Trepanation Presentation by Karrah Christenson Session 8 2012
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The document summarizes evidence of trepanation, an ancient surgical procedure, in archaeological records. It describes how trepanation involved making artificial holes in the skull, often to relieve trauma, pressure, or illness. The practice has been found worldwide dating back thousands of years, with survival rates indicating it was sometimes successful. Recent evidence of a partially healed trepanation was discovered at an excavation site in Menorca, adding to knowledge of the procedure in prehistoric Talaiotic cultures.
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Roman City dig, session 9, 2012: Nutrition in the Ancient World, by Kristin D...Ecomuseum Cavalleria
The document discusses evidence of Roman dining customs from archaeological excavations, artifacts, and literature. Excavations have uncovered nutritional remains, pottery, and preserved foods that provide evidence of animals consumed and preparation practices. Pottery types include kitchen wares, mortars, and amphorae used for storage and transport. Artworks depict table settings and market scenes. Literature such as cookbooks and writings from Pliny the Elder and Younger describe meal structures, menus, and recipes. The typical Roman meal pattern changed over time from breakfast, lunch, and dinner to breakfast, a lighter lunch, and dinner.Evolution of roman anchors
This document discusses the history and evolution of stone anchors from ancient times to the Roman period. It describes the various types of stone anchors including those with no holes, one hole, two holes, and classical anchors with three holes. Later, wood and stone were combined in composite anchors and metal elements like lead and iron were introduced. The anchors recovered from Caligula's sunken pleasure barges in Lake Nemi in the 1st century AD represent a transition period between wooden and iron anchors. The shapes of anchors can help archaeologists date shipwrecks.
Analysis of burnt bone by Alison Nicholson Session 9 2012
This document discusses the analysis of burnt bone to determine the circumstances of burning. It outlines several techniques used including: [1] examining bone color and fracture patterns to estimate burning temperature; [2] elemental analysis to detect staining from metals; and [3] other analytical methods to assess the degree of burning. Key factors investigated are temperature, time, presence of other materials, and location of burning to better understand how and why the bones were burnt.
Lead roman ships
Roman ships commonly used lead for various nautical purposes from the 3rd century BC to the 2nd century AD. Lead was used for sheathing hulls from the keel to the waterline, caulking between planks, weighting anchors, and constructing bilge pumps. It protected ships from marine growth and leaks. Lead sheathing was typically 1 meter squares and 1.25mm thick, held on with copper tacks. Anchors had lead stock or assembly pieces to provide weight. Pumps had lead pipes and collecting boxes. Lead was an integral material for maintaining and operating Roman-era ships.
Roman city dig: session 7, 2012: Roman metals, by Geoff Tindall
The document discusses metals used in the ancient Roman world such as gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, and zinc. It describes how these metals were obtained from ores through processes like roasting and smelting. Important metal alloys of the time included bronze, brass, pewter, and steel. While iron could be extracted, the Romans lacked technology to cast or smelt it, so they used the "bloom" and forging process to produce wrought iron and steel. Bronze remained commonly used since it could be cast unlike iron. The document also notes the cupellation process used to separate silver from lead.
Roman city dig: Mosaic motifs, by Rachel Klaebe
Mosaics have been used as an art form since the 3rd millennium BC. They were used to create images and decorate buildings using small colored pieces called tesserae. During the Roman period, mosaics often depicted themes celebrating Roman gods or domestic scenes using geometric designs. Byzantine mosaics specialized in covering walls and ceilings, sometimes using special glass tesserae called smalti. Common Byzantine motifs included animals, emperors, and religious images. Several 6th century AD Byzantine-era mosaic sites still exist on the island of Menorca, including at Es Fornàs de Torrelló and Isla del Rei, though excavations at another potential basilica site have
Session 6, 2012: Roman jewellery, by Lily Wonham
Roman jewelry served both decorative and practical purposes. It was made from materials sourced throughout the Roman Empire, including gold, gems, glass, and locally available resources. Common jewelry items included brooches, fibulae, seal rings, cameos, and bullae worn by children. Higher class women wore more elaborate jewelry to distinguish their social status, as clothing did not vary greatly between classes. The quartz bead found on site was likely once part of a necklace worn by a higher class individual.
Sesion no. 5, 2012: Early Christian Catacombs, by Suzie Markland
Early Christian catacombs emerged in Rome in the 2nd century AD as underground burial places for Christians. The transition from cremation to burial and belief in resurrection led to the creation of the catacombs. They provided space for Christian burials and symbolism to strengthen the community. In addition to burials, catacombs were sites for pilgrimage and possibly refuge during periods of persecution.
