The document provides an overview of key concepts in American government including the purposes of government, different types of governments and economic systems. It discusses how governments originated in ancient Greece and how the US government derives its power from the Constitution. It also summarizes different forms of government such as democracy, republic and authoritarian rule, and economic systems including capitalism, socialism and communism.
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Diagrammatic illustrations were used to depict these tiers more elaborately, highlighting focal points of power,
authority, accountability and responsibility and how the system is synergised and synchronised from the
national to the lower levels. Brief historical reviews are additionally used to locate the transformation of these
structures through the vicissitudes of colonial discriminatory and racist structures to post independent African
government supposedly modelled to dismantle the colonial system with fair, impartial and equitable structures
established on the basis of human rights, improved access for all with important non racist, non ethnic codes
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The Context of Inter-Governmental Relations in Zimbabwe Reflections from the ...iosrjce
Zimbabwe is politically and constitutionally a unitary, democratic and sovereign state with a three
tier governmental structure: national government; provincial and metropolitan councils, and local government
(rural district councils and various types of urban councils) according to the Constitution [Amendment No. 20]
of 2013. This paper explores the composition, structure and the legal basis of the three tiers of government.
Diagrammatic illustrations were used to depict these tiers more elaborately, highlighting focal points of power,
authority, accountability and responsibility and how the system is synergised and synchronised from the
national to the lower levels. Brief historical reviews are additionally used to locate the transformation of these
structures through the vicissitudes of colonial discriminatory and racist structures to post independent African
government supposedly modelled to dismantle the colonial system with fair, impartial and equitable structures
established on the basis of human rights, improved access for all with important non racist, non ethnic codes
and disregarding colour or creed
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Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
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Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
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‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
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CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
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Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
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Future Of Fintech In India | Evolution Of Fintech In IndiaTheUnitedIndian
Navigating the Future of Fintech in India: Insights into how AI, blockchain, and digital payments are driving unprecedented growth in India's fintech industry, redefining financial services and accessibility.
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
5. Origins of Government
Aristotle- a scholar
in Ancient Greece,
one of the first
students of
government [polis].
Politics,
democracy, and
republic- originated
in ancient Greece &
Rome.
6. The State
Originally comes from the Latin word “to
stand”
In the U.S.A means- a political
community that occupies a definite
territory and has an organized
government with the power to make and
enforce laws without the approval from
any higher authority.
7. Essential Features of a
State
4 features:
Population
Territory
Sovereignty
Government
8. Population
The nature of a state’s population affects
its stability
States that share a general and political
consensus have the most stable
government
Mobility affects states too- millions of
Americans move every year
This leads to political power shifting
Since the House of Representatives is
based on population, the census can lead
to state’s losing or gaining power.
9. Territory
States have established boundaries
i.e.- Continental boundaries: Atlantic/Pacific
Oceans
Recognized Borders w/ Canada & Mexico
Through purchase, negotiation and war-
the U.S. has gained more territory
10. Sovereignty
Political sovereignty- means that the
state has supreme and absolute
authority within its territorial boundaries
It has complete independence and
complete power to make laws, shape
foreign policy, & determine its own
course of action
In theory no state has the right to
interfere with the internal affairs of
another
11. Government
The institution through which the state
maintains social order, provides public
services, and enforces decisions that
are binding on all people living within the
state
12. Theories of the Origin of
State
•Evolutionary
Theory
•Force Theory
•Divine Right
Theory
•Social Contract
Theory
13. The Purposes of
Government
1. Maintain social order
2. Provide public services
3. Provide for national security and public
defense
4. Provide for an control the economic
ststem
14. Respect my Authority!
Decisions of government can be
enforced upon ALL society
Derive their authority from their
legitimacy and their ability to use
coercive force
Legitimacy is based on the consent of
the people
Coercive force derives from the police,
judicial and military institutions of
government
15. Maintaining Social Order
Through laws can resolve social conflict
Provides structure like courts to help
resolve disagreements orderly
Places limits on what people can do
An effective government will allow
citizens to plan for the future, get an
education, raise a family and live orderly
lives.
16. Providing Public Services
Providing essential services to make
community life possible
Promoting public safety
i.e. Government inspectors of meat and food
State legislators passing laws that require
driving tests
What other public services can you think
of?
