The document discusses trends in medical displays, including the evolution from film-based to digital imaging displays. It outlines different types of medical displays like embedded, referral, and diagnostic displays. Active matrix liquid crystal displays (AMLCDs) are becoming the dominant technology for medical displays due to improved resolution, viewing angles, and ability to meet DICOM grayscale standards. Future trends include higher resolution color displays, larger displays, and 3D stereo displays which can improve diagnosis.

1. Trends in Medical Displays Adi Abileah Chief Scientist, Technology Group Beaverton, OR, USA

3. Trends in Medical Imaging Trend Display Imaging PACS Archiving

4. Trends in Medical imaging MR MR CT NM US US Digital Computer CT

5. Imaging Modalities XR – X-Ray ( CR, DR ) CT – Computer Tomography Fluoroscopy MR – Magnetic Resonance NM – Nuclear Medicine PET – Positron Emission Tomography SPECT – Single Photon Emission Computer Tomography US – Ultra Sound Using tomography (3D slices) Mammography X-ray Magnet Isotopes Ultra Sound Type of radiation used

6. Evolution of X-ray DR-Digital Radiography CR-Computerized Rad. XR (X-Ray) CT, MR, NM, PET, US, FL, Mammo, PACS Archive PACS Work station DIGITAL DIGITAL DR, CR FILM

7. Evolution of X-ray DR-Digital Radiography CR-Computerized Rad. XR (X-Ray) CT, MR, NM, PET, US, FL, Mammo, PACS Archive PACS Work station DIGITAL DIGITAL DR, CR

8. Medical Sensor Resolution and Grayscale Depth

9. Medical Sensor Resolution and Grayscale Depth

10. Displays - Sensors matching CT MR CR, DR Mammo NM US Which Display? Mono , or C o l o r ?

11. DISPLAY Resolution / Grayscale Today

12. DISPLAY Resolution / Grayscale Soon

13. DISPLAY Resolution / Grayscale Future

17. Typical Informative displays Medical Monitors Documentation Class Systems Diagnostic class Point of Care

19. DUAL Diagnostic Medical Displays Most radiologist prefer 2 x (3 MP) displays

23. AMLCDs are the Dominant Technology Laptops Desktops LCD-TV Medical displays Manufacturing infrastructure Market trend

24. Improved resolution Exponential Trend…! Medical Diagnostic

25. Improved Viewing Angles IPS, FFS, MVA, PVA – Liquid Crystal (LC) technologies

29. DICOM - Gray Scale Display Function http://medical.nema.org/dicom/2003.html DICOM GSDF

30. DICOM Gray Levels Calibration

32. Planar’s Method to Achieve More Gray Levels Display Driver Chips – 8 bits Sub-pixels Dithering – 1.5 bits Temporal Dithering – 2 bits Total = 11.5 bits Planar: 11.5bits /3061 gray levels Sub-pixels

33. Meeting DICOM Standard Gray levels A ccuracy Brightness Control LUT – Look up tables (> 10 bits) - stable Backlight Sensor (center) Better Front Sensor (corner) Need adjustment

35. Grey Level Brightness vs Horizontal Viewing Angle IPS

36. Normalized Gray Level Each curve at different viewing angle; NO INVERSION

37. Meeting Medical Standards (*) - Mandatory AAPM-TG18 DIN-6868 -57 EUREF JIS-Z4752-2 USA, Americas, R.O.W. Germany (*) , Switzerland, Austria Europe (EC) Japan

43. Future UCLA medical center (2005)

45. Departments User Information Access

46. Infotainment = Information + Entertainment Patient medical Info TV, Web, Emails Secure Paid

47. Hospital Staff Want Mobility and Connectivity Wireless (Secure) This is evolving technology Patient Information Pharmacy Physician Ref. book Schedules & Emails Images

48. Future Operating Room (OR) Presented by Dr. Falk at the UCLA-2004 conference

49. Displays Trend Map Embedded Displays (EL, LCD) Referral (1~2 MP) Desktops, Carts, Vital Screen, Digital Imaging (3, 5, 16 MP), Carts, Mammography, OR- Multi-function Video, ~20”, split screen, touch, washable, OR- Wall Displays >30”, Plasma, AMLCDs Observation Suite >30”, Video Infotainment ~19”, Video, referral, web 3D-stereo High resolution,

54. Stereo-Mirror (3D) - Concept

55. RSNA Show – Stereo Displays (3D) CT images Processed w. 3Mensio Software Planar - - SD2320 3D display Mammo Study at Emory U. Planar - - prototype 5MP-stereo