This document discusses space debris removal systems. It begins with an introduction that defines space debris and its sources. It then describes the different types of orbits where debris accumulate, such as low Earth orbit and geostationary orbit. The document outlines methods for tracking and measuring debris, including radar, optical detectors, and radio waves. It discusses various approaches for clearing space debris, such as electrodynamic tethers, space nets, laser brooms, solar sails, and collector satellites. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of space debris removal for the development of space exploration and technology.
This document presents a seminar on space debris given by Lokesh Parihar to Anurag Garg. It begins with an introduction defining space debris and its history. It then discusses the different types of orbits where debris can be found, such as low Earth orbit and geostationary orbit. The document outlines methods used to track and measure debris including radar, radio waves, and space telescopes. Potential methods to clear space debris are presented, including electrodynamic tethers, laser brooms, solar sails, space nets, and collector satellites. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of addressing the growing problem of space debris to enable continued development of space communication and exploration.
This presentation deals with current space congestion scenario and the available measures that could be taken to cope with the continually emerging problem.
This document discusses space debris removal systems. It begins by introducing the problem of space debris and its sources. It then describes the different types of orbits where debris accumulate, including low Earth orbit, medium Earth orbit, geostationary orbit, and highly elliptical orbit. The document discusses methods for tracking and measuring debris, as well as different approaches for debris removal, such as electrodynamic tethers, laser brooms, solar sails, space nets, and collector satellites. It concludes by stating the importance of debris removal for continued space development and exploration.
This document discusses space debris and various approaches to tracking and removing it. It begins with an introduction and overview of different orbit types including low Earth orbit, medium Earth orbit, geostationary orbit, and high Earth orbit. It then discusses sources of debris and challenges posed by debris in different orbits. The document outlines methods for tracking debris using radar, optical detectors, and radio waves. It also summarizes different proposed approaches for debris removal such as tug-like satellites, electrodynamic tethers, laser brooms, solar sails, and space nets.
Space Debris and Present Active Debris Removal TechniquesV!vEk@nAnD S
The document discusses space debris and present active debris removal techniques. It provides an introduction to space debris, describing the current debris situation and categories. It then discusses various active debris removal concepts and techniques being researched, such as solar sails, lasers, electrodynamic tethers, and capture vehicles. Some of the challenges to implementing effective debris removal are also outlined, such as the technical difficulties, costs, and need for international cooperation and policy.
Satellite communications systems allow signals to be transmitted via satellites orbiting Earth rather than via land-based communications infrastructure. The document discusses the history and types of communication satellites, including:
- Early experiments in the 1950s bounced signals off the moon, while the first passive communication satellites (Echo 1 and 2) were balloons. Telstar and Syncom 2 were early active communication satellites.
- Satellites can be in low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO), or geostationary Earth orbit (GEO). GEOs orbit at an altitude of about 35,000 km, allowing them to appear stationary from Earth.
- Challenges for satellite design include maintaining precise orbital positioning,
This document discusses space debris removal systems. It begins with an introduction that defines space debris and its sources. It then describes the different types of orbits where debris accumulate, such as low Earth orbit and geostationary orbit. The document outlines methods for tracking and measuring debris, including radar, optical detectors, and radio waves. It discusses various approaches for clearing space debris, such as electrodynamic tethers, space nets, laser brooms, solar sails, and collector satellites. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of space debris removal for the development of space exploration and technology.
This document presents a seminar on space debris given by Lokesh Parihar to Anurag Garg. It begins with an introduction defining space debris and its history. It then discusses the different types of orbits where debris can be found, such as low Earth orbit and geostationary orbit. The document outlines methods used to track and measure debris including radar, radio waves, and space telescopes. Potential methods to clear space debris are presented, including electrodynamic tethers, laser brooms, solar sails, space nets, and collector satellites. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of addressing the growing problem of space debris to enable continued development of space communication and exploration.
This presentation deals with current space congestion scenario and the available measures that could be taken to cope with the continually emerging problem.
