This summarizes a research document about the presentation of the Arabic character in Shakespeare's play Othello. It discusses how Othello, as the main Arabic character, faces racial and religious discrimination as a Moor in Venice. While Othello possesses noble traits as a military leader, he is still viewed as an outsider due to his race and religion. The document analyzes how Othello is portrayed through negative imagery and language that emphasizes his darkness and exoticism in contrast to the fair Venetians. It concludes that the portrayal of Othello reflects the racial prejudices against Arabs that were prevalent in Elizabethan England.
The document discusses the history and characteristics of the epic form. It originated in ancient Greek and Latin literature and was composed orally by bards. Epics are long poems that narrate the deeds of heroic or legendary figures. They typically involve gods or spirits and include descriptions of contests, journeys, and stories within stories. Famous epics include works by Homer, Virgil, Dante, Milton, and others. Epics can be categorized as folk, literary, or oral depending on how they were composed and transmitted.
The document discusses the key elements and characteristics of both classical and Shakespearean tragedies. For classical tragedies, it outlines elements such as stories based on well-known myths and legends, a strong religious element focused on fate and divine justice, few actors with speaking roles, and characters of high social status. For Shakespearean tragedies, it summarizes elements like the presence of a tragic hero with a tragic flaw, conflicts between good and evil with goodness ultimately defeated, supernatural elements that advance the plot, and the use of comic relief scenes.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key literary terms related to four works: Beowulf, Canterbury Tales, Hamlet, and Lord of the Flies. It covers concepts such as the epic hero, quest, kenning, characterization, allegory, symbolism, and tragic flaws. The terms are grouped into three sets corresponding to the three works: Beowulf, Canterbury Tales, and Hamlet.
Bertolt Brecht - Signs, Sexuality and Status in Brecht's Caucasian Chalk CircleKemiIlori
This document provides an analysis of Brecht's play The Caucasian Chalk Circle through a feminist lens, focusing on sexuality and status. It argues that in the fictional setting of Grusinia:
1) Society is structured patriarchally, with all positions of power and wealth belonging to men. Women's roles are limited to domestic spheres like cooking and child-rearing.
2) Relationships between men and women depict the domination and exploitation of women. Women are viewed as possessions for men's pleasure and reproduction.
3) Men establish social norms and values that privilege masculinity, placing women in a subordinate position defined by their sexuality and role as possessions for men.
The author reviews a performance of Wole Soyinka's adaptation of The Bacchae of Euripides directed by Amanda Price at the University of Leeds in 1990. Soyinka's version sets the Greek tragedy in an African context, using African languages and references to contemporary African politics. The performance highlighted the clash between rigid authority and religious fanaticism, and left questions about reconciling social classes through symbolic gestures rather than meaningful political change. Overall, the author praised the production for its exploration of complex political and social issues but questioned Soyinka's ambiguous conclusion.
The document discusses the characteristics and conventions of epic poetry. It defines an epic as a long narrative poem focused on heroic acts, often involving supernatural elements. Epics are highly formal with conventions like an invocation to a muse, an in medias res opening, catalogs of characters, and formal speeches. Epics can be categorized based on their themes, such as wars, journeys, or founding of cities. Primary epics emerged from oral traditions while secondary epics were literary works that deliberately imitated the form.
The document defines an epic poem as a long, serious poetic narrative about a significant event, often featuring a hero. Epics traditionally were memorized and helped preserve cultural history, and later were written down. Examples include the Iliad, Odyssey, Beowulf, and Gilgamesh. The document then lists the 10 greatest epic poems, including the Aeneid, Don Juan, Paradise Lost, Divine Comedy, and Mahabharata. It ranks the Iliad as the greatest epic poem.
Initially published on 21st July 2010 in American Chronicle, Buzzle and AfroArticles
Excerpt:
In the present article, I republish three chapters dealing with Oromo national identity, religion and language. All the preconceived concepts of the colonial era herewith present, thus leading Bulatovich to erroneous interpretations. Certainly, the Russian explorer was not a linguist, historian or historian of religions, and more importantly, academic exploration was not the primary interest of his travel which was kind of diplomatic reconnaissance. In fact, Bulatovich viewed the Oromos, the Sidamas, the Kaffas, the Amharas and the other nations that he encountered in his travel as the outcome of an interaction occurred at his lifetime with no past! Attempting to explain the origins and the nature of Oromo festivals like that of Borenticha, he never imagined that the closest possible parallel could be that of the Khonsu festival in Ancient Egypt, which took place in May and had genuinely apotropaic character.
