Transport Across Membranes
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This document summarizes various methods of transport across cell membranes, including: - Diffusion, the passive movement of particles down a concentration gradient. Facilitated diffusion uses transport proteins to assist diffusion. - Osmosis, the diffusion of water across a partially permeable membrane down a water potential gradient. Water moves from high to low water potential areas. - Active transport, which works against concentration gradients and requires energy (ATP). It uses protein pumps like the sodium-potassium pump and is used to absorb nutrients in the kidneys. - Endocytosis and exocytosis, which provide bulk transport into and out of cells through vesicle formation and fusion with the cell membrane. Endocytosis includes phagocytosis and
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1. Cells require genetic material, metabolic machinery, and a cell membrane. Metabolism has two phases: anabolism which builds molecules and is energy-storing, and catabolism which breaks down molecules and is energy-releasing.
2. Materials enter and exit cells through active and passive transport. Active transport requires energy and carrier proteins while passive transport does not. Diffusion and osmosis are types of passive transport.
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The document provides an overview of membrane structure and function:
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The plasma membrane functions as a barrier and for signal transmission. It is composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, integral proteins, and peripheral proteins. Passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis move substances down their concentration gradients without energy use. Active transport mechanisms like primary and secondary active transport move substances against their gradients by utilizing energy. Bulk transport mechanisms of endocytosis and exocytosis transport larger particles and molecules into and out of the cell.
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1. Cell membranes form fluid barriers that regulate what moves in and out of cells using transport mechanisms like passive diffusion and active transport.
2. Passive transport relies on concentration gradients and includes diffusion and osmosis, while active transport uses membrane proteins and ATP to move molecules against a gradient.
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This document summarizes various transport mechanisms across cell membranes, including passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and facilitated diffusion, as well as active transport mechanisms like primary and secondary active transport. Passive transport involves the movement of molecules down their concentration gradient without energy usage, while active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient and requires energy. Bulk transport methods like endocytosis and exocytosis also transport larger particles and molecules into and out of cells.
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2) Active transport mechanisms like primary and secondary active transport which move molecules against their concentration gradient and require energy in the form of ATP.
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