This document discusses space debris removal systems. It begins by introducing the problem of space debris and its sources. It then describes the different types of orbits where debris accumulate, including low Earth orbit, medium Earth orbit, geostationary orbit, and highly elliptical orbit. The document discusses methods for tracking and measuring debris, as well as different approaches for debris removal, such as electrodynamic tethers, laser brooms, solar sails, space nets, and collector satellites. It concludes by stating the importance of debris removal for continued space development and exploration.
This document discusses space debris and various approaches to tracking and removing it. It begins with an introduction and overview of different orbit types including low Earth orbit, medium Earth orbit, geostationary orbit, and high Earth orbit. It then discusses sources of debris and challenges posed by debris in different orbits. The document outlines methods for tracking debris using radar, optical detectors, and radio waves. It also summarizes different proposed approaches for debris removal such as tug-like satellites, electrodynamic tethers, laser brooms, solar sails, and space nets.
Space Debris and Present Active Debris Removal TechniquesV!vEk@nAnD S
The document discusses space debris and present active debris removal techniques. It provides an introduction to space debris, describing the current debris situation and categories. It then discusses various active debris removal concepts and techniques being researched, such as solar sails, lasers, electrodynamic tethers, and capture vehicles. Some of the challenges to implementing effective debris removal are also outlined, such as the technical difficulties, costs, and need for international cooperation and policy.
Satellite communications systems allow signals to be transmitted via satellites orbiting Earth rather than via land-based communications infrastructure. The document discusses the history and types of communication satellites, including:
- Early experiments in the 1950s bounced signals off the moon, while the first passive communication satellites (Echo 1 and 2) were balloons. Telstar and Syncom 2 were early active communication satellites.
- Satellites can be in low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO), or geostationary Earth orbit (GEO). GEOs orbit at an altitude of about 35,000 km, allowing them to appear stationary from Earth.
- Challenges for satellite design include maintaining precise orbital positioning,
Presentation on Space pollution, the genesis of space debris, history, future implications, recent events, growing concern and threats.
It will be helpful for the students of science streams, disaster management courses.
Contact sujaypaulfb@gmail.com to get full access and copy of the file.
The document discusses the growing issue of space debris and meteoroids in Earth's orbit. It provides background on where space debris comes from, including derelict spacecraft and rocket parts. Models like ORDEM and MEM are used to track and predict the movement of debris. Mitigation efforts aim to minimize new debris, but the issue continues growing as the amount of objects in space increases each year. Shields help protect satellites from impacts, but more must be done to curb the problem to ensure safe space travel.
The document provides details about satellite communication history and technology. It discusses key events like the launch of Sputnik 1 in 1957 as the first artificial satellite and describes various satellite systems including low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO), and geostationary orbit (GEO). It also covers topics like how satellites are launched, orbital velocities, satellite costs, and components of a basic satellite system.
This document discusses a GPS-based space debris removal system. It begins with an abstract describing how removing space debris will allow for improved satellite communication and connectivity. It then provides an introduction explaining what space debris is and how much debris exists in different orbit sizes. The document goes on to describe different orbit types, methods for tracking debris, and approaches for debris removal including electrodynamic tethers, laser beams, solar sails, and collector satellites. It discusses implementations of these methods and concludes that preventing additional debris is important to maintain efficiency and lifespan of satellites.
To get an object into space, it must reach a speed of 28,000 km/h to overcome Earth's gravity. The first recorded rocket was Archytas's "pigeon." The Soviet Union launched Sputnik I in 1957, the first artificial satellite about the size of a basketball. The second Soviet satellite was significant because it carried living creatures into space, setting the path for human space travel. Rockets use Newton's third law - for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction - to propel themselves by ejecting exhaust in one direction. The three main parts of a rocket are the payload, propellant, and engines. Scientists are studying ion drives and solar sails as alternatives to rocket engines for long
This document discusses the status and objectives of satellite science. It describes how scientific satellites have four main advantages over other instruments: long-term exposure to the space environment, a stable platform above the atmosphere, advantage of position, and ability to study life in zero gravity. Some key findings from scientific satellites include the discovery of a helium layer in the upper atmosphere and mapping of electron concentrations in the ionosphere. Future objectives are to make more detailed maps of fluctuating atmospheric parameters and measure the solar energy inputs that drive changes. Satellite science encompasses fields like aeronomy, ionospheric physics, astronomy, and biology.