However, the chapter on the Oromo national character is greatly interesting because it demolishes the Ethiopianist myth of a supposed Ethiopian nation. There isn´t and there can´t be any Ethiopian nation other the one identified by the Ancient Greeks and Romans as located south of Egypt, which means the Ancient Kushites and Meroites of Sudan, who are the ancestors of today´s brotherly nations, the Oromos, the Sidamas and the Arabic-speaking Sudanese.
By describing the traits of the Oromos and by clearly indicating that they are diametrically opposed to those of the Amharas (discussed in another chapter of his book that I will republish in a forthcoming article), Bulatoovich destroys the myth of possible Oromo – Amhara connection and/or affinity.
The document discusses the history and characteristics of the epic form. It originated in ancient Greek and Latin literature and was composed orally by bards. Epics are long poems that narrate the deeds of heroic or legendary figures. They typically involve gods or spirits and include descriptions of contests, journeys, and stories within stories. Famous epics include works by Homer, Virgil, Dante, Milton, and others. Epics can be categorized as folk, literary, or oral depending on how they were composed and transmitted.
The document discusses the key elements and characteristics of both classical and Shakespearean tragedies. For classical tragedies, it outlines elements such as stories based on well-known myths and legends, a strong religious element focused on fate and divine justice, few actors with speaking roles, and characters of high social status. For Shakespearean tragedies, it summarizes elements like the presence of a tragic hero with a tragic flaw, conflicts between good and evil with goodness ultimately defeated, supernatural elements that advance the plot, and the use of comic relief scenes.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key literary terms related to four works: Beowulf, Canterbury Tales, Hamlet, and Lord of the Flies. It covers concepts such as the epic hero, quest, kenning, characterization, allegory, symbolism, and tragic flaws. The terms are grouped into three sets corresponding to the three works: Beowulf, Canterbury Tales, and Hamlet.
Bertolt Brecht - Signs, Sexuality and Status in Brecht's Caucasian Chalk CircleKemiIlori
This document provides an analysis of Brecht's play The Caucasian Chalk Circle through a feminist lens, focusing on sexuality and status. It argues that in the fictional setting of Grusinia:
1) Society is structured patriarchally, with all positions of power and wealth belonging to men. Women's roles are limited to domestic spheres like cooking and child-rearing.
2) Relationships between men and women depict the domination and exploitation of women. Women are viewed as possessions for men's pleasure and reproduction.
3) Men establish social norms and values that privilege masculinity, placing women in a subordinate position defined by their sexuality and role as possessions for men.
The author reviews a performance of Wole Soyinka's adaptation of The Bacchae of Euripides directed by Amanda Price at the University of Leeds in 1990. Soyinka's version sets the Greek tragedy in an African context, using African languages and references to contemporary African politics. The performance highlighted the clash between rigid authority and religious fanaticism, and left questions about reconciling social classes through symbolic gestures rather than meaningful political change. Overall, the author praised the production for its exploration of complex political and social issues but questioned Soyinka's ambiguous conclusion.
The document discusses the characteristics and conventions of epic poetry. It defines an epic as a long narrative poem focused on heroic acts, often involving supernatural elements. Epics are highly formal with conventions like an invocation to a muse, an in medias res opening, catalogs of characters, and formal speeches. Epics can be categorized based on their themes, such as wars, journeys, or founding of cities. Primary epics emerged from oral traditions while secondary epics were literary works that deliberately imitated the form.
The document defines an epic poem as a long, serious poetic narrative about a significant event, often featuring a hero. Epics traditionally were memorized and helped preserve cultural history, and later were written down. Examples include the Iliad, Odyssey, Beowulf, and Gilgamesh. The document then lists the 10 greatest epic poems, including the Aeneid, Don Juan, Paradise Lost, Divine Comedy, and Mahabharata. It ranks the Iliad as the greatest epic poem.
Initially published on 21st July 2010 in American Chronicle, Buzzle and AfroArticles
Excerpt:
In the present article, I republish three chapters dealing with Oromo national identity, religion and language. All the preconceived concepts of the colonial era herewith present, thus leading Bulatovich to erroneous interpretations. Certainly, the Russian explorer was not a linguist, historian or historian of religions, and more importantly, academic exploration was not the primary interest of his travel which was kind of diplomatic reconnaissance. In fact, Bulatovich viewed the Oromos, the Sidamas, the Kaffas, the Amharas and the other nations that he encountered in his travel as the outcome of an interaction occurred at his lifetime with no past! Attempting to explain the origins and the nature of Oromo festivals like that of Borenticha, he never imagined that the closest possible parallel could be that of the Khonsu festival in Ancient Egypt, which took place in May and had genuinely apotropaic character.