Sanisera city powerpoint
The document summarizes Roman fishing methods near the ancient city of Sanisera between 123 BC to 650 AD. It discusses how the city's proximity to the ocean and port enhanced trade and provided a readily available food resource. The Romans used various sustainable fishing techniques, including hook and line fishing, seining with nets, casting nets, and traps. Archaeological evidence like fishing weights, amphora used to store salted fish, and intact fishing hooks provide evidence of Roman fishing at Sanisera.
Cremation presentation Marcelle La Croix
This presentation discusses the analysis of cremated remains through examining changes in bone color and fracture patterns. The presentation outlines 5 stages of bone alteration from burning, with temperature ranges and associated bone colors. Certain colors are associated with the presence of metals like copper or the burning environment. The maximum burning temperature can be estimated. References are provided on the topic of analyzing burned bone to determine burning conditions.
Pre roman vs roman glass Ashley Brennaman
The document summarizes the history of ancient glassmaking, beginning around 4000 years ago in Mesopotamia where glass was produced using sand, soda, and lime in a core forming technique. It then discusses the Phoenician glass trade through maritime bases in the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, exporting glass vessels and precious metals. Examples of pre-Roman glass artifacts are shown from archaeological sites in Spain and the Balearic Islands dated before the development of glass blowing in the 1st century AD in the Roman period.
Amanda Yano-Litwin Late Bronze Age in Menorca
The document discusses bronze, an alloy of copper and tin that was used in tools, weapons, armor and decorations during the Talaiotic Bronze Age period from 1200-800 BC unique to the island of Menorca. It describes a bronze tassel found in a chest plate that was likely ceremonial and worn by warriors as a grave good, and poses questions about whether the presence of bronze suggested rank or status, where the tin used to make bronze came from, what made Talaiotic warriors from Menorca unique, and if warriors held a special status in their society.
Session no. 4, 2012: Rebecca McKie: Roman villa’s and estates
Roman villas served agricultural, economic, and leisure functions. They ranged from working agricultural estates to luxurious retreats for elite Romans. Villas had residential, working, and storage areas. Many had extensive agricultural production, especially of wine and olive oil. Over time, villas incorporated more spaces for luxury and entertainment while maintaining an emphasis on farming and profit. Even as the Roman Empire declined, the villa system continued, with some becoming monasteries in the Middle Ages.
Construction of roman vessels
Roman merchant vessels were constructed using various wood types like pine, fir, cypress and cedar for the hull, oak for the frame, and hardwood like oak for treenails. They had rounded hulls or were flat-bottomed and were built using the shell first or frame-skeleton method, joining the frames using the mortise and tenon technique. Sails were made of linen, papyrus or byssus and the exterior was tarred wool covered in lead sheeting for protection.
Mediterranean piracy after the punic wars
Piracy has existed since ancient times and was at one point considered a legitimate form of business. The Illyrian people were famous pirates in the Mediterranean after the Punic Wars and operated light, maneuverable ships like the liberna that could outmaneuver heavier Roman vessels. Pirates did not always work alone but would sometimes cooperate and come to each other's aid. Romans eventually curbed piracy by taking pirate bases on land and confiscating their ships, such as in their conquest of the Balearic Islands in 123 BC.
The importance of underwater archaeological research
Three-quarters of the Earth's surface is covered by water, and beneath the oceans, lakes, and rivers lies a physical record of human history including shipwrecks, submerged cities, and other traces of the past. Most underwater archaeologists specialize in studying historic watercraft and nautical archaeology, but other submerged sites that are studied include sunken settlements and offerings placed in sinkholes or bogs. Laws require that underwater cultural sites be documented by archaeologists before being impacted by activities like development, fishing, drilling, or cable laying. Studying past shipwrecks has also helped improve maritime safety practices.
Cave archaeology and post depositional processes affecting taphonomy session...
This document discusses how post-depositional processes within caves can affect the taphonomy of human remains. It notes that caves can both aid preservation through their microclimates, but can also degrade remains through water flows and reuse over time. Specific post-depositional processes mentioned that impact archaeological remains include rock falls, bioturbation, soil effects, water tables, and fluvial processes. The document emphasizes that these natural cave processes can change how archaeological material is interpreted.
Session no. 3, 2012: Roman Imperial Coins, by Gustavo Trapp
This document provides a case study on identifying Roman imperial coins. It examines an obverse with the legend "THEODO" and titles, and a reverse with the inscription "VOT X MVLT XX". Analysis of mint marks and coin design indicate it was minted for Theodosius I in Cyzicus between 389-395 AD, during his 10th acclamation. The document also lists common titles and mint abbreviations found on Roman imperial coins to aid in identification.