Spaceelevator 20091205 (student preso)Roppon Picha
A space elevator is a proposed type of transportation that would transport materials from Earth's surface to space using a 35,000 km long cable anchored to the Earth's surface at one end and a counterweight in space at the other. The idea was first proposed in 1895 but recent advances in carbon nanotube strength and durability have made the concept more feasible. A space elevator could provide cheap access to space at an estimated $100 per kg compared to thousands per kg for current rockets. It would enable practical applications like removing nuclear waste from Earth and generating solar power in space.
The document discusses proposals for a one-way human mission to Mars that would establish a permanent human presence without the capability to return to Earth. It outlines a plan to produce return fuel on Mars through in-situ resource utilization to convert Martian atmospheric CO2 and hydrogen brought from Earth into methane and oxygen rocket fuel. While some argue a one-way mission could reduce costs and risks, the document assesses that the total cost savings may be limited and risks are not necessarily lower given the long-term challenges of maintaining humans on Mars indefinitely. An alternative architecture is proposed using electric tugs to transport cargo prior to crew arrival in order to reduce payload sizes and risks of entry, descent, and landing.
Space debris refers to defunct human-made objects in space such as nonfunctional spacecraft, rocket stages, and fragments from explosions or collisions. There are over 128 million pieces smaller than 1 cm, around 900,000 between 1-10 cm, and about 34,000 larger than 10 cm currently orbiting Earth. The growing amount of space debris poses a risk to active satellites and spacecraft through collisions. Efforts are underway to track debris and develop guidelines to mitigate future debris, though anti-satellite tests by some countries continue adding to the problem.
The document summarizes a case study on India's Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan). It discusses the objectives of Mangalyaan which were both technological, like designing and operating an interplanetary mission, and scientific, like exploring Mars' surface and atmosphere. It describes Mangalyaan's journey to Mars, including using a Hohmann transfer orbit to minimize fuel usage and overcoming obstacles like an engine failure and communication blackouts. Upon reaching Mars, the orbiter entered orbit through phases like engine firing and communication blackout before resuming contact with Earth. Factors like thermal environment and reduced solar power at Mars' orbit were also considered.
Autonomous Restructuring of Asteroids into Rotating Space StationsSérgio Sacani
Asteroid restructuring uses robotics, self replication, and mechanical automatons to autonomously restructure an asteroid into
a large rotating space station. The restructuring process makes structures from asteroid oxide materials; uses productive selfreplication to make replicators, helpers, and products; and creates a multiple floor station to support a large population.
In an example simulation, it takes 12 years to autonomously restructure a large asteroid into the space station. This is accomplished with a single rocket launch. The single payload contains a base station, 4 robots (spiders), and a modest set of supplies.
Our simulation creates 3000 spiders and over 23,500 other pieces of equipment. Only the base station and spiders (replicators)
have advanced microprocessors and algorithms. These represent 21st century technologies created and transported from
Earth. The equipment and tools are built using in-situ materials and represent 18th or 19th century technologies. The equipment
and tools (helpers) have simple mechanical programs to perform repetitive tasks. The resulting example station would be a
rotating framework almost 5 kilometers in diameter. Once completed, it could support a population of over 700,000 people.
Many researchers identify the high launch costs, the harsh space environment, and the lack of gravity as the key obstacles
hindering the development of space stations. The single probe addresses the high launch cost. The autonomous construction
eliminates the harsh space environment for construction crews. The completed rotating station provides radiation protection
and centripetal gravity for the first work crews and colonists.
Transition of space technologies and the spin off technologies realisedAlexander Decker
This document discusses space technologies and spin-off technologies realized from space exploration. It provides examples of past space technologies from the 20th century that enabled space exploration. It also discusses present space technologies and applications that provide satellite communications, remote sensing, GPS, and benefits to various sectors. Examples of specific spin-off technologies are also outlined from space agencies in Europe and Japan that have applications in areas like living, safety/security, environment, healthcare, industry, and education. Potential new space technologies under development in 2013 are also mentioned, including improved spacesuits and reusable rocket technologies.