However, the chapter on the Oromo national character is greatly interesting because it demolishes the Ethiopianist myth of a supposed Ethiopian nation. There isn´t and there can´t be any Ethiopian nation other the one identified by the Ancient Greeks and Romans as located south of Egypt, which means the Ancient Kushites and Meroites of Sudan, who are the ancestors of today´s brotherly nations, the Oromos, the Sidamas and the Arabic-speaking Sudanese.
By describing the traits of the Oromos and by clearly indicating that they are diametrically opposed to those of the Amharas (discussed in another chapter of his book that I will republish in a forthcoming article), Bulatoovich destroys the myth of possible Oromo – Amhara connection and/or affinity.
An epic poem is a lengthy narrative that recounts the deeds and adventures of heroic figures or important events in a nation's history. Epics are generally written in an elevated style and focus on themes that are significant to the culture in which they were created. Some key characteristics of epics include their focus on heroic figures, inclusion of supernatural elements, use of formal language and long descriptive passages, and focus on events or journeys that are meaningful to the civilization. Beowulf, one of the earliest surviving English epics, recounts the story of a Geatish hero who battles monsters in Scandinavia.
The allusion is an object or circumstance from unrelated context is referenced covertly or indirectly. Allusion occurs in literature when an author indirectly references another work, event, person, or place. The reference may be historical or modern. Authors and writers use allusions to express a similar sentiment to the object of the allusion or to evoke particular emotions. Eliot is known for quoting, alluding to, and sometimes borrowing from other literary and historical sources. He used Various kind of allusion in the poem “The Hollow Men”. His favorite source for borrowed expressions and ideas is the Italian poet Dante Alighieri, author of The Divine Comedy, ‘The Waste Land’, Heart of Darkness. Here, as in ‘The Waste Land’, Heart of Darkness is important.
Epic poetry is a long narrative form that recounts heroic deeds and culturally significant events. Some of the earliest and most important epic poems include the Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh, Homer's Iliad and Odyssey from Ancient Greece, and Virgil's Aeneid from Ancient Rome. Epics were originally an oral tradition and told grand stories using elevated language. They featured superhuman heroes representing a culture's ideals and involved gods or supernatural events. Characteristics of the form include an omniscient narrator, ample settings and scales, and themes of national or cosmic importance.
The Dual Female Space in Byron’s Turkish TalesAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Since our existence is defined by the concept of space, our social lives therefore are defined by spatial relationships. The theory of space has developed a dynamic representation of the conception and creation of relationships, especially gender relations. Gender cannot be considered by neglecting the issue of space since both are interrelated. Females, however, occupy restricted spaces in spite of the multifarious positions males freely occupy. In fact, space is a maternal/feminized entity according to Luce Irigaray, Elaine Showalter, Gayatri Spivak, Julia Kristeva, Plato, William Blake and I. A. Richards. To feminists, space is perceived through the lens of male power and female resistance. The urge of women writers to reduce gender discrimination and sexual stereotyping during the Romantic Movement was visible in Lord Byron‘s poems. Byron‘s controversial sexuality—awareness of his feminine side—is in itself a unique existential space placing him among artists that reveal both gender sides: the meek and bold. This study investigates how Byron pictured the space his feminine heroes occupied in his Turkish tales and distinguishable version of the ―female other. It offers a feminist reading of three of Byron‘s Turkish tales: The Giaour (1813), The Bride of Abydos (1813) and The Corsair (1814) and explores the figurative spaces that Byron allocates for his Turkish heroines.
This document defines and discusses the key elements and features of an epic poem. It states that an epic is a long narrative poem that tells of heroes and their deeds, often involving the intervention of the gods. It notes epics typically have a heroic main character, vast settings that are important to a culture's history, and include divine beings and places. The document also explains that epics begin with an invocation to a muse, contain elaborate similes, and focus on subjects of national significance.
Poison, Ophelia's flowers, and Yorick's skull are symbols of death in Shakespeare's Hamlet. Poison proves the theme of death as it is used to kill many characters. Ophelia distributes flowers that symbolize themes like remembrance, deceit, and lack of faith in marriage. Yorick's skull represents the inevitability of death and reminds Hamlet of his own mortality. These symbols serve to reinforce the overarching theme of death in the play.
William Butler Yeats was an Irish poet who won the Nobel Prize for Literature. He served two terms as a senator in Ireland. The poem "No Second Troy" references the mythological city of Troy and uses metaphor and symbolism. It explores the character of a woman who brought misery but could not be faulted for acting according to her nature, just as there was no second Troy for her to burn.
