The document provides details about satellite communication history and technology. It discusses key events like the launch of Sputnik 1 in 1957 as the first artificial satellite and describes various satellite systems including low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO), and geostationary orbit (GEO). It also covers topics like how satellites are launched, orbital velocities, satellite costs, and components of a basic satellite system.

1. AJAL.A.J Assistant Professor –Dept of ECE, Federal Institute of Science And Technology (FISAT) TM MAIL: ec2reach@gmail.com

2. Astronautics

3. Reference Book Title: The Satellite Communication Applications Handbook Author: Bruce R. Elbert ISBN: 1580534902 EAN: 9781580534901 Publisher: Artech House Publishers

4. Reference Books Title: Satellite Communications Author: Dennis Roddy ISBN: 0071371761 EAN: 9780071371766 Publisher: McGraw-Hill Professional

5. Reference Books Title: Satellite Communication Engineering Author: Michael O. Kolawole ISBN: 082470777X EAN: 9780071371766 Publisher: Marcel Dekker, Inc.

6. Pioneers in Satellite Communication Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857 - 1935) Russian visionary of space flight First described the multi-stage rocket as means of achieving orbit. Hermann Noordung (1892 - 1929) Postulated the geostationary orbit. Arthur C. Clarke (1917 – 19 March 2008) Postulated the entire concept of international satellite telecommunications from geostationary satellite orbit including coverage, power, services, solar eclipse. "Wireless World" (1945)

7. Satellite History Calendar 1957 October 4, 1957: - First satellite - the Russian Sputnik 01 First living creature in space: Sputnik 02 1958 First American satellite: Explorer 01 First telecommunication satellite: This satellite broadcast a taped message: Score 1959 First meteorology satellite: Explorer 07 1960 First successful passive satellite: Echo 1 First successful active satellite: Courier 1B First NASA satellite: Explorer 08 April 12, 1961: - First man in space 1962 First telephone communication & TV broadcast via satellite: Echo 1 First telecommunication satellite, first real-time active, AT&T: Telstar 1 First Canadian satellite: Alouette 1 On 7 th June 1962 at 7:53p the two-stage rocket; Rehbar-I was successfully launched from Sonmiani Rocket Range. It carried a payload of 80 pounds of sodium and soared to about 130 km into the atmosphere. With the launching of Rehbar-I, Pakistan had the honour of becoming the third country in Asia and the tenth in the world to conduct such a launching after USA, USSR, UK, France, Sweden, Italy, Canada, Japan and Israel. Rehbar-II followed a successful launch on 9 th June 1962 1963 Real-time active: Telstar 2 1964 Creation of Intelsat First geostationary satellite, second satellite in stationary orbit: Syncom 3 First Italian satellite: San Marco 1

8. Satellite History Calendar 1965 Intelsat 1 becomes first commercial comsat: Early Bird First real-time active for USSR: Molniya 1A 1967 First geostationary meteorology payload: ATS 3 1968 First European satellite: ESRO 2B July 21, 1969: - First man on the moon 1970 First Japanese satellite: Ohsumi First Chinese satellite: Dong Fang Hong 01 1971 First UK launched satellite: Prospero ITU-WARC for Space Telecommunications INTELSAT IV Launched INTERSPUTNIK - Soviet Union equivalent of INTELSAT formed 1974 First direct broadcasting satellite: ATS 6 1976 MARISAT - First civil maritime communications satellite service started 1977 EUTELSAT - European regional satellite ITU-WARC for Space Telecommunications in the Satellite Service 1979 Creation of Inmarsat

9. Satellite History Calendar 1980 INTELSAT V launched - 3 axis stabilized satellite built by Ford Aerospace 1983 ECS (EUTELSAT 1) launched - built by European consortium supervised by ESA 1984 UK's UNISAT TV DBS satellite project abandoned First satellite repaired in orbit by the shuttle: SMM 1985 First Brazilian satellite: Brazilsat A1 First Mexican satellite: Morelos 1 1988 First Luxemburg satellite: Astra 1A 1989 INTELSAT VI - one of the last big "spinners" built by Hughes Creation of Panamsat - Begins Service On 16 July 1990, Pakistan launched its first experimental satellite, BADR-I from China 1990 IRIDIUM, TRITIUM, ODYSSEY and GLOBALSTAR S-PCN projects proposed - CDMA designs more popular EUTELSAT II 1992 OLYMPUS finally launched - large European development satellite with Ka-band, DBTV and Ku-band SS/TDMA payloads - fails within 3 years 1993 INMARSAT II - 39 dBW EIRP global beam mobile satellite - built by Hughes/British Aerospace 1994 INTELSAT VIII launched - first INTELSAT satellite built to a contractor's design Hughes describe SPACEWAY design DirecTV begins Direct Broadcast to Home 1995 Panamsat - First private company to provide global satellite services.