Space exploration is brewing to be one of the most sought after fields in today’s world with each country pooling in resources and skilled minds to be one step ahead of the other. The core aspect of space exploration is exoplanet exploration, i.e., by sending unmanned rovers or manned spaceships to planets and celestial bodies within and beyond our solar system to determine habitable planets. Landscape inspection and traversal is the core feature of any planetary exploration mission. It is often a strenuous task to carry out a machine learning experiment on an extraterrestrial surface like the Moon. Consequent lunar explorations undertaken by various space agencies in the last four decades have helped to analyze the nature of the Lunar Terrain through satellite images. The motion of the rovers has traditionally been governed by the use of sensors that achieve obstacle avoidance. In this project we aim to detect craters on the lunar landscape which in turn will be used to determine soft landing sites on the lunar landscape for exploring the terrain, based on the classified lunar landscape images.
This document discusses the growing problem of space debris orbiting Earth. It defines space debris as nonfunctional human-made objects in space including defunct spacecraft and fragments from explosions. The amount of space debris is increasing and will likely be dominated by collision fragments in the future, posing a hazard to operational satellites and human spaceflight. Several proposals for active debris removal are presented, including using nets, lasers, and momentum to capture debris and deorbit them to burn up in Earth's atmosphere. International guidelines call for passive mitigation efforts but active debris removal may be necessary to reduce risks to space activities and prevent the space environment from becoming too polluted.
The document provides information about a satellite communication course taught by Dr. R. Raman. It outlines the 6 units that will be covered which include introduction to satellite communication, orbital mechanics, satellite subsystems, link design, multiple access techniques, and satellite navigation. The course objectives are also listed, which are for students to understand key concepts and applications of satellite communication. Prerequisites of communication systems and satellite communication are noted.
The document summarizes information about NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) satellite mission to study the sun. SDO was launched in 2010 and uses high-resolution instruments to observe the sun's atmosphere, magnetic field, and irradiance. It aims to improve understanding of the sun's influence on space weather and the solar cycle. SDO provides images every minute that are 10 times clearer than previous satellites and help scientists monitor solar activity and eruptions.
Space debris refers to nonfunctional human-made objects in orbit around Earth, such as broken satellites, rocket stages, and other fragments. It poses a growing risk of collisions in popular orbital regions. Approximately 29,000 objects larger than 10 cm and over 166 million smaller than 1 cm have been tracked orbiting Earth. Left unchecked, collisions between objects could trigger the Kessler Syndrome where the amount of debris renders regions of space unusable for generations. Detection methods for debris include laser ranging and high-sensitivity radar sensors.
In this paper with the reference of NASA’s MARS Curiosity Rover, this project is meant for a low cost, lightweight and small size unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) which is controlled by NI-myRIO a hardware component of National Instruments can be used for surveying and determining the natural conditions for living beings like identification of gases, collection of picture samples etc., It consists of six individual motors with lightweight chassis for achieving various movements of rover, gas sensors, camera with servos, long-lasting power supply with its required communication tools. The Six wheeled Rover with three or more suspension alignments will move and collect various samples for identification of gases and taking pictures around the astronomical areas automatically by the automated movements.
1) Spacecraft come in many types including manned spacecraft to carry astronauts, orbiter spacecraft that enter orbit around other planets or moons, atmospheric spacecraft that study planet atmospheres, lander spacecraft that touch down on surfaces, and observatory spacecraft that study targets from orbit.
2) Key spacecraft subsystems include power (solar cells and batteries), attitude and orbit control (propulsion and stabilization), telemetry for communication with Earth, antennas, and more.
3) Launch involves fitting spacecraft inside fairings, multi-stage rockets to achieve orbit and departure trajectories, and deployment of solar arrays and antennas after launch vehicle separation.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
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Presentation on Space pollution, the genesis of space debris, history, future implications, recent events, growing concern and threats.
It will be helpful for the students of science streams, disaster management courses.
Contact sujaypaulfb@gmail.com to get full access and copy of the file.