The document discusses themes in William Shakespeare's play Hamlet and how they are informed by reading The Revenger's Tragedy. It analyzes Shakespeare's presentation of female weakness in Hamlet and how misogyny is a defining trait of Hamlet's character. The document also explores how misogyny is a convention in revenge tragedies like The Revenger's Tragedy and how this influences understanding of themes in Hamlet.
The document compares how The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath, A Doll's House by Henrik Ibsen, and Power Politics by Margaret Atwood portray female protagonists struggling against the restrictive expectations of patriarchal societies. All three works illustrate how the women attempt to establish independent identities separate from their prescribed social roles, using symbolic elements and the protagonists' growing self-awareness of their oppression.
A wealthy Greek festival promoter has commissioned two plays to be performed at the upcoming City Festival of Dionysus. Teenage playwrights must submit proposals including the title and 8-point plot outline of a comedy, along with details of the main character's mask. They must also submit the same for a tragedy to be considered for the performance, with the chance of fame and fortune if selected.
This document provides an overview of Greek tragedy and the play Medea. It discusses key features of Greek theaters including the orchestra, skene, and theatron spaces. It outlines conventions like the use of masks and all-male casts. The document also summarizes information about famous playwrights like Euripides and Aeschylus and the origins of annual theatrical competitions held in Athens to honor Dionysus. It concludes with details about specific elements that make Medea, written by Euripides, a unique tragedy, like its use of the mechane device and Medea's deliberate murder of her children.
Drama originated in ancient Greece where people would worship Dionysus through singing and dancing together. This evolved into a structured form of Greek drama performed in theaters built into hillsides. Tragedies focused on noble protagonists with a tragic flaw who would undergo a reversal of fortune, recognize their mistakes, and arouse feelings of pity and fear in audiences. Aristotle defined key elements of drama including plot, character, theme, and his three unities of time, place, and action. The goals of tragedy were to reaffirm the value of life and explore spiritual conflicts that arise from a character's inner struggles.
An epic poem typically features a heroic figure upon whose actions the fate of their people depends, involves divine or supernatural elements, and addresses profound human themes through an elevated poetic style. Some of the most prominent early epics that share characteristics include the Iliad, Odyssey, and Beowulf, which originated as part of oral traditions reflecting cultural values. The Iliad specifically recounts events in the Trojan War, said to have been caused when Paris chose Aphrodite and was given Helen, starting the conflict between the Greeks and Trojans.
Yeats explores his thoughts and musings on how immortality, art, and the human spirit may converge. Through the use of various poetic techniques, Yeats's Sailing to Byzantium describes the metaphorical journey of a man pursuing his own vision of eternal life as well as his conception of paradise.
The document provides an overview of feminist criticism of Shakespeare's Hamlet. It examines how female characters like Ophelia and Gertrude are portrayed, whether they possess power, how they interact with each other, if they are oversimplified or believable, and what roles they assume in the play. Specific examples from scenes and passages in Hamlet are analyzed to show how the female characters conform to or challenge feminist perspectives.
Hamlet Controlled Assessment - Tragic heroesMrMorrisSWA
Hamartia refers to the tragic flaw or error in judgment that leads to the downfall of the tragic hero. It's one of the key characteristics of a tragic hero according to Aristotle.
Greek tragedies followed certain conventions:
They were performed in large outdoor theaters holding thousands, with no microphones or scene changes. The chorus commented on the action through songs between dramatic episodes, helping establish mood and interpret events. Plays focused on a single storyline over a short period in a single location, with the chorus representing community thoughts.
Urban transformation in 1950’s the case of hacettepe district, ankaraAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper on the urban transformation of the Hacettepe district in Ankara, Turkey during the 1950s due to modernist planning approaches. It provides historical context on Ankara's development as Turkey's capital city beginning in the 1920s. Plans in the 1950s to develop Hacettepe University led to significant physical and socio-cultural changes in the historical Hacettepe district. The paper analyzes how the modernist ideology of the time period shaped the transformation of the urban form and conservation approaches in Hacettepe through archival documents and interviews.
Transition of space technologies and the spin off technologies realisedAlexander Decker
This document discusses space technologies and spin-off technologies realized from space exploration. It provides examples of past space technologies from the 20th century that enabled space exploration. It also discusses present space technologies and applications that provide satellite communications, remote sensing, GPS, and benefits to various sectors. Examples of specific spin-off technologies are also outlined from space agencies in Europe and Japan that have applications in areas like living, safety/security, environment, healthcare, industry, and education. Potential new space technologies under development in 2013 are also mentioned, including improved spacesuits and reusable rocket technologies.
