Reference, Sense, and Referring Expression in SemanticsErsa Dewana
This document discusses reference, sense, and referring expressions in semantics. It defines semantics as the study of meaning in language. Reference deals with the relationship between language and the world, while sense deals with relationships inside language. There are two types of reference: variable reference, where a word can refer to different things, and constant reference, where a word always refers to the same thing. Sense is the place of an expression in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions. A referring expression is any expression used to refer to something, and can be indefinite or definite depending on the context. Opaque contexts and equative sentences are also discussed in relation to referring expressions.
This document discusses concepts of equivalence and similarity in translation. It begins by defining equivalence and similarity, noting that similarity is not necessarily symmetrical, reversible, or transitive. It then examines approaches to equivalence in translation theory, including the equative view, taxonomic view, and relativist view which rejects equivalence as an identity assumption. Models of equivalence proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet, Jakobson, and Nida are outlined, noting tensions between formal correspondence and dynamic equivalence. The document emphasizes that equivalence is a complex concept that depends on context and perspective.
Chapter 10 style, context and registerrebassabouri
The document discusses style, register, and context in language. It makes the following key points:
1. Style refers to the level of formality in speech, while register is a way of speaking associated with an occupational or activity group. Context refers to the words surrounding a part of discourse that help determine its meaning.
2. Accommodation theory suggests speakers adjust their speech, converging or diverging, based on the addressee. Convergence involves matching the speech of the addressee, while divergence emphasizes differences.
3. Context and the addressee influence speech style. Formal contexts require formal styles, while informal contexts allow casual styles. Age, social roles, and status also
The document discusses various translation strategies used by translators. It describes global translation strategies that determine how close a translation is to the original text, including word-for-word, literal, faithful, and semantic translations. It also discusses local translation strategies at the word or phrase level, such as direct strategies like literal translation and indirect strategies like equivalence translation, shifts in grammar or viewpoint, and componential analysis to describe concepts. The strategies aim to balance accurate meaning with natural language in the target text culture and language.
This document summarizes the development of linguistic translation theory from ancient times to the present. It traces the evolution of translation practices and theories through different historical periods and scholars. Some of the key developments discussed include:
- 5th century BC - Early translations focused on literal translation with no established theory.
- 16th century - Martin Luther and others advocated for sense-based "meaning for meaning" translations to make religious texts more accessible.
- 17th century - Scholars like Dryden discussed different translation methods like metaphrase (literal) and paraphrase (free).
- 20th century - Structural linguistics theories focused on language as a system of signs, influencing scholars like Jakobson
Co-text refers to the words surrounding a particular word or passage within a text that provide context and help determine meaning. For example, the words "door", "keyboard", and "the problem" provide co-text for the meaning of the word "key". Co-text refers to the linguistic environment of a word, while context refers to the non-verbal environment in which a word is used, such as images that could help explain the meaning of the word "goal". Understanding the co-text surrounding a word, such as verbs that commonly occur with "goal", can help English learners use that word properly.
Reference, Sense, and Referring Expression in SemanticsErsa Dewana
This document discusses reference, sense, and referring expressions in semantics. It defines semantics as the study of meaning in language. Reference deals with the relationship between language and the world, while sense deals with relationships inside language. There are two types of reference: variable reference, where a word can refer to different things, and constant reference, where a word always refers to the same thing. Sense is the place of an expression in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions. A referring expression is any expression used to refer to something, and can be indefinite or definite depending on the context. Opaque contexts and equative sentences are also discussed in relation to referring expressions.
This document discusses concepts of equivalence and similarity in translation. It begins by defining equivalence and similarity, noting that similarity is not necessarily symmetrical, reversible, or transitive. It then examines approaches to equivalence in translation theory, including the equative view, taxonomic view, and relativist view which rejects equivalence as an identity assumption. Models of equivalence proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet, Jakobson, and Nida are outlined, noting tensions between formal correspondence and dynamic equivalence. The document emphasizes that equivalence is a complex concept that depends on context and perspective.
Chapter 10 style, context and registerrebassabouri
The document discusses style, register, and context in language. It makes the following key points:
1. Style refers to the level of formality in speech, while register is a way of speaking associated with an occupational or activity group. Context refers to the words surrounding a part of discourse that help determine its meaning.
2. Accommodation theory suggests speakers adjust their speech, converging or diverging, based on the addressee. Convergence involves matching the speech of the addressee, while divergence emphasizes differences.
3. Context and the addressee influence speech style. Formal contexts require formal styles, while informal contexts allow casual styles. Age, social roles, and status also
The document discusses various translation strategies used by translators. It describes global translation strategies that determine how close a translation is to the original text, including word-for-word, literal, faithful, and semantic translations. It also discusses local translation strategies at the word or phrase level, such as direct strategies like literal translation and indirect strategies like equivalence translation, shifts in grammar or viewpoint, and componential analysis to describe concepts. The strategies aim to balance accurate meaning with natural language in the target text culture and language.