The document discusses the growing issue of space debris and meteoroids in Earth's orbit. It provides background on where space debris comes from, including derelict spacecraft and rocket parts. Models like ORDEM and MEM are used to track and predict the movement of debris. Mitigation efforts aim to minimize new debris, but the issue continues growing as the amount of objects in space increases each year. Shields help protect satellites from impacts, but more must be done to curb the problem to ensure safe space travel.
The document provides details about satellite communication history and technology. It discusses key events like the launch of Sputnik 1 in 1957 as the first artificial satellite and describes various satellite systems including low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO), and geostationary orbit (GEO). It also covers topics like how satellites are launched, orbital velocities, satellite costs, and components of a basic satellite system.
This document discusses a GPS-based space debris removal system. It begins with an abstract describing how removing space debris will allow for improved satellite communication and connectivity. It then provides an introduction explaining what space debris is and how much debris exists in different orbit sizes. The document goes on to describe different orbit types, methods for tracking debris, and approaches for debris removal including electrodynamic tethers, laser beams, solar sails, and collector satellites. It discusses implementations of these methods and concludes that preventing additional debris is important to maintain efficiency and lifespan of satellites.
To get an object into space, it must reach a speed of 28,000 km/h to overcome Earth's gravity. The first recorded rocket was Archytas's "pigeon." The Soviet Union launched Sputnik I in 1957, the first artificial satellite about the size of a basketball. The second Soviet satellite was significant because it carried living creatures into space, setting the path for human space travel. Rockets use Newton's third law - for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction - to propel themselves by ejecting exhaust in one direction. The three main parts of a rocket are the payload, propellant, and engines. Scientists are studying ion drives and solar sails as alternatives to rocket engines for long
This document discusses the status and objectives of satellite science. It describes how scientific satellites have four main advantages over other instruments: long-term exposure to the space environment, a stable platform above the atmosphere, advantage of position, and ability to study life in zero gravity. Some key findings from scientific satellites include the discovery of a helium layer in the upper atmosphere and mapping of electron concentrations in the ionosphere. Future objectives are to make more detailed maps of fluctuating atmospheric parameters and measure the solar energy inputs that drive changes. Satellite science encompasses fields like aeronomy, ionospheric physics, astronomy, and biology.
Spaceelevator 20091205 (student preso)Roppon Picha
A space elevator is a proposed type of transportation that would transport materials from Earth's surface to space using a 35,000 km long cable anchored to the Earth's surface at one end and a counterweight in space at the other. The idea was first proposed in 1895 but recent advances in carbon nanotube strength and durability have made the concept more feasible. A space elevator could provide cheap access to space at an estimated $100 per kg compared to thousands per kg for current rockets. It would enable practical applications like removing nuclear waste from Earth and generating solar power in space.
The document discusses proposals for a one-way human mission to Mars that would establish a permanent human presence without the capability to return to Earth. It outlines a plan to produce return fuel on Mars through in-situ resource utilization to convert Martian atmospheric CO2 and hydrogen brought from Earth into methane and oxygen rocket fuel. While some argue a one-way mission could reduce costs and risks, the document assesses that the total cost savings may be limited and risks are not necessarily lower given the long-term challenges of maintaining humans on Mars indefinitely. An alternative architecture is proposed using electric tugs to transport cargo prior to crew arrival in order to reduce payload sizes and risks of entry, descent, and landing.
Space debris refers to defunct human-made objects in space such as nonfunctional spacecraft, rocket stages, and fragments from explosions or collisions. There are over 128 million pieces smaller than 1 cm, around 900,000 between 1-10 cm, and about 34,000 larger than 10 cm currently orbiting Earth. The growing amount of space debris poses a risk to active satellites and spacecraft through collisions. Efforts are underway to track debris and develop guidelines to mitigate future debris, though anti-satellite tests by some countries continue adding to the problem.
The document summarizes a case study on India's Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan). It discusses the objectives of Mangalyaan which were both technological, like designing and operating an interplanetary mission, and scientific, like exploring Mars' surface and atmosphere. It describes Mangalyaan's journey to Mars, including using a Hohmann transfer orbit to minimize fuel usage and overcoming obstacles like an engine failure and communication blackouts. Upon reaching Mars, the orbiter entered orbit through phases like engine firing and communication blackout before resuming contact with Earth. Factors like thermal environment and reduced solar power at Mars' orbit were also considered.
Autonomous Restructuring of Asteroids into Rotating Space StationsSérgio Sacani
Asteroid restructuring uses robotics, self replication, and mechanical automatons to autonomously restructure an asteroid into
a large rotating space station. The restructuring process makes structures from asteroid oxide materials; uses productive selfreplication to make replicators, helpers, and products; and creates a multiple floor station to support a large population.
In an example simulation, it takes 12 years to autonomously restructure a large asteroid into the space station. This is accomplished with a single rocket launch. The single payload contains a base station, 4 robots (spiders), and a modest set of supplies.
Our simulation creates 3000 spiders and over 23,500 other pieces of equipment. Only the base station and spiders (replicators)
have advanced microprocessors and algorithms. These represent 21st century technologies created and transported from
Earth. The equipment and tools are built using in-situ materials and represent 18th or 19th century technologies. The equipment
and tools (helpers) have simple mechanical programs to perform repetitive tasks. The resulting example station would be a
rotating framework almost 5 kilometers in diameter. Once completed, it could support a population of over 700,000 people.
Many researchers identify the high launch costs, the harsh space environment, and the lack of gravity as the key obstacles
hindering the development of space stations. The single probe addresses the high launch cost. The autonomous construction
eliminates the harsh space environment for construction crews. The completed rotating station provides radiation protection
and centripetal gravity for the first work crews and colonists.
Transition of space technologies and the spin off technologies realisedAlexander Decker
This document discusses space technologies and spin-off technologies realized from space exploration. It provides examples of past space technologies from the 20th century that enabled space exploration. It also discusses present space technologies and applications that provide satellite communications, remote sensing, GPS, and benefits to various sectors. Examples of specific spin-off technologies are also outlined from space agencies in Europe and Japan that have applications in areas like living, safety/security, environment, healthcare, industry, and education. Potential new space technologies under development in 2013 are also mentioned, including improved spacesuits and reusable rocket technologies.
Space exploration is brewing to be one of the most sought after fields in today’s world with each country pooling in resources and skilled minds to be one step ahead of the other. The core aspect of space exploration is exoplanet exploration, i.e., by sending unmanned rovers or manned spaceships to planets and celestial bodies within and beyond our solar system to determine habitable planets. Landscape inspection and traversal is the core feature of any planetary exploration mission. It is often a strenuous task to carry out a machine learning experiment on an extraterrestrial surface like the Moon. Consequent lunar explorations undertaken by various space agencies in the last four decades have helped to analyze the nature of the Lunar Terrain through satellite images. The motion of the rovers has traditionally been governed by the use of sensors that achieve obstacle avoidance. In this project we aim to detect craters on the lunar landscape which in turn will be used to determine soft landing sites on the lunar landscape for exploring the terrain, based on the classified lunar landscape images.
This document discusses the growing problem of space debris orbiting Earth. It defines space debris as nonfunctional human-made objects in space including defunct spacecraft and fragments from explosions. The amount of space debris is increasing and will likely be dominated by collision fragments in the future, posing a hazard to operational satellites and human spaceflight. Several proposals for active debris removal are presented, including using nets, lasers, and momentum to capture debris and deorbit them to burn up in Earth's atmosphere. International guidelines call for passive mitigation efforts but active debris removal may be necessary to reduce risks to space activities and prevent the space environment from becoming too polluted.
The document provides information about a satellite communication course taught by Dr. R. Raman. It outlines the 6 units that will be covered which include introduction to satellite communication, orbital mechanics, satellite subsystems, link design, multiple access techniques, and satellite navigation. The course objectives are also listed, which are for students to understand key concepts and applications of satellite communication. Prerequisites of communication systems and satellite communication are noted.
