The document compares and contrasts transport policymaking institutions and processes between the UK and India. In the UK, transport policy is centralized under the Department for Transport, while in India it is spread across six central ministries. Transport projects in the UK are mainly financed centrally, while in India they require coordination between central and state governments. There are also more institutions that can influence transport policy in India compared to the UK.

1. HOW THE INSTITUTIONS AT DIFFERENT
POLICYMAKING LEVELS MAKE AND
INFLUENCE TRANSPORT POLICY
Presentation By
Surajit Bhattacharya
MSc. Transport Planning
Principal difference between
UK and INDIA
1

2. INTRODUCTION
2

3. INTRODUCTION
Map of UK Map of INDIA
England, Scotland and Noth. Ireland 28 States and 7 Union territories
Geographic area-243,610 SQK(Wikipedia) Geographic area- 3,287,263SQK (Wikipedia)
Population 2001- 58.8 million (Wikipedia) Population 2001- 1.02 billion (Census IND)
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3

4. OVERVIEW OF THE UK SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT
The United Kingdom is a
- Parliamentary democracy
- A king or queen is the head of state
- Prime minister is the head of central government.
- The people vote to elect Members of Parliament (MPs)
- Unitary system of government, meaning a system where power is
held in the centre.
- Although some powers have been devolved to Scotland, Wales and
Northern Ireland.
Governments in the UK:
Central Government - (Directly elected)
Regional Government - (Only London RDA Elected.The nine
regional government offices are to be abolished as part of plans to
devolve power to local authorities, http://londonoffices.com)
Local Government - (Directly Elected)
Source: http://www.direct.gov.uk/
4
4

5. OVERVIEW OF THE INDIAN SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT
INDIA is a
- Parliamentary democracy
- President who is the head of state
- Prime minister is the head of central government.
- The people vote in elections for Members of Parliament (MPs
States in India
- have their own elected governments
- whereas Union Territories are governed by an administrator
appointed by the president.
- The states' chief ministers function in the same way in Assembly as
the prime minister is responsible to parliament.
- Each state also has a presidentially appointed governor.
Governments in INDIA
Central Government - (Directly Elected)
State Governments - (Directly Elected)
Local Governments – ( Directly Elected)
Urban Local Bodies for urban areas and Panchayat for rural areas (by
73rd and 74th Constitutional amendment in 1992)
Source: http://india.gov.in/
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5

6. POLICY MAKING & INFLUENCING
6

7. PRE ELECTION POLICY MAKING INITIATIVE BY POLITICAL
PARTIES
Source: http://www.labour.org.uk/policydevelopmentcycle
Source: http://www.bjp.org/
Source: http://www.aicc.org.in/new/manifesto-2004.php
Source : http://www.conservatives.com
In Great Britain In India
7

8. POST ELECTION POLICY MAKING INITIATIVE BY POLITICAL PARTIES
In Great Britain In India
In India as well the
congress led coalition
government at centre
has National Common
Minimum Programme
of the Government of
India (PM’s Speech).
The coalition agreement
in the UK has the
transport portion of the
agreement containing
elements of both parties’
manifestos ( Butcher, L
2011).
8

9. UK CENTRAL GOVERNMENT VS INDIA –FOR TRANSPORT POLICY
9
UK –Department of Transport
INDIA- Ministries
Source: www.dft.gov.uk Source: http://india.gov.in/
1
2
3
4
5
6
9

10. POLICY MAKING –AT NATIONAL LEVEL UK
Transport policy is mainly, made by the team of transport ministers, led
by the Secretary of State for Transport in UK.
The Department for Transport (DfT) is the lead Government
department on this subject .
Other departments play a role in some policy areas
- Treasury (setting budgets and taxes)
- Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
(environmental policy)
- Communities and Local Government (planning policy)
- Home Office (road traffic and other transport-related offences and
the licensing of wheel clampers) ( Butcher, L 2011).
Though DfT makes transport policy for the whole of the UK but there
are some areas where European Union legislation takes precedence or
where power has been devolved.
10

11. POLICY EXAMPLE FOR THE UK
1. 1998 White Paper
2. 2007 White Paper 3. 2011 White Paper
Source : http://www.dft.gov.uk/publications
4. Localism Green paper
11

12. INSTITUTIONS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS IN THE UK – TRANSPORT POLICY
Source: Who is responsible for transport in UK, Melia, S. Black Board
12

13. INFLUENCE OF OTHER GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION ON TRANSPORT
IN UK
Budget and Taxes Environmental Policy
Planning Policy transport-related offences
13

14. POLICY MAKING –AT NATIONAL LEVEL INDIA
In India there are six central government ministries responsible for
the framing of transport policies as under:
Ministry of Unban Development -Urban Transport
Ministry of Railway - Railway Transport
Ministry of Civil Aviation - Aviation
Ministry of Road Transport & Highways - Road Transport
Ministry of Shipping - Shipping
Ministry of Rural Development - Rural Roads
Other departments play a role in policy areas
Planning Commission - National Policy Guidelines for 5
year Plan (Ex-12th 5 year Plan)
Ministry of Finance - Budget and taxation (except
railway, rail budget is separate)
Ministry of Environment & Forest - Environment Policy
State Governments -State Policy Proposal
14
14

15. POLICY EXAMPLE FOR INDA
National Urban
Transport Policy
Railway White
Paper
Planning Commission
policy
Planning Commission
policy
Source: http://www.urbanindia.nic.in/
Source: http://www.indianrailways.gov.in
Source: http://planningcommission.nic.in/
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16. Public Works
Department
State road & state
Highways
Dept of Urban Devmt.
For new development
Dept. of Transport
Licensing (Motorised
Vehc.) , State Bus sev.
National
Urban
Transport
(within City)
Inland and
Internation
al Shipping
Interstate
Rail
transport
and
suburban
railways in 4
mega cities
Aviation
domestic
and
international
Inter State
Highway
Transport
INSTITUTIONS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS IN INDIA – TRANSPORT POLICY
Level 1- Central Government Ministries
Level 2- State Government Departments
Rural
Roads
City Roads, City Parking, Licensing of Non Motorised Vehicles
Level 3-Urban/ Rural Local Bodies 16