This document summarizes the development of linguistic translation theory from ancient times to the present. It traces the evolution of translation practices and theories through different historical periods and scholars. Some of the key developments discussed include:
- 5th century BC - Early translations focused on literal translation with no established theory.
- 16th century - Martin Luther and others advocated for sense-based "meaning for meaning" translations to make religious texts more accessible.
- 17th century - Scholars like Dryden discussed different translation methods like metaphrase (literal) and paraphrase (free).
- 20th century - Structural linguistics theories focused on language as a system of signs, influencing scholars like Jakobson
Co-text refers to the words surrounding a particular word or passage within a text that provide context and help determine meaning. For example, the words "door", "keyboard", and "the problem" provide co-text for the meaning of the word "key". Co-text refers to the linguistic environment of a word, while context refers to the non-verbal environment in which a word is used, such as images that could help explain the meaning of the word "goal". Understanding the co-text surrounding a word, such as verbs that commonly occur with "goal", can help English learners use that word properly.
There are eight types of translation: word-for-word, literal, faithful, semantic, adaptive, free, idiomatic, and communicative. Word-for-word translation maintains the source language word order and translates words based on their most common meanings. Faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original while preserving grammatical and lexical deviations. Communicative translation renders the exact contextual meaning in a way that is readily acceptable and comprehensible to the target readership.
1. Penerjemahan merupakan proses penting dalam era globalisasi untuk memfasilitasi komunikasi antarbangsa. Namun, terdapat berbagai kesulitan yang dihadapi penerjemah.
2. Kesulitan utama meliputi perbedaan makna kata antarbahasa dan konteks sosial-budaya yang berbeda. Penerjemah harus mampu menangkap makna sebenarnya dari teks sumber dan menerjemahkannya secara tepat ke bahasa sasaran.
We all use grammar from the time that we can speak in intelligible sentences, because Grammar deals with the abstract system of rules in terms of which a person’s mastery of his native language can be explained. We assume that it all happens naturally and are only confronted with the need to understand and define how English works when we learn another language or attempt to teach English to others. so, let us see about functional grammar.
This document discusses language maintenance and shift. It defines language maintenance as the continuing use of a minority language in the face of a dominant language, while language shift refers to one language displacing another in a community's linguistic repertoire. The document then examines factors that can contribute to language shift, including the prestige of the dominant language, economic pressures, and institutional domains like schools. It analyzes language shift patterns among migrant minorities, non-migrant minorities, and migrant majorities. Finally, it discusses factors that accelerate language shift and ways that minority languages can be maintained, such as through community ties, contact with homelands, institutional support, and positive language attitudes.
Sociolinguistics - Chapter Two - Language choice in multilingual communitiesAyu Retno Aditya
This document discusses language choice and code switching in multilingual communities. It defines code switching as alternating between two or more languages in discourse, with one language typically dominant. Code mixing occurs when speakers use two languages below the clause level. The codes chosen convey how the speaker wishes to be viewed by others. Diglossia refers to using distinct language varieties for different social functions, with the "high" variety not used in everyday conversation. Code switching is intentional based on factors like topic or audience, while code mixing has no specific purpose and inserts words from another language.
Semantics is the study of meaning in language. It examines how meaning is constructed and interpreted through symbols like words, phrases, and context. Key areas of semantic theory include symbol and referent relationships, conceptions of meaning, ambiguity, metaphor, semantic change over time, and pragmatics. The field is concerned with the meaning of linguistic units from individual morphemes and words up to entire texts, and how context influences interpretation. Studying semantics is essential for understanding language acquisition, variation, and use in social and cultural contexts.
The document defines inter-language as the language system produced by second and foreign language learners who are in the process of learning a new language. Inter-language develops based on rules from the learner's first language and the target language, and may not reflect features of either. The inter-language system changes over time as rules are altered, deleted, or added. Learners progress through stages from early approximations of the target language to later intermediate and final stages. Fossilization occurs when errors become impossible to correct despite ability and motivation.
This document discusses the linguistic concepts of dialect, register, and style. It defines register as varieties of language defined by their social use, such as the registers of scientific or religious language. Dialect refers to varieties according to the user. The document explores the relationships and overlaps between these concepts. It examines factors that influence register, such as formality, topic, and social roles. Models of analyzing registers along dimensions like field, mode, and tenor are discussed. The principles of stylistic variation and how style relates to formality are also summarized.
Cognitive Approaches to Second Language AcquisitionOla Sayed Ahmed
This document provides an overview of cognitive approaches to second language acquisition (SLA). It discusses two main groups of cognitive theorists: processing approaches and emergentist/constructionist approaches. Processing approaches investigate how learners process linguistic information and develop this ability over time, focusing on computational dimensions of language learning. Emergentist approaches see language development as driven by associative learning from communicative needs and patterns in language input. Specific cognitive models discussed include McLaughlin's information processing model, Anderson's ACT model, and Pienemann's processability theory. The document also covers Slobin's perceptual saliency approach and its operating principles for first and second language acquisition.
Selecting and grading product orientated syllabusNoveera Jaffar
This document discusses product-oriented or grammatical syllabuses. It explains that product-oriented syllabuses focus on the knowledge and skills learners should gain through instruction. They are based on grammatical structures and organize language learning around the sequencing of grammatical items from simple to complex. The document also discusses different approaches to selecting and grading grammatical structures in a syllabus and compares analytic and synthetic methods.
The document discusses various types and theories of presupposition. It defines presupposition as information that a speaker assumes is already known by listeners. There are different types of presuppositions triggered by lexical items and grammatical constructions, such as existential, factive, and structural presuppositions. Theories view presupposition as either a property of sentences (semantic view) or of speaker beliefs (pragmatic view). Presuppositions are assumed to be part of the common ground between speakers but can be introduced through accommodation.
The document discusses corpus linguistics and different types of corpora. It defines corpus linguistics as the study of language based on large collections of electronic texts, known as corpora. It describes general corpora, specialized corpora, historical/diachronic corpora, regional corpora, learner corpora, multilingual corpora, comparable corpora, and parallel corpora. It also discusses corpus annotation, concordancing, frequency and keyword lists, collocation, and software used for corpus analysis.
Sociolinguistics and Language TeachingSheng Nuesca
Language teaching is connected with sociolinguistics in many ways. Different social factors affect language teaching and language learning.
Social factors such as situation, context, and social setting that has roles in language teaching. It describes the main factors which influence linguistic choices and explains how well contemporary teaching can take account of them.
SOCIOLINGUISTIC - EXPLAINATION OF WOMEN’S LINGUISTIC BEHAVIOURayu_melati01
This document presents three explanations for why women use more standard linguistic forms than men:
1) The social status explanation - women are more status-conscious and use standard forms to signal their social class or status. A study found women in paid employment used more standard forms than women who stayed home.
2) Women's role as guardians of society's values - Some believe women are expected to uphold "better" social behaviors. An early settler encouraged men to behave as if a lady statue was watching to remain civilized.
3) Subordinate groups must be polite - Women may use standard forms more to protect their own face and the faces of those they interact with, as a subordinate group.
This document outlines areas of research in translation studies, including text analysis and translation quality assessment, genre translation, multimedia translation, translation history, and the translation process. It discusses both conceptual and empirical research. Empirical research uses methodology like quantitative and qualitative methods, case studies, corpus studies, text analysis, and interviews. Research questions can be exploratory to understand what is happening, or descriptive to analyze translations and understand patterns. Hypotheses are used if researchers want to generalize findings.
Systemic functional linguistics (SFL) views language as a social semiotic system used to exchange meanings in social contexts. SFL was developed by Michael Halliday to study the relationship between language and its functions in social settings. It treats grammar as a meaning-making resource and considers how language evolves under the pressure of functions it must serve in society. SFL analyzes language through three metafunctions - the ideational to express experience, the interpersonal to enact social relationships, and the textual to create coherent messages.
The role of universal grammar in first and second language acquisitionSajjad Zehri
Universal Grammar (UG) refers to the innate linguistic principles that are shared across all human languages. While UG plays a significant role in first language acquisition, its role in second language acquisition is more limited according to several theories. Native language has a major influence on second language acquisition, and there are fundamental differences between how children and adults acquire language as outlined in Bley-Vorman's Fundamental Difference Hypothesis. UG may influence second language acquisition indirectly through the influence of native language grammar rather than acting directly on the learning process.
The document summarizes Savory's views on translation from his book The Art of Translation. According to Savory, a good translation should read like an original work and capture the freshness of the original while being easy to read. A translator must understand not just the words but the intended meaning behind the original text. Savory believes it is important for a translator to be familiar with the original work and culture to best convey the author's message and experience to a new audience. There are various schools of thought on the principles of translation, and Savory outlines differing opinions on whether a translation should strictly follow the words, ideas, style or allow additions from the translator.
The history of Standard English and the issues and implications of Standard English in the classroom and life. The confusion between Standard English and Received Pronunciation. http://spellingblog.howtospell.co.uk/
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pilihan kata yang tepat dalam penyusunan kalimat dan penggunaan bahasa yang baik dan benar, mulai dari makna kata, sinonim, kata umum dan khusus, perubahan makna kata, ejaan mirip, hingga unsur-unsur kalimat efektif."
There are eight types of translation: word-for-word, literal, faithful, semantic, adaptive, free, idiomatic, and communicative. Word-for-word translation maintains the source language word order and translates words based on their most common meanings. Faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original while preserving grammatical and lexical deviations. Communicative translation renders the exact contextual meaning in a way that is readily acceptable and comprehensible to the target readership.
1. Penerjemahan merupakan proses penting dalam era globalisasi untuk memfasilitasi komunikasi antarbangsa. Namun, terdapat berbagai kesulitan yang dihadapi penerjemah.
2. Kesulitan utama meliputi perbedaan makna kata antarbahasa dan konteks sosial-budaya yang berbeda. Penerjemah harus mampu menangkap makna sebenarnya dari teks sumber dan menerjemahkannya secara tepat ke bahasa sasaran.
We all use grammar from the time that we can speak in intelligible sentences, because Grammar deals with the abstract system of rules in terms of which a person’s mastery of his native language can be explained. We assume that it all happens naturally and are only confronted with the need to understand and define how English works when we learn another language or attempt to teach English to others. so, let us see about functional grammar.
This document discusses language maintenance and shift. It defines language maintenance as the continuing use of a minority language in the face of a dominant language, while language shift refers to one language displacing another in a community's linguistic repertoire. The document then examines factors that can contribute to language shift, including the prestige of the dominant language, economic pressures, and institutional domains like schools. It analyzes language shift patterns among migrant minorities, non-migrant minorities, and migrant majorities. Finally, it discusses factors that accelerate language shift and ways that minority languages can be maintained, such as through community ties, contact with homelands, institutional support, and positive language attitudes.
Sociolinguistics - Chapter Two - Language choice in multilingual communitiesAyu Retno Aditya
This document discusses language choice and code switching in multilingual communities. It defines code switching as alternating between two or more languages in discourse, with one language typically dominant. Code mixing occurs when speakers use two languages below the clause level. The codes chosen convey how the speaker wishes to be viewed by others. Diglossia refers to using distinct language varieties for different social functions, with the "high" variety not used in everyday conversation. Code switching is intentional based on factors like topic or audience, while code mixing has no specific purpose and inserts words from another language.
Semantics is the study of meaning in language. It examines how meaning is constructed and interpreted through symbols like words, phrases, and context. Key areas of semantic theory include symbol and referent relationships, conceptions of meaning, ambiguity, metaphor, semantic change over time, and pragmatics. The field is concerned with the meaning of linguistic units from individual morphemes and words up to entire texts, and how context influences interpretation. Studying semantics is essential for understanding language acquisition, variation, and use in social and cultural contexts.
The document defines inter-language as the language system produced by second and foreign language learners who are in the process of learning a new language. Inter-language develops based on rules from the learner's first language and the target language, and may not reflect features of either. The inter-language system changes over time as rules are altered, deleted, or added. Learners progress through stages from early approximations of the target language to later intermediate and final stages. Fossilization occurs when errors become impossible to correct despite ability and motivation.
This document discusses the linguistic concepts of dialect, register, and style. It defines register as varieties of language defined by their social use, such as the registers of scientific or religious language. Dialect refers to varieties according to the user. The document explores the relationships and overlaps between these concepts. It examines factors that influence register, such as formality, topic, and social roles. Models of analyzing registers along dimensions like field, mode, and tenor are discussed. The principles of stylistic variation and how style relates to formality are also summarized.
Cognitive Approaches to Second Language AcquisitionOla Sayed Ahmed
This document provides an overview of cognitive approaches to second language acquisition (SLA). It discusses two main groups of cognitive theorists: processing approaches and emergentist/constructionist approaches. Processing approaches investigate how learners process linguistic information and develop this ability over time, focusing on computational dimensions of language learning. Emergentist approaches see language development as driven by associative learning from communicative needs and patterns in language input. Specific cognitive models discussed include McLaughlin's information processing model, Anderson's ACT model, and Pienemann's processability theory. The document also covers Slobin's perceptual saliency approach and its operating principles for first and second language acquisition.
Selecting and grading product orientated syllabusNoveera Jaffar
This document discusses product-oriented or grammatical syllabuses. It explains that product-oriented syllabuses focus on the knowledge and skills learners should gain through instruction. They are based on grammatical structures and organize language learning around the sequencing of grammatical items from simple to complex. The document also discusses different approaches to selecting and grading grammatical structures in a syllabus and compares analytic and synthetic methods.
The document discusses various types and theories of presupposition. It defines presupposition as information that a speaker assumes is already known by listeners. There are different types of presuppositions triggered by lexical items and grammatical constructions, such as existential, factive, and structural presuppositions. Theories view presupposition as either a property of sentences (semantic view) or of speaker beliefs (pragmatic view). Presuppositions are assumed to be part of the common ground between speakers but can be introduced through accommodation.
The document discusses corpus linguistics and different types of corpora. It defines corpus linguistics as the study of language based on large collections of electronic texts, known as corpora. It describes general corpora, specialized corpora, historical/diachronic corpora, regional corpora, learner corpora, multilingual corpora, comparable corpora, and parallel corpora. It also discusses corpus annotation, concordancing, frequency and keyword lists, collocation, and software used for corpus analysis.
Sociolinguistics and Language TeachingSheng Nuesca
Language teaching is connected with sociolinguistics in many ways. Different social factors affect language teaching and language learning.
Social factors such as situation, context, and social setting that has roles in language teaching. It describes the main factors which influence linguistic choices and explains how well contemporary teaching can take account of them.
SOCIOLINGUISTIC - EXPLAINATION OF WOMEN’S LINGUISTIC BEHAVIOURayu_melati01
This document presents three explanations for why women use more standard linguistic forms than men:
1) The social status explanation - women are more status-conscious and use standard forms to signal their social class or status. A study found women in paid employment used more standard forms than women who stayed home.
2) Women's role as guardians of society's values - Some believe women are expected to uphold "better" social behaviors. An early settler encouraged men to behave as if a lady statue was watching to remain civilized.
3) Subordinate groups must be polite - Women may use standard forms more to protect their own face and the faces of those they interact with, as a subordinate group.
This document outlines areas of research in translation studies, including text analysis and translation quality assessment, genre translation, multimedia translation, translation history, and the translation process. It discusses both conceptual and empirical research. Empirical research uses methodology like quantitative and qualitative methods, case studies, corpus studies, text analysis, and interviews. Research questions can be exploratory to understand what is happening, or descriptive to analyze translations and understand patterns. Hypotheses are used if researchers want to generalize findings.
Systemic functional linguistics (SFL) views language as a social semiotic system used to exchange meanings in social contexts. SFL was developed by Michael Halliday to study the relationship between language and its functions in social settings. It treats grammar as a meaning-making resource and considers how language evolves under the pressure of functions it must serve in society. SFL analyzes language through three metafunctions - the ideational to express experience, the interpersonal to enact social relationships, and the textual to create coherent messages.
The role of universal grammar in first and second language acquisitionSajjad Zehri
Universal Grammar (UG) refers to the innate linguistic principles that are shared across all human languages. While UG plays a significant role in first language acquisition, its role in second language acquisition is more limited according to several theories. Native language has a major influence on second language acquisition, and there are fundamental differences between how children and adults acquire language as outlined in Bley-Vorman's Fundamental Difference Hypothesis. UG may influence second language acquisition indirectly through the influence of native language grammar rather than acting directly on the learning process.
The document summarizes Savory's views on translation from his book The Art of Translation. According to Savory, a good translation should read like an original work and capture the freshness of the original while being easy to read. A translator must understand not just the words but the intended meaning behind the original text. Savory believes it is important for a translator to be familiar with the original work and culture to best convey the author's message and experience to a new audience. There are various schools of thought on the principles of translation, and Savory outlines differing opinions on whether a translation should strictly follow the words, ideas, style or allow additions from the translator.
The history of Standard English and the issues and implications of Standard English in the classroom and life. The confusion between Standard English and Received Pronunciation. http://spellingblog.howtospell.co.uk/
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pilihan kata yang tepat dalam penyusunan kalimat dan penggunaan bahasa yang baik dan benar, mulai dari makna kata, sinonim, kata umum dan khusus, perubahan makna kata, ejaan mirip, hingga unsur-unsur kalimat efektif."
Ciri Kebahasaan Ragam Formal Bahasa Indonesia KeilmuanYunita Siswanti
Ragam formal adalah ragam bahasa yang mengikuti aturan kebahasaan dan digunakan dalam situasi resmi seperti komunikasi resmi, wacana teknis, pembicaraan di depan umum, dan pembicaraan dengan orang yang dihormati. Ciri ragam formal antara lain penggunaan kosakata dan bentuk kata yang lebih baku serta kejelasan unsur kalimat.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pengertian dan unsur-unsur kalimat, serta pola dan ciri-ciri kalimat yang efektif. Kalimat didefinisikan sebagai satuan bahasa terkecil yang mengandung makna lengkap, dan terdiri atas subjek, predikat, serta unsur-unsur pelengkap seperti objek dan keterangan. Kalimat efektif harus memiliki kesatuan gagasan dan tanda baca yang tepat untuk menyampaikan makna
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pengertian dan unsur-unsur kalimat, serta pola dan ciri-ciri kalimat yang efektif. Pengertian kalimat dijelaskan melalui definisi dari para ahli bahasa, sedangkan unsur-unsur kalimat mencakup subjek, predikat, pelengkap, dan sebagainya. Kemudian dibahas pula pola-pola kalimat dan ciri-ciri kalimat yang efektif seperti memiliki kesatuan
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang mata kuliah Tata Tulis Karya Ilmiah (TTKI) yang mencakup pentingnya TTKI, TTKI di perguruan tinggi, syarat dan subjek TTKI, serta jenis-jenis karangan ilmiah. Dokumen ini juga menjelaskan syarat-syarat kebahasaan dalam penulisan karangan ilmiah seperti bahasa yang baku, logis, kuantitatif, tepat, denotatif, ringkas, dan runtun.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pengertian dan ciri-ciri kalimat efektif, yang meliputi kesepadanan struktur, keparalelan bentuk, kehematan kata, kecermatan penalaran, kepaduan gagasan, dan kelogisan bahasa. Kalimat efektif adalah kalimat yang disusun berdasarkan kaidah-kaidah tata bahasa yang baik dan benar serta memilih kata dan struktur yang mudah dipahami oleh pembaca.
Makalah ini membahas tentang kalimat, termasuk pengertian kalimat, unsur-unsur yang membentuk kalimat, jenis-jenis kalimat, kalimat efektif, dan kesalahan dalam kalimat.
Makalah ini membahas tentang kalimat dalam bahasa Indonesia. Ia menjelaskan pengertian kalimat, unsur-unsur yang membentuk kalimat, jenis-jenis kalimat berdasarkan struktur dan fungsinya, serta contoh-contoh kalimat.
