these two institutions may take place to
achieve precise
solution towards development
2. Conflict and tension may also arise because one could exceed the
other in
terms of societal control and influences (Penninx, 2013)

45. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING