japanese space development(part 1)

Japanese
Space Development (Part 1)
Textbook for Space Development
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
Copyright © 2016 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved.

Overview（1/2）
2
Title Japanese Space Development (Part 1)
Overview About Japanese space development, introduce actual use
satellites such as earth observation satellites and communication
satellites and science satellites such as Astronomical observation
and planetary exploration.
Purpose
of This Unite
Improve knowledge
This Unit for Administrative Officer, Engineer (Introduction)
Requirement
for Taking
This Unit
None

Overview（2/2）
3
When
You Master
This Unit...
 You can understand a process of space craft development.
 Actual use satellites(such as earth observation satellites and
geostationary satellites) and science exploration satellites are
developed with technology established by on-orbit engineering
tests using test satellites.

4
• 1. Japanese Space Development
• 2. Development of Space Craft
2.1 Engineering Test Satellite and
Actual Use Satellite
2.2 Space Science Exploration
Contents

5
1. Japanese Space Development
Earth Observation,
Communication, Positioning Planetary Science Exploration
Rocket transport system
Manned Space Development
Engineering Test
Communication, Positioning
Asteroid
Exploration
Astronomical
Observation
Solar Observation
International Space Station (ISS)
Japanese Experiment Module “Kibo”
Large and Small Rocket
Meteorological
Observation
(C)JAXA,NASA,NHK
Earth Observation

6
2. Development of Space Craft
2.1 Engineering Test Satellite and Actual Use Satellite
What’s Engineering Test Satellite?
We are developing engineering test satellites (ETS series) as front-loading to develop
certainly actual use satellites that need high technology.
Engineering Test Satellites
Actual Use Satellites Meteorological Satellite
Earth Observation Satellites
Communication Satellite
H-II Transfer Vehicle
Broadcasting Satellite
Positioning Satellite

7
2.1.1 Engineering Test Satellite
 NASDA’s first satellite
 First launching of N-I rocket
 Leaning launch technologies
• Launching
• Injection a satellite into Orbit
• Tracking and Control
 The first Japanese
geostationary satellite
 System tests on orbit
 Leaning technologies
• Launching Geostationary
satellite
• Keeping orbit
• Keeping attitude
 Confirming ability of N-II rocket
 Launching 350-kg class satellites
 Equipment test on-board
 Establishment of the three-axis
attitude control
 Confirming way to unfold solar
panels
• ETS series established know-how of basic bus systems such as attitude control of satellite,
mission systems such as communication and orbit injection technology of rocket.

8
 Establishment of three-axis
technology for 2-ton class
geostationary actual use
satellite
 Confirming ability of H-II
rocket
 Learning technologies
• rendezvous docking
• space robotics
 Development of bus system
technology for 3-ton class
 Development of large unfolding
antenna reflectors
 Development of mobile
communications satellite
 Experiments in fundamental
technology for satellite-
positioning
 Confirming ability of H-I
rocket
 Establishment of basic three-
axis bus system technology
for 550-kg class
• We leaned basic technologies such as three-axis attitude control of circular and geostationary
satellites. These technologies were used for development of ETS-V and actual use satellites
(communication, broadcasting and earth observation satellites).
• Also, confirming launch ability of rockets with increasing payload size is one of purpose of ETS series.
※Although it was going to be launched into
geostationary orbit at first, it was launched into
elliptical orbit because of apogee engine malfunction.
 Reducing weight by “all-electric” propulsion
subsystem
 Improvement mountability of Mission
equipment by “high power electricity”
2.1.1 Engineering Test Satellite

2.1.2 Actual Use Satellite ①Communication, Broadcast
9
• The first Japanese geostationary communication satellite for
experiment.
• It was used when a disaster occurred.
• And also for islands communication.
1977 Communication Satellite “CS (Sakura)”
• The first Japanese broadcast satellite for experiment to receive
signals from satellites directly at home.
• Poor area of TV reception had decreased by BS.
• And also High-definition TV broadcasts was experimented.
1978 Broadcasting Satellite “BS(Yuri)”
• Japanese communication and broadcast satellites started since CS(1977) and BS(1978).
• “DRTS”, which is data relation satellite, has been operated since 2002(for 10 years over).

• In 2008, Japanese private company received an order of developing a commercial
satellite. The telco of Singapore and Taiwan are joint ownership of the satellite.
Furthermore, in 2011, the company received an order of developing two communication
satellites from Turkish government’s satellite communication company.
• These receiving orders are results of Japanese communication satellite technologies
such as CS, BS and ETS.
2.1.2 Actual Use Satellite ① Communication, Broadcast
10
• The first foreign commercial satellite, which was ordered to Japanese
private company.
• The Bus systems are based on “ETS-VIII(engineering test satellite)”.
• This service area is wide. It can cover Singapore, Taiwan, the Middle
and Near East, India, Central Asia and Southeast Asia.
2011 “ST-2”(Singapore and Taiwan joint ownership)
• Second foreign commercial satellites.
• These can provide stable telecommunication infrastructure utilizing 2
satellites system.
• Technical education program is performed as quality management
with customer participation.
2014/2015 “TURKSAT-4A/4B”(Turksat Inc. Co.)
（C）Melco
（C）Melco