Pengertian Kalimat dan Klasifikasi Kalimat.pdfZukét Printing
Makalah ini membahas tentang pengertian dan klasifikasi kalimat. Pengertian kalimat dijelaskan sebagai satuan bahasa terkecil yang dapat berdiri sendiri dan mempunyai intonasi di akhir. Kalimat diklasifikasikan menjadi empat jenis, yaitu berdasarkan peran subjek dan predikat, jumlah klausa, bentuk sintaksis, dan cara penyampaian.
Makalah ini membahas tentang pembentukan kata dan kalimat dalam bahasa Indonesia. Terdiri dari bab pendahuluan, pembahasan, dan penutup. Bab pembahasan menjelaskan proses pembentukan kata melalui afiksasi, reduplikasi, dan komposisi. Jenis afiks yang umum digunakan diantaranya adalah awalan, akhiran, dan sirkumfiks. Pembentukan kalimat melibatkan unsur subjek, predikat, objek
Makalah ini membahas tentang pembentukan kata dan kalimat dalam bahasa Indonesia. Terdiri dari bab pendahuluan, pembahasan, dan penutup. Bab pembahasan menjelaskan proses pembentukan kata melalui afiksasi, reduplikasi, dan komposisi. Jenis afiks yang dibahas meliputi awalan, akhiran, dan sirkumfiks. Bab ini juga menjelaskan bagian-bagian kata dan proses pembentukan kalimat.
Makalah bahasa indonesia kalimat efektifwahyu islami
Makalah ini membahas tentang kalimat efektif dengan menjelaskan pengertian, ciri-ciri, dan contoh kalimat efektif dan tidak efektif. Beberapa ciri kalimat efektif yang dijelaskan adalah kesepadanan subjek dan predikat, ide pokok, penggunaan partikel, dan kesejajaran struktur kalimat."
Buku ini membahas tentang penggunaan dan tata tulis ejaan bahasa Indonesia, termasuk pelafalan, penulisan huruf dan kata, penulisan unsur serapan, singkatan, dan tanda baca. Juga dibahas tentang pemilihan kata, pembentukan kalimat, pembentukan paragraf, dan pengenalan karya ilmiah. Buku ini bertujuan membantu memahami aturan penulisan bahasa Indonesia yang benar dan efektif.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang penulisan karya tulis ilmiah dan syarat-syarat kebahasaannya seperti penggunaan bahasa yang baku, logis, kuantitatif, tepat, dan ringkas. Juga membahas tentang ejaan, penulisan kata, unsur serapan, dan pemakaian tanda baca.
Paper ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pencemaran udara akibat pabrik aspal. Analisis ini akan fokus pada emisi udara yang dihasilkan oleh pabrik aspal, dampak kesehatan dan lingkungan dari emisi tersebut, dan upaya yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengurangi pencemaran udara
Ppt landasan pendidikan Pai 9 _20240604_231000_0000.pdffadlurrahman260903
Ppt landasan pendidikan tentang pendidikan seumur hidup.
Prodi pendidikan agama Islam
Fakultas tarbiyah dan ilmu keguruan
Universitas Islam negeri syekh Ali Hasan Ahmad addary Padangsidimpuan
Pendidikan sepanjang hayat atau pendidikan seumur hidup adalah sebuah system konsepkonsep pendidikan yang menerangkan keseluruhan peristiwa-peristiwa kegiatan belajarmengajar yang berlangsung dalam keseluruhan kehidupan manusia. Pendidikan sepanjang
hayat memandang jauh ke depan, berusaha untuk menghasilkan manusia dan masyarakat yang
baru, merupakan suatu proyek masyarakat yang sangat besar. Pendidikan sepanjang hayat
merupakan asas pendidikan yang cocok bagi orang-orang yang hidup dalam dunia
transformasi dan informasi, yaitu masyarakat modern. Manusia harus lebih bisa menyesuaikan
dirinya secara terus menerus dengan situasi yang baru.
Modul Ajar Bahasa Inggris Kelas 10 Fase E Kurikulum MerdekaFathan Emran
Modul Ajar Bahasa Inggris Kelas 10 SMA/MA Fase E Kurikulum Merdeka - abdiera.com. Modul Ajar Bahasa Inggris Kelas 10 SMA/MA Fase E Kurikulum Merdeka. Modul Ajar Bahasa Inggris Kelas 10 SMA/MA Fase E Kurikulum Merdeka.
Workshop "CSR & Community Development (ISO 26000)"_di BALI, 26-28 Juni 2024Kanaidi ken
Dlm wktu dekat, Pelatihan/WORKSHOP ”CSR/TJSL & Community Development (ISO 26000)” akn diselenggarakan di Swiss-BelHotel – BALI (26-28 Juni 2024)...
Dgn materi yg mupuni & Narasumber yg kompeten...akn banyak manfaat dan keuntungan yg didpt mengikuti Pelatihan menarik ini.
Boleh jga info ini👆 utk dishare_kan lgi kpda tmn2 lain/sanak keluarga yg sekiranya membutuhkan training tsb.