Session no. 3, 2012: Oil lamps, by Paulina Habash
Oil lamps were commonly used household items in ancient times, fueled by oils like olive oil and animal fat. They were made of ceramic or metal and had wick fibers that could be used indoors or outdoors. Oil lamps were initially handmade but later produced using two-piece molds. Decorations like religious scenes were added, and different styles emerged over time, like Volute lamps from Italy or African Red Slip lamps exported throughout the Roman Empire from North Africa between the 4th-6th centuries AD.
More from Ecomuseum Cavalleria (20)
Roman city dig, session 10, 2012: Late empire Roman coins, by Andrew Walsh
Roman city dig, session 10, 2012: Late empire Roman coins, by Andrew Walsh
Roman City dig, session 9, 2012: Nutrition in the Ancient World, by Kristin D...
Roman City dig, session 9, 2012: Nutrition in the Ancient World, by Kristin D...
Analysis of burnt bone by Alison Nicholson Session 9 2012
Analysis of burnt bone by Alison Nicholson Session 9 2012
Roman city dig: session 7, 2012: Roman metals, by Geoff Tindall
Roman city dig: session 7, 2012: Roman metals, by Geoff Tindall
Sesion no. 5, 2012: Early Christian Catacombs, by Suzie Markland
Sesion no. 5, 2012: Early Christian Catacombs, by Suzie Markland
Session no. 4, 2012: Rebecca McKie: Roman villa’s and estates
Session no. 4, 2012: Rebecca McKie: Roman villa’s and estates
The importance of underwater archaeological research
The importance of underwater archaeological research
Cave archaeology and post depositional processes affecting taphonomy session...
Cave archaeology and post depositional processes affecting taphonomy session...
Session no. 3, 2012: Roman Imperial Coins, by Gustavo Trapp
Session no. 3, 2012: Roman Imperial Coins, by Gustavo Trapp
Trepanation Presentation by Karrah Christenson Session 8 2012
- 1. Trepanation in the Archaeological Record Karrah Christenson 7 September 2012 Session 8
- 2. Skeletal Pathologies • The most common pathology to affect skeletal remains is degenerative change • The second most common pathology is trauma • 3 types of trauma – Fracturing & dislocating bone – Disrupting blood or nerve supply to the bone – Artificial deformation
- 3. Artificial Deformations • Artificial deformation is a result of cultural practices • Most artificial deformations are manifest in the cranium – These include : • Wrapping the crania of infants • Applying pressure to the cranium to deform the cranial vault • And trepanation
- 4. Trepanation Trepanation is a practice in which an artificial hole is made in the cranial vault of a living person (Folkens & White 2005) Ortner and Putschar (1981) say trepanation is perhaps the most remarkable pathology seen by the pathologist.
- 5. History of Trepanation • Written accounts reveal that ancient Greeks practiced trepanation • Archaeological records show that the practice goes deeper into the past appearing in Europe, the Pacific, North and South America, Africa, and Asia • Oldest surgical procedure for which archaeological evidence has been found
- 6. Common Methodologies -scraping a patch of bone away -cutting a patch of bone out by making grooves through the vault -drilling small holes around the plug of bone to be removed
- 9. Why Practice Trepanation? • Thought to be done in order to relieve intracranial pressure being caused by injuries/ compressive fractures of the skull vault • Relieve common headaches • Cure mental illnesses • Let out evil spirits • As a sign of social status- supernatural powers
- 10. Success Rate? • Survival rate of those practicing trepanation was rather high • This is evident in the number of healed trepanations found in the archaeological record • Sometimes bone completely regenerates Trepanation from 5100 BC demonstrating post-operative healing
- 11. Trepanations in Menorca? • Excavations at La Cova des Cárritx revealed a necropolis with collective inhumations • Three examples of trepanation were found at the site, including 1 juvenile and 2 adult individuals • Because the individuals show no other trauma/ pathologies for a necessary trepanation, its been suggested that the operations were done as part of a magic ritual- perhaps these were high status individuals with supernatural powers • The remains from this Menorcan cave can be seen in the Ciutadella Municipal Museum
- 14. Our Current Findings at Binimel là • During this session’s excavations at the prehistoric Talaiotic cave, a portion of frontal bone was found with evidence of trepanation • The bone appears to show partial regeneration- meaning the individual survived for some time after the trepanation was completed
- 16. What does our find mean? • First case of trepanation found at this site • Reveals that the practice was occurring in prehistoric Talaiotic culture around the island • The wound was partially healed – would have been of significant size in a prominent location
- 18. Sources • The Human Bone Manual. Tim D. White and Pieter A. Folkens 2005 • Arqueologia Menorca. Los tres Cráneos de la Cova des Càrrtix, tres ejemplos de trepanacion prehistorica • Rituales de Vida y Muerte en la Prehistoria de Menorca: La Cova de Càrrtix. Vincente Lull