11
• Demonstrating inter-satellites communication and data relay system.
(These technologies are learned from ETS-VI and COMETS※1.)
• It’s on geostationary orbit and relays between satellites on low-middle altitude circular
orbit and earth stations.
• This enable to downlink large data, because of grate longer visible time※2.
2002 Data Relay Test Satellite “DRTS(KODAMA)”
ETS-VI
COMETS
DRTS
※1 COMETS : The engineering test satellite purpose of learning inter-
satellites communication and satellite broadcast technology.
※2 visible time : Communication available time between earth orbiter
satellites and earth stations. One visible time of average
circular satellite is about 20-minitues at a maximum.
The image of relaying
between ground station and satellite by DRTSBasic inter-satellites communication techunology.
Bus system technology of
2-ton class geostationary satellite.
Technology application of bus and mission system
from engineering test satellites

12
• It’s inter-satellites communication using not a radio wave but a visible ray.
• The optical inter-orbit communication experiment carried out between “”KIRARI
and “ARTMIS” (the Advanced Relay and Technology Mission).
• And also optical communication experiment between it and earth stations.
Merits of optical communication
• Because of sharp beam, more stable
communication with less interference
• More compact communication equipment
• Higher data transmission rates
• Frequency assignment is unnecessary※
Next optical data relay satellite is planning.
• Band available as communication is finite.
• And the number of on-orbit satellite is increasing year after
year. ↓
• Frequency resources shortage.
• Therefore frequency is assigned internationally in
conformity to the rule of International Telecommunication
Union (ITU) not to be radio wave interference.
2005 Optical Inter-orbit Communication Engineering Test Satellite “KIRARI”
The image of optical communication
between a earth station
The image of optical communication
between a satellite station※But we expect international standard
specification will be draw up by ITU someday.

2.1.2 Actual Use Satellite ②Positioning
13
• Enable to stable positioning by complement of GPS
• In Japan, the time of receiving MICHIBIKI’s signals is longer than
geostationary satellites because one’s elevation is larger than the one,
less likely to be shielded at building crowded area.
• It can be realized a few cm accuracy by using support signals※
of MICHIBIKI.
2010 Quasi-Zenith Satellite-1 “MICHIBIKI”
Measurement in
building crowded area.
• GPS’s positional accuracy for private use is limited to approximately
10m because GPS originated from military purpose.
• Receiving signals from more than 8 satellites(4 minimum) is
necessary for stable positioning though, it is not always available
especially building crowded or mountain area.
• So there are non available area and time.
Matter of using of GPS for purpose of private use.
GPS
(approximately
10m)
MICHIBIKI
(several cm)
• We launched Experimental Geodetic Satellite (EGS) in 1986 and Quasi-Zenith Satellite-1
(MICHIBIKI) purpose of complement of American Global Positioning System (GPS) in 2010.
• In 2017, launches of Quasi-Zenith Satellite-2 to 4 are planed by Cabinet Office, after
that continued development is planed. (The positioning system our country own is
established by these satellites.)
※support signals : Information to correct positioning accuracy
such as troposphere delay and Ionospheric delay.

2.1.2 Actual Use Satellite ③Meteorological Observation
14
1997
• Geostationary Meteorological Satellite “Himawari” (GMS)
• Made and Launch in USA
1981
• Geostationary Meteorological Satellite “Himawari-2” (GMS-2)
• Domestic components was loaded and launched in Japan.
1984
1989
1995
• Geostationary Meteorological Satellite “Himawari-5 “ (GMS-5)
•It had been operated for 8-years which is considerably longer than design life.
1999
• MTSAT-1
• Bought from American private company under the influence of super article 301
• Because of launch failure, observed by American satellite instead of the satellite in this term.
2005
• Geostationary Meteorological Satellite “Himawari-6“ （MTSAT-1R）
• Bought from American private company under the influence of super article 301
• Cost dawn by loading together with air traffic control satellite
2006
• Geostationary Meteorological Satellite “Himawari-7“ (MTSAT-2)
•Japanese maker accepted of order in International competitive bidding.
2014
•Geostationary Meteorological Satellite “Himawari-8“
•New ground receiving station was established.
•Observe high-definition image every 2.5 minutes
GMS GMS-1 GMS-5
GMS series
• Because meteorological observation satellites is infrastructure direct connecting disaster prevention, Japan has
developed meteorological observation satellites continuously.
• Because of improvement of technologies, we can observe local or short time meteorological phenomena such as
unexpectedly strong rain.
• Especially in a country which is often hit by natural disaster, understanding atmospheric phenomena is very
important for economic / social activity.
Himawari-8
(C)Japan Meteorological Agency
MTSAT series
MTSAT-1R MTSAT-2

2.1.2 Actual Use Satellite ④Earth Observation
1515
• We have stacked up many results since we launched the first earth observation satellite “MOS-1” (Momo-1)
in 1987.
• By technical progress, design life and ground resolution improved. Being used for natural resource mapping,
agricultural forestry industries and fisheries, disaster prevention, coastal observation and climate change.