An epic poem is a lengthy narrative that recounts the deeds and adventures of heroic figures or important events in a nation's history. Epics are generally written in an elevated style and focus on themes that are significant to the culture in which they were created. Some key characteristics of epics include their focus on heroic figures, inclusion of supernatural elements, use of formal language and long descriptive passages, and focus on events or journeys that are meaningful to the civilization. Beowulf, one of the earliest surviving English epics, recounts the story of a Geatish hero who battles monsters in Scandinavia.
The allusion is an object or circumstance from unrelated context is referenced covertly or indirectly. Allusion occurs in literature when an author indirectly references another work, event, person, or place. The reference may be historical or modern. Authors and writers use allusions to express a similar sentiment to the object of the allusion or to evoke particular emotions. Eliot is known for quoting, alluding to, and sometimes borrowing from other literary and historical sources. He used Various kind of allusion in the poem “The Hollow Men”. His favorite source for borrowed expressions and ideas is the Italian poet Dante Alighieri, author of The Divine Comedy, ‘The Waste Land’, Heart of Darkness. Here, as in ‘The Waste Land’, Heart of Darkness is important.
Epic poetry is a long narrative form that recounts heroic deeds and culturally significant events. Some of the earliest and most important epic poems include the Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh, Homer's Iliad and Odyssey from Ancient Greece, and Virgil's Aeneid from Ancient Rome. Epics were originally an oral tradition and told grand stories using elevated language. They featured superhuman heroes representing a culture's ideals and involved gods or supernatural events. Characteristics of the form include an omniscient narrator, ample settings and scales, and themes of national or cosmic importance.
The Dual Female Space in Byron’s Turkish TalesAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Since our existence is defined by the concept of space, our social lives therefore are defined by spatial relationships. The theory of space has developed a dynamic representation of the conception and creation of relationships, especially gender relations. Gender cannot be considered by neglecting the issue of space since both are interrelated. Females, however, occupy restricted spaces in spite of the multifarious positions males freely occupy. In fact, space is a maternal/feminized entity according to Luce Irigaray, Elaine Showalter, Gayatri Spivak, Julia Kristeva, Plato, William Blake and I. A. Richards. To feminists, space is perceived through the lens of male power and female resistance. The urge of women writers to reduce gender discrimination and sexual stereotyping during the Romantic Movement was visible in Lord Byron‘s poems. Byron‘s controversial sexuality—awareness of his feminine side—is in itself a unique existential space placing him among artists that reveal both gender sides: the meek and bold. This study investigates how Byron pictured the space his feminine heroes occupied in his Turkish tales and distinguishable version of the ―female other. It offers a feminist reading of three of Byron‘s Turkish tales: The Giaour (1813), The Bride of Abydos (1813) and The Corsair (1814) and explores the figurative spaces that Byron allocates for his Turkish heroines.
This document defines and discusses the key elements and features of an epic poem. It states that an epic is a long narrative poem that tells of heroes and their deeds, often involving the intervention of the gods. It notes epics typically have a heroic main character, vast settings that are important to a culture's history, and include divine beings and places. The document also explains that epics begin with an invocation to a muse, contain elaborate similes, and focus on subjects of national significance.
Poison, Ophelia's flowers, and Yorick's skull are symbols of death in Shakespeare's Hamlet. Poison proves the theme of death as it is used to kill many characters. Ophelia distributes flowers that symbolize themes like remembrance, deceit, and lack of faith in marriage. Yorick's skull represents the inevitability of death and reminds Hamlet of his own mortality. These symbols serve to reinforce the overarching theme of death in the play.
William Butler Yeats was an Irish poet who won the Nobel Prize for Literature. He served two terms as a senator in Ireland. The poem "No Second Troy" references the mythological city of Troy and uses metaphor and symbolism. It explores the character of a woman who brought misery but could not be faulted for acting according to her nature, just as there was no second Troy for her to burn.
The document discusses themes in William Shakespeare's play Hamlet and how they are informed by reading The Revenger's Tragedy. It analyzes Shakespeare's presentation of female weakness in Hamlet and how misogyny is a defining trait of Hamlet's character. The document also explores how misogyny is a convention in revenge tragedies like The Revenger's Tragedy and how this influences understanding of themes in Hamlet.
The document compares how The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath, A Doll's House by Henrik Ibsen, and Power Politics by Margaret Atwood portray female protagonists struggling against the restrictive expectations of patriarchal societies. All three works illustrate how the women attempt to establish independent identities separate from their prescribed social roles, using symbolic elements and the protagonists' growing self-awareness of their oppression.