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In this paper with the reference of NASA’s MARS Curiosity Rover, this project is meant for a low cost, lightweight and small size unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) which is controlled by NI-myRIO a hardware component of National Instruments can be used for surveying and determining the natural conditions for living beings like identification of gases, collection of picture samples etc., It consists of six individual motors with lightweight chassis for achieving various movements of rover, gas sensors, camera with servos, long-lasting power supply with its required communication tools. The Six wheeled Rover with three or more suspension alignments will move and collect various samples for identification of gases and taking pictures around the astronomical areas automatically by the automated movements.
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1. B M S Evening College of Engineering
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University)
Bangalore - 560019
Technical
Seminar on
Space Debris
Under the Guidance of
Dr. / Prof. HPJ SIR
Designation,
Dept. of Mechanical
Engineering
BMSECE
BASAVARAJU AL
USN: 1BE19ME404
Digital Signature with
date
of in-charge faculty
2. BMSECE Dept. of Mechanical Engineering 2
Technical
Seminar
Abstract.
1.What is sky debris..?
Is any piece of machinery or debris left by human in space. It can refer to big
objects such as dead satellites that have failed or been left in orbit at the end of their
mission. off a rocket.
Ex; Paint flecks, solidified liquids expelled from spacecraft, and unburned particles
from solid rocket motors.
2. Effect of Space trash:
more than 128 million pieces of debris smaller than 1 cm (0.4 in), about 900,000
pieces of debris 1–10 cm, and around 34,000 of pieces larger than 10 cm (3.9 in)
were estimated to be in orbit around the Earth. Space debris represents a risk to
spacecraft. that could nonetheless prove disastrous if they hit something else.
3. How can we clean up space junk?
Planning some technique to remove the debris dragging them back into the
atmosphere, where they will burn up.
1.Harpoon grab satellite, catching it in huge net.
2.Electrostatic force.
3.Laser Booming.
3. 3
BMSECE Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Technical
Seminar
❑ What is a satellite?
A satellite is an object in space that orbits or circles around a bigger object.
There are two kinds of satellites: natural (such as the moon orbiting the Earth) or artificial (such
as the International Space Station orbiting the Earth).
❑ what is an orbit?
An orbit is the curved path that an object in space
(such as a star, planet, moon, asteroid or spacecraft) takes around another object due to gravity.
low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO), and geostationary orbit (GEO),LEO
satellites are positioned at an altitude between 160 km and 1,600 km above Earth. MEO
satellites operate from 10,000 to 20,000 km from Earth.
❑ Will be space junk problem in the future..?
On July 24, 1996, in the first collision between an operational satellite and
a piece of space debris, a fragment from the upper stage of a European Ariane rocket collided
with Cerise, a French microsatellite. Cerise was damaged but continued to function. The first
collision that destroyed an operational satellite happened on February 10, 2009,
Introduction
Fig-1: satellite
4. 4
BMSECE Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Technical
Seminar
SPACE DEBRIS
1. Initially the term space debris refer to the
Natural debris found in the solar system
Like asteroids, comets, meteoroids.
2.However with the beginning of NASA orbital
Debris programs, space waste or space garbage
From the mass of the defunct, artificially created
Object in a space especially earth orbit.
3. These includes old satellite and spent rocket stages as well as
Fragment from their disintegration and collision.
Fig-2 : SPACE DEBRIS
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BMSECE Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Technical
Seminar
History of space debris
Fig-3 :History of space
debris
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BMSECE Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Technical
Seminar
Type of Orbit
Geostationary orbit (GEO)
Low Earth orbit (LEO)
Medium Earth orbit (MEO)
Polar orbit and Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO)
Transfer orbits and geostationary transfer orbit (GTO)
Lagrange points (L-points)
Fig-4 : Type of Orbit
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BMSECE Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Technical
Seminar
Tracing and Measurement
1.Radar and optical detector such as LIDAR is the main tool to use tracking of the space debris
2.Radio waves have been recently used. These waves are transmitted inti space ,and they bounce
Off the space junk back to the origin and that will be detect and tack the object
3.Ground based radar facilities, and space telescopes are also used track the debris.