2.2 Space Science Exploration
16
Lunar (SEKENE)
Venus （PLANET-C）
Mercury （Bepi Colombo）
IKAROS
Lunar and Planetary Exploration
Asteroid Exploration
HAYABUSA （MUSES-C）
Hayabusa2
Solar and Astronomical Observation
X-ray Astronomy (ASTRO-H) Infrared Astronomy (ASTRO-F)
Solar (SOLAR-B)

17
• Expansion of the activity area in space.
• Creation of world class results in space field.
• Ensure international influence.
• Building cooperative relationship with other countries on space field.
• Enhancement of research of space science and engineering in
universities.
• Raise national awareness about space, and contribute widely to
expand human resources for the next generation.
2.2.1 Significance of Space Science Exploration

• Understanding natural phenomena by observing the solar system
scientifically, it contributes to elucidate the Climate Change such as
Global Warming on the Earth.
• Construction a international partnership through a collaborated project.
2.2.2 Lunar and Planetary Exploration
18
• We launched the first earth escape mission “MS-T5” (SAKIGAKE) in 1985.
Since it, we extended space development area.
• Japan developed many satellites to explore solar system planets.
• Mercury exploration project “Bepi Colombo” in progress is jointly project with ESA.
• SELenological and ENgineering explorer “SELENE” (KAGUYA) succeed taking pictures
of the moon surface by the high-definition camera for the first time in the world.
The HD picture “earth-rise” taken by SELENE “MMO/MPO” of Bepi Colombo “PLANET-C” was injected on
Venus circular orbit in 2015

• Expected elucidation of origin of the solar system by researching
constitutive substance of an asteroid.
• Actualizing very hard mission increases international presence,
and the technology often spin-off to private use.
2.2.3 Asteroid exploration
19
• Asteroid Explorer “MUSES-C ” (HAYABUSA) launched in 2003 succeeded in taking a capsule to
earth in 2010, the end of the interplanetary navigation for 7-years.
• It succeeded in landing on a astronomical body outside of the earth gravitational field and
sample return from it.
• “Hayabusa2”, the second asteroid explorer was launched in 2014 and will return to earth in 2020.
HAYABUSA landed on
the asteroid “Itokawa”
Results of HAYABUSA attracted all over the world’s attention.
And special number of American science magazine “Science”
was issued
Recovering a capsule
Hyabusa2
X Band Low Gain Antenna
X Band Middle Gain Antenna
Ka Band
High Gain Antenna
X Band
High Gain AntennaDeployable Camera
Solar Array Panel
Optical Navigation
Camera-WideLaser Altimeter
Sampler Horn
Reentry Capsule
Near Infrared
Spectrometer
Star Trackers

• Elucidating solar activity by observing regularly, it contribute to
forecast the effect on Earth environment and human activity.
2.2.4 Solar Observation
20
• Japanese solar observation has started since the first solar observation satellite “ASTRO-A”
in 1981.
• Mission systems of “SOLAR-B” was developed as JPN/USA/EU joint project.
• Results of “SOLAR-B” appeared in many science magazines including “Science” and are
highly esteemed.
Appearance of “SOLAR-B”A solar picture taken by “SOLAR-A”

2.2.5 Astronomical Observation (X-ray)
21
• Japan has launched X-ray observation satellites every 4 to 5 years and observed
continuously from 1979 to 1999.
• In 2016 we launched new X-ray observation satellite “ASTRO-H(HITOMI)”.
• We have become technically advanced country on X-ray astronomical satellite field.
Launch year Satellite
1979
CORSA-b
(HAKUCHO)
1983
ASTRO-B
(TENMA)
1987
ASTRO-C
(GINGA)
1993
ASTRO-D
(ASCA)
2005
ASTRO-EII
(Suzaku)
Japanese 6th X-ray observation satellite(Launch in 2016)
“ASTRO-H(HITOMI)”

2.2.6 Astronomical Observation (Infrared)
22
• Satellite “SFU” loaded Japanese first infrared sensor “IRTS” launched in 1995. And also
“ASTRO-F” launched in 2006.
• We have become technically advanced country on infrared astronomical satellite, not
only X-ray.
A far infrared all heaven picture taken by ASTRO-F
• Elucidating the origin of the space by Observing stars in deep
space and the black hole using X-ray and Infrared, which
contributes to estimate future of the Earth and the solar system.
Infrared Imaging Satellite
“ASTRO-F(AKARI)”
The operation of “ASTRO-F(AKARI)” has been already completed in 2011..

Textbook for Space Development March 2016: First Edition

japanese space development(part 1)

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