A wealthy Greek festival promoter has commissioned two plays to be performed at the upcoming City Festival of Dionysus. Teenage playwrights must submit proposals including the title and 8-point plot outline of a comedy, along with details of the main character's mask. They must also submit the same for a tragedy to be considered for the performance, with the chance of fame and fortune if selected.
This document provides an overview of Greek tragedy and the play Medea. It discusses key features of Greek theaters including the orchestra, skene, and theatron spaces. It outlines conventions like the use of masks and all-male casts. The document also summarizes information about famous playwrights like Euripides and Aeschylus and the origins of annual theatrical competitions held in Athens to honor Dionysus. It concludes with details about specific elements that make Medea, written by Euripides, a unique tragedy, like its use of the mechane device and Medea's deliberate murder of her children.
Drama originated in ancient Greece where people would worship Dionysus through singing and dancing together. This evolved into a structured form of Greek drama performed in theaters built into hillsides. Tragedies focused on noble protagonists with a tragic flaw who would undergo a reversal of fortune, recognize their mistakes, and arouse feelings of pity and fear in audiences. Aristotle defined key elements of drama including plot, character, theme, and his three unities of time, place, and action. The goals of tragedy were to reaffirm the value of life and explore spiritual conflicts that arise from a character's inner struggles.
An epic poem typically features a heroic figure upon whose actions the fate of their people depends, involves divine or supernatural elements, and addresses profound human themes through an elevated poetic style. Some of the most prominent early epics that share characteristics include the Iliad, Odyssey, and Beowulf, which originated as part of oral traditions reflecting cultural values. The Iliad specifically recounts events in the Trojan War, said to have been caused when Paris chose Aphrodite and was given Helen, starting the conflict between the Greeks and Trojans.
Yeats explores his thoughts and musings on how immortality, art, and the human spirit may converge. Through the use of various poetic techniques, Yeats's Sailing to Byzantium describes the metaphorical journey of a man pursuing his own vision of eternal life as well as his conception of paradise.
The document provides an overview of feminist criticism of Shakespeare's Hamlet. It examines how female characters like Ophelia and Gertrude are portrayed, whether they possess power, how they interact with each other, if they are oversimplified or believable, and what roles they assume in the play. Specific examples from scenes and passages in Hamlet are analyzed to show how the female characters conform to or challenge feminist perspectives.
Hamlet Controlled Assessment - Tragic heroesMrMorrisSWA
Hamartia refers to the tragic flaw or error in judgment that leads to the downfall of the tragic hero. It's one of the key characteristics of a tragic hero according to Aristotle.
Greek tragedies followed certain conventions:
They were performed in large outdoor theaters holding thousands, with no microphones or scene changes. The chorus commented on the action through songs between dramatic episodes, helping establish mood and interpret events. Plays focused on a single storyline over a short period in a single location, with the chorus representing community thoughts.
Urban transformation in 1950’s the case of hacettepe district, ankaraAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper on the urban transformation of the Hacettepe district in Ankara, Turkey during the 1950s due to modernist planning approaches. It provides historical context on Ankara's development as Turkey's capital city beginning in the 1920s. Plans in the 1950s to develop Hacettepe University led to significant physical and socio-cultural changes in the historical Hacettepe district. The paper analyzes how the modernist ideology of the time period shaped the transformation of the urban form and conservation approaches in Hacettepe through archival documents and interviews.
Transition of space technologies and the spin off technologies realisedAlexander Decker
This document discusses space technologies and spin-off technologies realized from space exploration. It provides examples of past space technologies from the 20th century that enabled space exploration. It also discusses present space technologies and applications that provide satellite communications, remote sensing, GPS, and benefits to various sectors. Examples of specific spin-off technologies are also outlined from space agencies in Europe and Japan that have applications in areas like living, safety/security, environment, healthcare, industry, and education. Potential new space technologies under development in 2013 are also mentioned, including improved spacesuits and reusable rocket technologies.
Uranium concentration in human blood using fission track etch techniqueAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that measured uranium concentration in human blood samples from exposed and control groups in Iraq using fission track etching technique. The main findings are:
1) Uranium concentrations were higher in the exposed group (1.84 ppb) compared to the control group (0.88 ppb), likely due to military activities contaminating the exposed areas.
2) Female uranium concentrations were higher than males in both groups, due to females having lower total blood volume.
3) Uranium concentrations varied between individuals but were highest in older females from more contaminated areas.
