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1. *

8. Objective:
a.Explain what is a state
b.To know the elements
of a state

9. State –
At the time of the initial
development of the modern
human rights system, States were
the dominant actors in the
international arena. A state is an
organized political community
acting under a government and
united by common set of laws.

10. State –
It uses absolute power in
directing the path of a society. It
also uses complete political
coerciveness, which may come in
the form of armed forces
personnel, stricter laws, and rigid
government policies in order to
attain its societal goals and
objectives.

11. The State intends to be a strong
actor in the performance of the three
important political functions. The state,
in full form,
1. maintains control over violence in its
domain
2. allocates resources and rewards at its
discretion, and
3. stands as the major focus of identity
for the large majority of the people under
its authority.

12. Elements of the States
1. Population-
It is the people who
make the state.
Population is essential
for the state. Without
population there can be

13. 2. Territory-
There can be no state
without a fixed territory.
People need territory to live
and organize themselves
socially and politically. It may
be remembered that the
territory of the states includes
land, water and airspace.

14. 3. Government-
It is the organization or
machinery or agency of the
State which makes,
implements, enforces, and
adjudicates the laws of the
state.

16. 4. Sovereignty-
It is the most exclusive
elements of State. Without
sovereignty no state can exist. State
has the exclusive title and
prerogative to exercise supreme
power over all its people and
territory. It is the basis which the
State regulates all aspects of the life
of the people living in its territory.

17. Forms of States States come
in a variety of forms that
vary on who holds power,
how positions of leadership
are obtained, and how
authority is maintained.
These are:

18. a. Authoritarian Government
Authoritarian governments
differ in who holds power
and in how control they
assume over those who
govern. An example of this
type is Monarchy.

19. Monarchy is a form of government in
which supreme power is absolutely lodged
with an individual, who is the head of the
state, often for life or until abdication. The
person who heads a monarchy is called a
monarch. Some monarchs hold unlimited
political powers while many constitutional
monarchies, such as the United Kingdom
and Thailand. Currently, 44 nations in the
world have monarchs as head of state.

20. Totalitarianism is a political system that
strives to regulate nearly every aspect of
public and private life. It theoretically
permits no individual freedom and that
seeks to subordinate all aspects of
individual life to the authority of the state.
Modern examples of totalitarian states
include the Soviet Union under Joseph
Stalin, Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler,
the People’s Republic of China under Mao
Zedong, and North Korea under the Kim
Dynasty.

21. b. Oligarchic Government An oligarchy
is a form of government in which
power effectively rests with a small-
elite segment of society distinguished
by royalty, wealth, family, military, or
religious hegemony. An oligarchy does
not have one clear ruler, but several
powerful people who rule. One
common example is theocracy.

22. Theocracy is a government by
divine guidance or by official who
are regarded as divinely guided.
Leaders are members of the
clergy, and the state’s legal system
is based on religious law.
Contemporary examples of
theocracies include Saudi Arabia,
Iran, and the Vatican.

23. c. Democratic Government
Democracy is a form of
government in which the right to
governs is held by the majority of
citizens within a country or a state.
The two principles of democracy are
that all citizens have equal access to
power and that all citizens enjoy
universally recognized freedoms and
liberties.

24. People can either become
country leaders through electoral
process or elect leaders who
represent the core values and beliefs.
There are 99 democratic nations
globally. Examples of democratic
nations are Philippines, Norway, New
Zealand, United States of America,
Canada, Columbia, Italy, and South
Africa.

25. Roles of the
States

26. 1. State provides security against
external aggressions and war. For
this purpose, the state maintains an
army.
2. State ensures security against
internal disturbances disorders and
crimes. For this purpose, the state
maintains police.

27. 3. State legally grants and
guarantees the rights of the
people.
4. The state issues and regulates
currency and coinage.
5. State undertakes steps for the
creation of necessary conditions
for the socio-economic-politico-
cultural development of the
people.

28. 6. State grants citizenship and
protects their interests and
rights.
7. State conducts foreign
relations, foreign trade and
economic relations.
8. State secures the goals of
national interest in
international relations

29. Nonstate
Institutions

30. Nonstate institutions are people and/
or organization that participate in
international affairs and relations but are
not affiliated with any state or nation.
These nonstate institutions include the
following: bank and corporations,
cooperatives and trade unions,
transnational advocacy groups, and
development agencies and international
organizations. These nonstate institutions
are equally capable of influencing policy
formation and implementation.

31. a. Banks
Bank is a financial institution licensed to
provide several financial services to different
types of customers. Banks are in operation mainly
for their deposits and lending functions.
Customers are allowed to deposit their money to
banks which grow through an interest rate.
Banks also provide loans, with an interest to
customers who need money either for personal
consumption or for investment and businesses.
Banks may be categorized into major forms such
as commercial banks and investment banks.

34. The two most well-known
financial institutions that are actively
shaping the socioeconomic
development of the Philippines are
the World Bank and the Asian
Development Bank. They have been
providing financial aid to the
Philippine government and various
non-governmental organizations
(NGOs) to facilitate their development
objectives.

35. b. Corporations
It is a form of business operation that
declares the business as a separate entity
guided by a group of officers known as the
Board of Directors. They were created by
individuals, stockholders or shareholders,
with the purpose of operating for profit.
They have all legal rights of an individual,
except for the right to vote and certain
limitations. They are given the right to
exist by the state that issues their charter

36. includes General Motors Corporation
an icon of American craft manship,
Apple Corporation as one of the
famous tech companies, Amazon
Corporation founded by Jeff Bezos is
the world’s leading eCommerce and
innovation company, Domino’s Pizza is
a global food chain company
delivering quality food worldwide.

37. Common Types of Corporations A
corporation can be created by a
single shareholder or by multiple
shareholders who come together
to pursue common goal.
A corporate can be formed as a
for-profit or a non-for-profit
entity.

38. For-profit entities form most
corporations, and they are formed
to generate revenues and provide
a return to their shareholders,
according to their percentage of
ownership in the corporation.
Examples: HBO in partnership with
International Rescue Committee,
Ford Motors and Lynda.com.

39. Not-for-profit entities operate under the category
of charitable organizations, which are dedicated
to a particular social cause such as educational,
religious, scientific, or research purposes. Rather
than distribute revenues to shareholders, not-
for-profit organizations use their revenues to
further their objectives. Human Rights Campaign
is a very impressive example of using Facebook
profile photos to spread the word far and wide
about campaign. Greenpeace the environmental
non-profit that used GPS technology to inform
the public about their cause

40. Multinational Corporations (MNCs)
are business organization that
extends ownership, management,
production, and sales activities
into several or more countries.
MNCs are boon to the economic
growth and development of the
states

43. c. Cooperatives
Cooperatives are people-centers
enterprises owned, controlled and run
by and for their members to realize
their common economic, social, and
cultural needs and aspirations.
Cooperatives are businesses governed
on the principle of one member, one
vote. There are several common types
of co-ops, including cooperatives
owned and operated by:

44. a. The people working there (worker
cooperatives);
b. The people buying the co-op’s
goods or services (consumer
cooperatives)
c. The people collaborating to process
and market their products
(producer cooperatives); and
d. Groups uniting to enhance their
purchasing power (purchasing
cooperatives)