The document discusses different approaches to analyzing texts and theories of translation. It notes that most translation theories focus on the translation as a product, examine the context and purpose of the translation, or analyze the psychology of the translation process. Partial theories of translation can be restricted based on the medium, languages/cultures, level of text (word, sentence, full text), text genre, time period, or specific translation problems. Newmark proposes a semantic or communicative translation approach focused on the transmitter/receiver, culture, time and origin, relationship to the source text, and form in the source and target languages.

1. The Analysis of a Text DR. SHADIA YOUSEF BANJAR PRESENTED BY

2. a translator a linguist a literary critic Reading ST Comprehension Analysis General reading close reading Encyclopaedias Textbooks Specialist papers Description Function Words out of context Words in context

3. Chomsky and TT From Nida & Taber (1969:33)

5. Translation theories Most TT is: Product-orientated – focuses the translation Function-orientated – examines the context and purpose of the translation Process-orientated – analyses the psychology of translation and process But usually has elements of all three

6. Partial theories of translation Medium restricted – man or machine? Area restricted – specific languages/cultures Rank-restricted – word/sentence/text Text-type restricted –different genres Time-restricted – historical view Problem-restricted – specific problems, e.g equivalence

7. Newmark (1981) Semantic / communicative translation at level of: Transmitter/addressee focus Culture Time and origin Relation to ST Use of form of SL Form of TL Appropriateness Criterion for evaluation