4.Return hardware of space debris is valuable source of information of environment
5.Some of the models used were:
LDEF (Long duration exposer facilities) satellite
EURECA(European Retrievable carrier)
STS-61 Endeavour
STS-109 Columbia
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BMSECE Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Technical
Seminar
HOW CAN WE CLEAN UP SPACE JUNK
1. Electrodynamic tethers
2. Laser Booming
3. Solar sails
4. Space nets & Harpoon
5. Electrostatic force
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BMSECE Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Technical
Seminar
Fig-5: Electrodynamic tether
ELECTRODYNAMIC TETHERS
1. An Electrodynamic tether provide a simple and
reliable alternative to the conventional rocket thruster
2. It work on the basic principle of Lorentz force Flemings
Left hand rule
3. Magnetic force is exerted on the current carrying wire
In an direction perpendicular to both the flow of current and
magnetic field
ELECTRODYNAMIC TETHERS
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BMSECE Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Technical
Seminar
LASER BOOMING
1. Laser booming is used to powerful ground
Based laser to ablate the front surface of the
Debris and their by produce rocket like thrust
And the slow the object.
2. With continued application of the debris will eventually decrease
their altitude
Enough to become subject to atmospheric drag
3. Additionally the movement of the photons in the laser beam could
be used to impact
Thrust on the debris directly
4. Mainly the two types of laser used
a) Ground based laser techniques
b) Space based laser technique
Fig-6: LASER BOOMING
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BMSECE Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Technical
Seminar
SOLAR SAILS
1. The solar sails use the pressure from the sun light
To navigate an object, just like an naval sail use wind
2. This way the debris can be navigated out of orbit and burnt into the atmosphere
3. The only the problem with solar sail is that its very hard to navigate the junk into the ocean
And hence might be pretty dangerous
Fig-7: SOLAR SAILS
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BMSECE Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Technical
Seminar
NETS AND HARPOONS
1. Space nets or the umbrellas are satellites which eject the huge nets that fishes or Collect
Debris and is later disposed off into the graveyard orbit.
Fig-8 a: Net Method Fig-8 b : Harpoon Method
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BMSECE Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Technical
Seminar
ELECTROSTATIC FORCE
1. Electron built up on the surface of the object
Bombarded remove the object from the orbit
2. whenever electrons build up on something.
Bombarding a piece of space junk with electrons
could give it a modest negative charge of
a few tens of kilovolts, roughly the equivalent
charge stored in a car spark plug. An unmanned
space probe with a positive charge could then
tow it in a tractor-beam-like fashion.
Fig-9 : ELECTROSTATIC FORCE
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BMSECE Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Technical
Seminar
Collector satellite
1. The most commonly used collector satellite
In the sky sling sat
2. It has two extended arms which collects
Debris when it is in motion
Fig-10: Collector satellite
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BMSECE Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Technical
Seminar
REFERENCE
1] Anderson, B.J (ed.) and Smith, R.E. (compiler): 1994, Natural Orbital Environment
Guidelines for Use in Aerospace Vehicle Development, NASA Technical Memorandum 4527,
Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama, USA.
2] Bade, A., Reynolds, R.C. and Kessler, D.J.: 1996, Tethers for Power Generation
on the International Space Station Alpha, NASA JSC-27362, Johnson Space Center, Houston,
Texas, USA.
3] Cosmo, M.L. and Lorenzini, E.C. (eds.): 1997, Tethers in Space Handbook,
Third Edition, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
4] Forward, R.L., Hoyt, R.P. and Uphoff, C.: 1998, The Terminator Tether: A Near-Term
Commercial Application of the NASA/MSFC ProSEDS Experiment, Proceedings of the Tether
Technical Interchange Meeting, NASA CP-1998-206900, Marshall Space Flight Center,
Huntsville, Alabama, USA, p. 109
5] Goldstein, R.M., Goldstein, S.J. and Kessler, D.J.: 1998, Radar Observation of Space Debris,
Planet. Space Sci., 46, 1007-1013.
6] Pardini, C., Anselmo, L., Rossi, A., Cordelli, A. and Farinella, P.: 1998, A New Orbital Debris
Reference Model, The Journal of the Astronautical Sciences, 46, No. 3.