Smga Bermanfaat
Thanks Ken Kanaidi
Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 7 Fase D Kurikulum Merdeka - [abdiera.com]Fathan Emran
Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 7 SMP/MTs Fase D Kurikulum Merdeka - abdiera.com. Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 7 SMP/MTs Fase D Kurikulum Merdeka. Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 7 SMP/MTs Fase D Kurikulum Merdeka. Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 7 SMP/MTs Fase D Kurikulum Merdeka. Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 7 SMP/MTs Fase D Kurikulum Merdeka. Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 7 SMP/MTs Fase D Kurikulum Merdeka.
3. 1. The translation should reflect accurately the meaning of the
original text. Nothing should be arbitrarily added or removed,
though sometimes part of the meaning can be transposed. The
following questions may be very helpful:
Terjemahan harus merefleksikan makna teks aslinya dengan akurat. Tidak boleh ada yang ditambahkan
atau dihilangkan dengan seenaknya saja, meski kadang ada bagian makna yang bisa dimodifikasi
(ditambahkan atau dihilangkan). Pertanyaan berikut ini mungkin bisa sangat membantu:
a. Is the meaning of the original text clear? If not, where does the uncertainty lie?
Apakah makna bahasa aslinya jelas? Jika tidak dimana letak yang tidak jelas itu berada?
b. Are any words loaded, that is, are there any underlying implications?
Apakah ada kata tambahan yang dimuat, (kata tambahan) yaitu, apakah ada bagian untuk menjelaskan
sesuatu karena tidak adanya padanan?
c. Is the dictionary meaning of a particular word the most suitable one?
Apakah makna kata dalam kamus (yang anda gunakan) itu adalah kata yang paling sesuai?
d. Does anything in the translation sound unnatural or forced?
Apakah ada hasil dalam terjemahan yang terdengar tidak alami atau dipaksakan?
4. SL
"You're asking me
for the case, and
I'm telling you
what's possible, but
not necessarily
what will happen"
TL
"Anda bertanya kepada
saya tentang
kemungkinan yang
terbaik dan yang saya
katakan tadi adalah yang
bisa terjadi tetapi tidak
berarti yang akan terjadi"
5. 2. The ordering of the words and ideas should match the original
as closely as possible. This is particularly important in translating
legal documents, guarantees, contracts, etc. However, differences
in the language structure often require changes in the form and
order of words. When in doubt, underline in the original text the
words on which the main stress falls.
Penyusunan kata dan ide dalam terjemahan harus sesuai dengan teks aslinya
sedekat mungkin. hal ini penting dalam menerjemahkan dokumen, surat
jaminan, surat kontrak dan lain-lain. Akan tetapi perbedaan-perbedaan dalam
struktur bahasa sering membutuhkan perubahan dalam bentuk dan susunan
kata. Jika ragu, garis bawahi teks bahasa aslinya dimana letak utama kata
yang paling penting itu berada.
6. SL
She worked hard at
whenever she did
kalimat aktif
TL
Apapun yang
dilakukannya selalu
dengan sungguh sungguh
kalimat pasif
7. 3. Languages often differ greatly in their levels of formality in a
given context, for example in the business letter. To resolve these
differences, the translator must distinguish between formal and fixed
expression, and personal expression in which the writer or speaker
sets the tone. It is also necessary to consider:
Bahasa sering memiliki perbedaan yang sangat besar pada tingkat formalitasnya
di dalam konteks yang ada, misalnya surat bisnis. Untuk mengatasinya,
penerjemah harus membedakan antara ungkapan formal, ungkapan baku dan
ungkapan pribadi yang dipakai oleh penulis bahasa asli ungkapkan. Penting juga
mempertimbangkan hal berikut:
a. Would any expression in the original sound too formal/informal, cold/warm,
personal/impersonal, if translated literally?
Apakah ada ungkapan pada bahasa asli yang terlalu formal/informal,
dingin/bersahabat, pribadi/impersonal jika diterjemahkan secara harfiah?
b. What is the intention of the speaker or writer? To persuade, to apologize, to
criticize?
Apa maksud penutur atau penulisnya? Untuk membujuk, meminta maaf, atau
mengkritik?
9. 4. One of the frequent criticisms of translation is that it does not
sound ‘natural’. This is because the translator’s thoughts and
choice of words are too strongly molded by the original text. A
good way to avoid the influence of the source language is to set
the text aside and translate a few sentences aloud from memory.
This will suggest natural patterns of thought in the first language
which may not come to mind when the eye is fixed on the SL text.
Salah satu kritik terjemahan yang sering muncul yaitu tentang terjemahan yang
tidak alami. Hal ini terjadi karena ide dan pemilihan kata seorang penerjemah
terlalu terpaku pada bahasa aslinya. Cara yang baik untuk menghindari
pengaruh bahasa sumber adalah dengan meletakkan terjemahan disamping
teks bahasa aslinya dan lalu baca terjemahan tersebut dengan suara keras. Hal
ini akan membantu membentuk pola pikiran alami yang mungkin tidak
terpikirkan saat mata terpaku pada teks bahasa sumber.