17. National Security
Protect against attacks from other
countries or terrorist agencies
In a world with spy satellites, international
terrorism, huge armies, computer hackers-
this becomes a complex job
Also handles relationships with other
countries and provides economic security
by enacting trade agreements with other
countries
States have the power to form agreements
with other countries, however the federal
government can limit that
18. Making Economic Decisions
Providing a national
currency
Distributes benefits and
public securities
Attempts to stimulate
growth and stability via
controlling inflation,
encouraging trade and
regulating the
development of natural
resources
22. Constitutions and Government
A Constitution is a plan that provides the
rules for government.
Major Purposes:
1. It sets out ideals that the people bound by
the constitution believe and share
2. Establishes the basic structure of
government and defines the governments
powers and duties
3. It provides the supreme law for the country
23. Constitutions
May be written or
unwritten
U.S. is the oldest written
[1787] still serving a
nation today
Other key ones: France,
Kenya, India, Italy and
Switzerland
Great Britain, has an
unwritten constitution
based on hundreds of
years of leg. Acts, court
decisions and customs
24. Constitutional Government
All governments HOWEVER-
have a constitution constitutional
in the sense that government is a
they have some limited government,
plan for organizing unlike the Republic
an operating the of China
Government. i.e.
Republic of China
25. Incomplete Guides
Constitutions are incomplete for 2
reasons:
No written constitution by itself can spell out
laws, customs, and ideas that grow up
around the document itself
○ I.E.- FDR elected 4x, previous it was custom
not law that limited to 2 terms- the 22
Amendment changed this
A constitution does not always reflect the
actual practice of a government in a country
○ I.E.- China has a constitution with statements
about basic rights, freedoms, & duties of
citizens yet has a police force to spy on
citizens and punish those with opposing views
27. A Framework for
Government
Main body of a Constitution is the
constitution sets out supreme law for
a plan for states
government Constitutional law
U.S. describes primarily concerns
relationship b/w the extent and limits
national gov & state
of government
Divided into articles power and the right
and sections- U.S. of citizens
has 7 articles/21
sections
28. Politics
Effort to control or
influence the
conduct and
policies of
government
People take part in
politics when
joining citizens’
groups protesting
higher taxes or
when they meet
with mayors about
street repairs
29. Governing in the 20 th
Century
Industrialized Nations vs. Developing
Nations
U.S.
Saharan Countries
Independence- means that nations must
interact or depend on one another either
economically or politically
1993- NAFTA- affects goods produced
and sold b/w U.S., Canada & Mexico
30. Murky waters
U.S. depended on Middle East for oil
supplies
1990- Pres. Bush sent troops to Saudi
Arabia after Iraq invaded Kuwait
War threatened to break out and people
feared an oil shortage in U.S.
U.S. & allies defeated Iraq in the Persian
Gulf War but tensions continued
1996- 27 missile attacks against Iraqi
President Saddam Hussein threatened oil
producing countries
31. Nonstate International Groups
3 categories: PLO [Palestine
1. Political Liberation
movements such Organization]
as national General Motors
liberation Nabisco
movements Mitsubishi
2. Multinational Sony
corporations
United Nations
3. International
organizations
34. Autocracy- 1 person
Totalitarian Dictatorship- ideas of a single
leader or group of leaders are glorified.
Government seeks to control aspects of
social/economic life.
i.e. Hitler- Nazi Germany
Monarchy- a King, Queen, or Emperor
exercises supreme powers of Gov. Usually
inherit position [Absolute vs. Constitutional
who shares gov. powers w/ elected legis. And
serve in a ceremonial capacity]
i.e. Saudi Arabia & Great Britain
35. Oligarchy- Small Group
Small group holds power which derives
from wealth, military, social position or a
combination. Sometimes religion is
source of power-
Oligarchies usually suppress all political
opposition- sometimes ruthlessly
Communism I.E. China
36. Democracy- Ruled by the
People
Key idea- people hold sovereign power.