The supply side gaps and opportunities of small & medium enterprises (sm es) ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the challenges faced by financial institutions in lending to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Bangladesh. The study found that SMEs in Bangladesh are underserved by financial institutions, which lack customer-tailored products and specialized credit risk assessment systems. Providing loans to SMEs also requires a long time for credit clearance. To address these supply-side gaps, the study recommends identifying the risks faced by commercial banks in lending to SMEs and finding solutions to increase credit flows to the important SME sector.
This document discusses the top IT management concerns in Kenya. It identifies several key concerns, including IT strategic alignment, cost reduction, business productivity, business agility, and generating revenue from IT investments. It also notes Africa-specific challenges such as developing IT infrastructure, improving IT governance, and developing IT human resources and skills. The document provides context on the IT management concerns through references and background on the author.
The relationship between the eps the market stock returnAlexander Decker
This document discusses research on the relationship between earnings per share (EPS) and stock market returns. It notes that previous studies have found EPS explains less than 11% of changes in returns. The study aims to test this relationship for industrial companies listed on the Amman Stock Exchange. It discusses two models for representing unexpected earnings - using change in EPS or level of EPS. The study hypothesizes that both measures will significantly affect returns but that level of EPS may better explain returns. It also hypothesizes that using multiple earnings variables could improve explanation of returns. The literature review discusses a previous Jordanian study on the relationship between stock prices, current EPS, and future profits.
Use of gender exclusive language in secondary school english textbooks in kenyaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the use of gender-exclusive language in secondary school English textbooks in Kenya. Specifically, it looks at the textbook "New Integrated English Student’s Book 3" and identifies examples where the pronouns "he" and nouns containing "man" are used generically to refer to people but unintentionally exclude women. The research paper provides the identified examples, suggests more gender-inclusive alternatives in brackets, and gives a short comment on how the original phrasing assigns stereotypical gender roles. The goal of the research is to promote more inclusive language in educational materials in order to shape learner attitudes and represent both genders equally in societal development.
Theoretical study of the effect of hydroxy subgroup on the electronic and spe...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a theoretical study that used density functional theory calculations to investigate the effect of adding hydroxyl groups to the azulene molecule in different positions. The study found that adding hydroxyl groups (electron-withdrawing groups) decreases the energy gap of the molecules, making electrons easier to excite. It also decreases the ionization potential and increases the electron affinity, improving the electronic properties and making the molecules more soluble and conductive. Molecule 6, with hydroxyl groups in specific positions, was found to have the best properties for use as an n-type organic semiconductor. Vibrational frequency calculations showed good agreement with experimental data for the azulene molecule and identified characteristic vibrations induced by the addition of hydroxyl groups
This document provides an analysis and comparison of William Shakespeare's play Othello and Aphra Behn's novella Oroonoko. Both works feature noble heroes of African descent - Othello is referred to as "the Moor of Venice" while Oroonoko is a prince from Coramantien (West Africa). Despite enjoying high social status as respected military leaders, they are still seen as outsiders by European society due to their race. The works are also compared in terms of how the characters' racial backgrounds and physical features are described. Both Othello and Oroonoko meet tragic ends involving the murder of their wives after being manipulated by others.
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Racism plays a key role in Shakespeare's Othello. Iago uses racist epithets like "thick lips" and "Barbary horse" to inflame Desdemona's father against Othello and portray him as a savage outsider. Othello's race and status as a Moor make him a target for Iago's manipulation and set him apart from other Venetians, though he is respected as a general. Racism contributes to Othello's descent into jealousy and madness orchestrated by Iago.
Analyzing Iago S Speech In Shakespeare S OthelloValerie Felton
This document analyzes Iago's speech in Shakespeare's play Othello through several linguistic theories. It first provides background context on the play and its source material. It then discusses Conceptual Metaphor Theory and how Iago uses animal metaphors to dehumanize and degrade other characters, particularly Othello. Next, it explores Critical Discourse Analysis and how Iago's language reflects racist and sexist attitudes of the time regarding race, gender, and identity. Finally, it examines Iago's skilled use of rhetoric and how he manipulates other characters through rhetorical devices. The analysis finds that Iago's animal metaphors are meant to conceptualize others in a negative light, and that his language works to alienate
The document discusses how Shakespeare's play Othello remains relevant to contemporary society by exploring themes of racism, gender inequality, and sexuality. During Elizabethan times, Othello faced racial prejudice as a black man married to a white woman. Today, issues of race are still prominent in matters of representation, opportunity, and interracial relationships. Gender roles and the unequal treatment of men and women depicted in Othello also reflect societal issues still present today. Additionally, the play examines homosexuality, which was a taboo topic during Shakespeare's time but remains a subject of debate in modern societies. Overall, the document argues Othello transcends its historical context by illuminating social problems still prevalent in contemporary times.
literature in english internal assesment guyana Carlos Gonsalves
1) The document provides a detailed analysis of William Shakespeare's tragedy "Othello" focusing on the playwright's choices in characters, themes, symbols and settings.
