The document discusses different approaches to analyzing texts and theories of translation. It notes that most translation theories focus on the translation as a product, examine the context and purpose of the translation, or analyze the psychology of the translation process. Partial theories of translation can be restricted based on the medium, languages/cultures, level of text (word, sentence, full text), text genre, time period, or specific translation problems. Newmark proposes a semantic or communicative translation approach focused on the transmitter/receiver, culture, time and origin, relationship to the source text, and form in the source and target languages.