Pericles: “Our constitution is named a
democracy because it is in the hands not of
the few, but of the many”
Abraham Lincoln: “government of the
people, by the people, and for the people”
37. Direct Democracy
people govern themselves by voting on
issues individually as citizens- no
country today does this
Exists only in small societies where
citizens can actually meet regularly to
discuss and decide key issues and
problems
38. Representative Democracy
people elect representatives and give
them the responsibility and power to
make laws and conduct government
I.E.- [U.S].
An assembly of the people’s
representatives may be called a council,
a legislature, a congress or a parliament
39. Republic
Voters hold sovereign power.
Elected representatives are responsible
to the people exercise that power
Most American view representative
democracy, republic and constitutional
republic mean the same thing: a system
of limited government where the people
are the ultimate source of governmental
power.
40. Characteristics of
Democracy
Individual liberty- requires that all people
be as free as possible to develop their
own capacities
Government in a democracy works to
promote the kind of equality in which all
have equal opportunity
Government decisions be based on
majority rule
Constitution helps ensure rights of the
minority
41. Free Elections
Give people the chance to choose their leaders
and voice their opinions on various issues
Everyone’s vote carries the same weight
All candidates have the right to express their
views freely giving voters access to competing
ideas
Citizens are free to help candidates or support
issues
Legal requirements for voting [i.e.: age,
residence, citizenship] are kept to a minimum
Citizens may vote freely by secret ballot without
coercion or fear of punishment
42. Competing Political Parties
Rival parties help Give voters a choice
make elections among candidates
meaningful Help simplify and
focus attention of
key issues for voters
43. The Soil of Democracy
Active Citizen Participation
Serving as a juror, voting, informing
themselves of the issues, work for
candidates, run for government
Free Enterprise
Stable- better able to support democratic
governments
People out of work or unable to feed families
become more concerned about security than
voting or political rights
44. The Seeds to Success
More likely to succeed Civil Society- a complex
with an educated public network of voluntary
associations, economic
Education is the great groups, religious
equalizer organizations, and many
other kinds of groups
that exist independently
of government
Give citizens means to
take responsibility for
protecting their rights
Widespread Education Civil Society
45. Social Consensus
General agreement about the purpose
and limits of government
47. Role of Economic Systems
1. What and how much should be
produced
2. How goods and services should be
produced
3. Who gets the goods and services that
are produced
Capitalism, Socialism, & Communism
answer these differently
48. Capitalism
1. private ownership and control of
property and economic resources
2. Free enterprise
3. Competition among businesses
4. Freedom of choice
5. Possibility of profits
49. History of Capitalism
1776- Adam Smith,
Scottish philosopher
and economist wrote
The Wealth of Nations
Concept of Laissez-
Faire came about
Government role
strictly limited to those
few actions to ensure
free compeition
50. Governmental Influence
1900s- economy of the U.S. increased
Government has grown and became the
single largest buyer of goods and services
in the country
Regulated the economy for varying
purposes
Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and
Drug Act
The Great Depression of the 1930s left
millions without job- therefore Social
Security and programs to aid unemployed
sprung up
51. Mixed-Market Economies
Free enterprise + government decisions
in market place = government keeps
competition free and fair and protects
the public interest
52. Socialism
1. The distribution of wealth and economic
opportunities equally among the people
2. Society’s control through its
government, of all major decisions
about production
3. Public ownership of most land, of
factories, and of other means of
production
53. Democratic Socialism
The people have basic human rights
and have some control over government
officials through free elections and
multiparty systems BUT government
owns the basic means of production and
makes most economic decisions
Opponents claim socialism stifles
individual initiative and high taxes hinder
economic growth and leads to big
government
54. Karl Marx
Karl Marx [1818-1883] German thinker,
writer- a socialist who advocated violent
revolution. Published the Communist
Manifesto & Das Kapital
Believed that in industrial nations the
population is divided into capitalists
[bourgeoisie] and the workers [proletariat]
Capitalism is a ruling class because they
use their economic power to force their will
on the workers
55. Marx and Communism
Believed wages in a capitalist system
would never rise above a subsistence
level- just enough for workers to survive
Predicted class struggles
Promoted Communism- one class
evolving, property all held in common
and no need for government
56. Command Economy
Communist nations believe government
planners decide how much to produce,
what to produce and how to distribute
the goods and services produced
Top-down management
State owns the land, natural resources,
industry, banks and transportation
facilities as well as mass
communications