10. Satellite History Calendar 1996 INMARSAT III launched - first of the multibeam mobile satellites (built by GE/Marconi) Echostar begins Diresct Broadcast Service 1997 IRIDIUM launches first test satellites ITU-WRC'97 1999 AceS launch first of the L-band MSS Super-GSOs - built by Lockheed Martin Iridium Bankruptcy - the first major failure? 2000 Globalstar begins service Thuraya launch L-band MSS Super-GSO 2001 XM Satellite Radio begins service Pakistan’s 2 nd Satellite, BADR-B was launched on 10 Dec 2001 at 9:15a from Baikonour Cosmodrome, Kazakistan 2002 Sirius Satellite Radio begins service Paksat-1, was deployed at 38 degrees E orbital slot in December 2002, Paksat-1, was deployed at 38 degrees E orbital slot in December 2002 2004 Teledesic network planned to start operation 2005 Intelsat and Panamsat Merge VUSat OSCAR-52 (HAMSAT) Launched 2006 CubeSat-OSCAR 56 (Cute-1.7) Launched K7RR-Sat launched by California Politechnic University 2007 Prism was launched by University of Tokyo 2008 COMPASS-1; a project of Aachen University was launched from Satish Dawan Space Center, India. It failed to achieve orbit.

11. What is a Satellite ? A satellite is basically any object that revolves around a planet in a circular or elliptical path. satellites were exotic, top-secret devices. They were used primarily in a military capacity , for activities such as navigation and espionage. Now they are an essential part of our daily lives. We see and recognize their use in weather reports, television transmission by DIRECTV and the DISH Network, and everyday telephone calls

12. How Is a Satellite Launched into an Orbit? All satellites today get into orbit by riding on a rocket .

13. Orbital velocity Orbital velocity is the velocity needed to achieve balance between gravity's pull on the satellite and the inertia of the satellite's motion -- the satellite's tendency to keep going.

15. How Much Do Satellites Cost? a satellite launch can cost anywhere between $50 million and $400 million . hurricane-watch satellite mission cost $290 million. missile-warning satellite cost $682 million. NOTE a shuttle mission could easily carry several satellites into orbit

16. Satellite Natural Satellite Artificial Satellite

18. Whose Satellite Was the First to Orbit Earth? The Soviet Sputnik satellite was the first to orbit Earth, launched on Oct. 4, 1957. Sputnik 1, the first satellite, shown with four whip antennas

19. Sputnik 2 - Mission Some scientists believed humans would be unable to survive the launch or the conditions of outer space, so engineers viewed flights by non-human animals as a necessary precursor to human missions. Laika was a Soviet space dog that became the first animal to orbit the Earth – as well as the first animal to die in orbit.

20. Manned spacecraft On 12 April 1961, aboard the Vostok 1, Yuri Gagarin became both the first human to travel into space, and the first to orbit the earth.

21. He founded the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). After Sarabhai died in 1971, the Vikram Sarabhai Space Center (VSSC) in Tiruvananthapuram is named for him. മല്ലിക സാരാഭായ് The Padma Bhushan is the third highest civilian award in the Republic of India, after the Bharat Ratna and the Padma Vibhushan, but comes before the Padma Shri. It is awarded by the Government of India.

22. INDIAN SATELLITE

23. IN July 18, 1980, India launched the satellite Rohini 1 on an Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV) rocket from the Sriharikota Island launch site

24. Space station A space station (or orbital station) is a spacecraft capable of supporting a crew which is designed to remain in space (most commonly in low Earth orbit) for an extended period of time, and to which other spacecraft can dock. Habitability These stations have various issues that limit their long-term habitability, such as very low recycling rates, relatively high radiation levels and a lack of gravity. Some of these problems cause discomfort and long-term health effects .

25. NB: Terms The path a satellite follows is an orbit . In the orbit, the farthest point from Earth is the apogee , and the nearest point is the perigee

26. Satellite categories

27. Orbits: LEO: Low Earth Orbit. MEO: Medium Earth Orbit GEO: Geostationary Earth Orbit

28. Satellite orbit altitudes

29. Satellite frequency bands

30. At the Geostationary orbit the satellite covers 42.2% of the earth’s surface. Theoretically 3 geostaionary satellites provides 100% earth coverage

31. Geostationary Communication Satellites in Orbit Today

32. Satellites in geostationary orbit

33. Satellite orbits

34. Geostationary Orbit

35. Geostationary orbits Geostationary orbits

36. Polar Orbit

37. What is the period of the Moon, according to Kepler’s law? Example 16.1 Here C is a constant approximately equal to 1/100. The period is in seconds and the distance in kilometers.