17. INFLUENCE OF OTHER GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION ON TRANSPORT
IN INDIA
National Policy Guideline Budget Taxation
Environmental Policy State Policy
Transport
State Governments
of India
17

18. FINANCING AND FUNDING
18

19. FINANCING TRANSPORT PROJECT
Funding of Transport projects
mainly by Central government
except in some occasion by
Local government subject to
arrangement of finance.
Special schemes of National
importance are financed by
Central Government like High
Speed Rail (HSR).
Funding of Rail, Aviation,
National Highways, Sea Ports
and schemes under 5 year plan
(Capital Investments in nature)
are financed by Central Govt.
State transport projects are
financed by respective State
Governments and also that of
Local Bodies.
Special schemes announced
by Central Government are
financed by them like Jawahal
ala Nehru National Urban
Renewal Mission (JNNURM)
Great Britain India
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20. PRINCIPAL DIFFERENCES
20

21. PRINCIPAL DIFFERENCES
Policy Making National Level
One Institution i.e Department of
Transport is responsible for Rail,
Road, Aviation and Shipping.
Policy Making at Regional Level
Regional Government at regional
level. Three key overarching bodies
in each region (outside of London)
are the Government Office, the
Regional Assembly and the
Regional Development Agency
Institutions Influencing Policy
- Treasury, Department for the
Environment, Food and Rural
Affairs, Communities and Local
Government and Home Office
influence Transport Policy.
Policy Making National Level
Six different Central Government
Ministries are responsible for
Transport Policies apart from the
State Government.
Policy Making at State Level
As state transport is state subject,
state transport policies are framed
by State Governments and that of
Local Bodies
Institutions Influencing Policy
- Planning Commission, Ministry of
Finance, Ministry of Environment
and State Governments at National
Level.
Great Britain India
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22. PRINCIPAL DIFFERENCES
Finance and Funding
Transport Projects are mainly
Financed by the Central.
Finance and Funding
Those which are Central
Government subjects with in
Transport sector are financed by
Central Governments
Planned expenditure (Capital
Investment in nature are also
financed by Central Government
approved by Planning Commission
and National Development Council.
Great Britain India
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23. CONCLUSION
23

24. CONCLUSION
Multiplicity of Institutions in India in the transport sector
compared to a few in the United Kingdom.
Process of financing in India is very complex compared
to that in the United Kingdom.
Many a time State Policies are not aligned with that of
Central Government as state transport is a State subject
and more dependant on political atmosphere. Better
coordination between same party being in Centre and
State Government India.
As the at the completion of the five year plan the,
projects under Plan Expenditure become States Project
and are then put under the Non Plan Expenditure.
Because ever increasing of such projects, States have
little to initiate new projects. 24

25. REFERENCES
Butcher, L. (2011) Transport policy in 2011: a new direction? Research Paper
11/22, House of Commons, pp. 1-57
India. Planning Commission (2011) Low Carbon Strategies
for Inclusive Growth India: Government of India.
India. Ministry of Railway (2009) White Paper On Indian Railways India:
Government of India.
India. Planning Commission (2012) Faster, Sustainable and More Inclusive
Growth: India Government of India.
Melia, S. (2011). Transport Administration, Who is Responsible for Transport in
the UK? Available from: https://my.uwe.ac.uk/ [Accessed 27 April 2012].
India. Ministry Urban Development (2010) Institutional Framework for Urban
Transport India: Government of India.
Singh, S. (2005) Review of Urban Transportation in India. Journal of Public
Transportation. Vol. 8,. (no.1), pp. 79-97
TRL, Transport Research Laboratory (2010) UK transport policy – update (2008–
2010). Crowthorne House, Nine Mile Ride, Wokingham, Berkshire, RG40 3GA
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26. Department of Transport (2012) http://www.dft.gov.uk/ [Accessed 27 March 2012].
Department of Communication & Local Government (2012)
http://www.communities.gov.uk [Accessed 27 March 2012].
Department of Environment Food and Rural Affairs (2012) http://www.defra.gov.uk/
[Accessed 27 March 2012]
Government of West Bengal (2012)/ http://www.westbengal.gov.in [Accessed 31 March
2012]
H M Treasury (2012) http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/ [Accessed 27 March 2012]
Home Office (2012) http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/ [Accessed 27 March 2012]
Kolkata Municipal Corporation (2012)/ https://www.kmcgov.in [Accessed 31 March 2012]
National website of India (2012) http://india.gov.in [Accessed 30 March 2012]
National Website The UK (2012) http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/index.htm [Accessed 30
March 2012]
Ministry of Railway (2012) http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/ [Accessed 29 March 2012]
Ministry of Civil Aviation(2012) http://www.civilaviation.gov.in [Accessed 29 March 2012]
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (2012) http://morth.nic.in/ [Accessed 29 March
2012]
Ministry of Shipping (2012) http://shipping.nic.in/ [Accessed 29 March 2012]
Ministry of Urban Development (2012) http://shipping.nic.in/ [Accessed 29 March 2012]
Ministry of Rural Development (2012) http://rural.nic.in / [Accessed 29 March 2012]
Ministry of Environment and Forest (2012)/ http://moef.nic.in/index.php [Accessed 30
March 2012]
Planning Commission (2012) http://planningcommission.nic.in/ [Accessed 30 March 2012]
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