10. SL
She worked hard at
whenever she did
kalimat aktif
TL
Dia bekerja keras
apapun yang
dikerjakan
kalimat aktif (tidak
natural)
TL
Apapun yang
dilakukannya selalu
dengan sungguh sungguh
kalimat pasif (natural)
11. 5. It will be better if the translator does not change the style
of the original. But if it is needed, for example because the text
is full of repetitions or mistakes in writing, the translator may
change it.
Sebaiknya penerjemah tidak mengubah gaya bahasa teks aslinya. Tapi
jika memang dibutuhkan, misalkan karena teks bahasa aslinya terdapat
banyak pengulangan atau banyaknya tulisan yang salah, penerjemah
boleh mengubahnya.
12. SL
"How nice this
scenery is!"
*Exclamation
mark style
TL
"Pemandangan
itu bagus"
*Sentence
style
TL
Alangkah indahnya
pemandangan itu!
* Exclamation
mark style
13. 6. Idiomatic expressions including similes, metaphors, proverbs,
and saying, jargon, slang, and colloquialisms and phrasal verbs are
often untranslatable. To solve these problems, there are some hints
one can use. They are:
Ungkapan idiom seperti simile, metaphor, pribahasa, tutur, jargon, slang, koloqiual
dan frase kata kerja seringkali tidak bisa diterjemahkan. Untuk mengatasinya, ada
beberapa petunjuk yang bisa diterapkan, antara lain:
a. Keep the original word in inverted commas, for example: “yuppie”
Biarkan kata aslinya dengan memberikan tanda petik, contoh: “yuppie”
b. Keep the original expression, with a literal explanation in the bracket.
Biarkan ungkapan aslinya, dengan diberi penjelasan harfiah di dalam kurung.
c. Use a non idiomatic expression.
Gunakan ungkapan yang tidak idiomatik.
15. SL
The skeleton in
the cupboard
The early bird
catches the worm
TL
Kerangka dmanusia di
dalam lemari
Burung yang datang
lebih awal
menangkap cacing
TL
Rahasia
keluarga
Orang yang melakukan
sesuatu lebih diawal akan
mendapat keuntungan
daripada yang belakangan
18. The determination of the degree to which Sanskrit loan-words
show Javanese influence in their meaning forms a rewarding
subject of investigations for linguists.
Guess Meaning
Besarnya pengaruh bahasa jawa atas makna kata-kata serapan
bahasa Sansekerta perlu ditentukan;bidang penelitian ini sungguh
menggairahkan para ahli bahasa
Bahasa jawa mempengaruhi makna kata-kata yang dipungutnya
dari bahasa Sansekerta. Para ahli bahasa meneliti tingkat pengaruh
itu, dan sungguh merasa bergairah puas dalam melakukannya
Seberapa jauh kata-kata serapan dari bahasa Sansekerta
memperlihatkan pengaruh Jawa di bidang maknanya perlu
ditentukan;pokok soal penelitian ini sungguh menggairahkan bagi
para ahli linguistik
20. Identify Sentence
One Way
Complex
Sentence
I borrowed a book because I like reading.
(Kalimat majemuk searah)
Slot
Complex
Sentence
The determination of the degree to which
Sanskrit loan-words show Javanese influence in
their meaning forms a rewarding subject of
investigations for linguists. (Kalimat majemuk tak
searah)
Remark :
These 6 techniques are used for slot complex sentence. It
does not need to rearrange for one way complex sentence.
22. The determination of the degree to which Sanskrit loan-
words show Javanese influence in their meaning forms
a rewarding subject of investigations for linguists.
Subject :
The determination of the degree
Verb :
Forms
Object :
a rewarding subject of investigations
for linguists
Adverb :
to which Sanskrit loan-words show
Javanese influence in their meaning
Analyze Sentence
24. Use Duff Principles
the determination of kuatnya
degree tingkat
forms membentuk
rewarding berharga
subject subyek
investigation penyelidikan
for bagi
linguists para ahli bahasa
Message :
Kuatnya tingkat menjadikan hal tersebut subyek
penyelidikan yang berharga bagi para ahli bahasa
25. Message :
Pengaruh bahasa jawa pada makna
terhadap kata-kata pinjaman basa
Sansekerta
Use Duff Principles
Adverb :
to which Sanskrit loan-words show Javanese
influence in their meaning
26. Kuatnya tingkat pengaruh bahasa jawa pada makna
terhadap kata-kata pinjaman bahasa Sansekerta
mnjadikan hal tersebut sebagai subyek penyelidikan
yang barharga bagi para ahli bahasa.
Subject :
The determination of the degree
Kuatnya tingkat
Verb :
Forms
Menjadikan hal tersebut
Object :
a rewarding subject of investigations
for linguists
Sebagai subyek penyelidikan yang
berharga bagi para ahli bahasa
Adverb :
to which Sanskrit loan-words show
Javanese influence in their meaning
Pengaruh bahasa Jawa pada makna
terhadap kata-kata pinjaman bahasa
sansekerta
Idiomatic Translation