38. According to Kepler’s law, what is the period of a satellite that is located at an orbit approximately 35,786 km above the Earth? Example 16.2 Solution Applying the formula, we get

39. Classical satellite systems base station or gateway Inter Satellite Link (ISL) Mobile User Link (MUL) Gateway Link (GWL) footprint small cells (spotbeams) User data PSTN ISDN GSM GWL MUL PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network

40. Inclination inclination   satellite orbit perigee plane of satellite orbit equatorial plane

41. Elevation Elevation: angle  between center of satellite beam and surface  minimal elevation: elevation needed at least to communicate with the satellite footprint

42. Link budget of satellites Parameters like attenuation or received power determined by four parameters: sending power gain of sending antenna distance between sender and receiver gain of receiving antenna Problems varying strength of received signal due to multipath propagation interruptions due to shadowing of signal (no LOS) Possible solutions Link Margin to eliminate variations in signal strength satellite diversity (usage of several visible satellites at the same time) helps to use less sending power L: Loss f: carrier frequency r: distance c: speed of light

43. Atmospheric attenuation Example: satellite systems at 4-6 GHz elevation of the satellite 5° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° Attenuation of the signal in % 10 20 30 40 50 rain absorption fog absorption atmospheric absorption 

44. Four different types of satellite orbits can be identified depending on the shape and diameter of the orbit: GEO: geostationary orbit, ca. 36000 km above earth surface LEO (Low Earth Orbit): ca. 500 - 1500 km MEO (Medium Earth Orbit) or ICO (Intermediate Circular Orbit): ca. 6000 - 20000 km HEO (Highly Elliptical Orbit) elliptical orbits Orbits I

45. Orbits II earth km 35768 10000 1000 LEO (Globalstar, Irdium) HEO inner and outer Van Allen belts MEO (ICO) GEO (Inmarsat) Van-Allen-Belts: ionized particles 2000 - 6000 km and 15000 - 30000 km above earth surface

46. Geostationary satellites Orbit 35,786 km distance to earth surface, orbit in equatorial plane (inclination 0°)  complete rotation exactly one day, satellite is synchronous to earth rotation fix antenna positions, no adjusting necessary satellites typically have a large footprint (up to 34% of earth surface!), therefore difficult to reuse frequencies bad elevations in areas with latitude above 60° due to fixed position above the equator high transmit power needed high latency due to long distance (ca. 275 ms)  not useful for global coverage for small mobile phones and data transmission, typically used for radio and TV transmission

47. LEO systems Orbit ca. 500 - 1500 km above earth surface visibility of a satellite ca. 10 - 40 minutes global radio coverage possible latency comparable with terrestrial long distance connections, ca. 5 - 10 ms smaller footprints, better frequency reuse but now handover necessary from one satellite to another many satellites necessary for global coverage more complex systems due to moving satellites Examples: Iridium (start 1998, 66 satellites) Bankruptcy in 2000, deal with US DoD (free use, saving from “deorbiting”) Globalstar (start 1999, 48 satellites) Not many customers (2001: 44000), low stand-by times for mobiles

48. MEO systems Orbit ca. 5000 - 12000 km above earth surface comparison with LEO systems: slower moving satellites less satellites needed simpler system design for many connections no hand-over needed higher latency, ca. 70 - 80 ms higher sending power needed special antennas for small footprints needed Example: ICO (Intermediate Circular Orbit, Inmarsat) start ca. 2000 Bankruptcy, planned joint ventures with Teledesic, Ellipso – cancelled again, start planned for 2003

49. Handover in satellite systems Several additional situations for handover in satellite systems compared to cellular terrestrial mobile phone networks caused by the movement of the satellites Intra satellite handover handover from one spot beam to another mobile station still in the footprint of the satellite, but in another cell Inter satellite handover handover from one satellite to another satellite mobile station leaves the footprint of one satellite Gateway handover Handover from one gateway to another mobile station still in the footprint of a satellite, but gateway leaves the footprint Inter system handover Handover from the satellite network to a terrestrial cellular network mobile station can reach a terrestrial network again which might be cheaper, has a lower latency etc.

50. What’s on a satellite? Communications Power Sensors/Instruments “ Bus”

51. How Satellites Work A Earth Station sends message in GHz range. (Uplink) Satellite Receive and retransmit signals back. (Downlink) Other Earth Stations receive message in useful strength area. (Footprint)