2) It discusses major themes in the play like race, sexuality, jealousy and manipulation which are brought to life through characters like Othello, Desdemona, Iago and Cassio.
3) Symbols like the handkerchief and settings like Venice and Cyprus are also analyzed for the meanings and interpretations they provide about the events and mindsets in the play.
The document discusses how Shakespeare's play Othello remains relevant to contemporary society by exploring themes of racism, gender inequality, and sexuality. During Shakespearean times, Othello faced racial prejudice as a black man in a relationship with a white woman. Similarly, issues of race remain prominent today. The play also examines gender relations and the unequal treatment of women, reflecting societal attitudes that still exist. It portrays homosexual desires between male characters, touching on topics that resonate regarding sexuality. Overall, though set centuries ago, Othello addresses social issues that continue to be faced in the modern world.
The document discusses several themes in Shakespeare's Othello, including race, jealousy, and Othello as an outsider. It notes that Elizabethan society had negative views of black people and that Othello's race is central to the play. While some characters are prejudiced against Othello, others look past his race due to his virtues and valor. Othello's race and status as an outsider contribute to his downfall once Iago's jealousy and racism take hold. Jealousy is a powerful and destructive force that drives much of the plot, spiraling irrationally out of control and clouding judgement.
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The presentation of the arabic character in shakespeare's othello
1. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.3, No.19, 2013
www.iiste.org
The presentation of the Arabic character in Shakespeare's
Othello
-Dr. Amal Riyadh Kitishat(corresponding author) 1/ Dr. Mohammad Akram Alzu'bi co-author 2
1.Head of Department of English language and literature /Al- Balqa Applied university –Ajloun University
College-Jordan
*Email:Kitishat@gmail.com
2.An assistant professor in Department of English Language and Literature-. Al- Balqa Applied university –
Ajloun University College-Jordan/
Abstract
This study is mainly concerned with the investigation of the word choice that denotes racial significations. The
nature of the signs attributed to form at the end a negative picture of the Oriental character. Though the Arabic
character , represented by the Moor ,acquires noble characteristics; yet the racial treatment of this figure is
apparent. Most of his positive personal characters are ignored simply because he is "black". The study
investigates the racial treatment of the Arabic character and its complicated implications which
reflex the Elizabethan racial prejudice against the Arabs. The study concluded that most of the imagery and
signs are of racial and negative implications.
Keywords: Drama, Renaissance, racism, the image of Arabs, English literature
1- Introduction
Shakespeare draws on the Oriental sources as one of the major sources for his plays. One feature of
presenting the Orient is the presentation of the Arabic figures in his plays. Perhaps the most well-known Arabic
figure that has ever presented in Shakespeare's plays is Othello "the Moor".
As presented in the play, a racial point of view reflects the European attitude toward the Oriental people in
general and the Arabs in particular. Though the Orient is rich in its culture, civilization in addition to the natural
wealth, the racial point of view erases any role a major role the former plays in different fields of knowledge,
science and translation. It is this racial treatment of the Arabic character, as embodied in Othello's character
which this study aims to investigate with a focus on its complicated implications.
2-The image of the Arabs in Othello
2.1- Racial discrimination.
By presenting Othello as an outsider or a stranger, Othello is converted into a presentation of the image of
Oriental characters in general and the Arabs in particular in the Elizabethan audience mind. There are many
references to the color; a great emphasis is laid on presenting imagery of darkness versus fairness or light. The
choice of words heavily emphasizes the racial origin of Othello "The Moor" as a reminder to the Elizabethan
audience that he is an outsider:
There are many references to Othello attending to complex presentation of race and revealing
extreme dangers of racial conception and thinking. Racism is usually defined as "views,
practices, and actions reflecting the belief that humanity is divided into distinct biological groups
called races, and that members of certain race share certain attributes which make that group as a
whole less desirable, inferior or superior ( http: Wikipedia.1)
Related to the definition of racism is the assumption that we can judge people according to the racial
stereotypes, attributed to them. Othello the hero of the play enjoys positive personal characteristics as a military
leader, but he is treated differently because he is simply different in race. Though Othello is the protagonist of
the play; he is only referred to as "the Moor" which directly recalls a racial reference. Probably most racial
references to Othello are reported by I ago and Rodrigo. For example in the first scene I ago uses the color as a
reference to Othello; he excludes any other features and focuses on his color, "Even now, now, very now, an old
black ram is upping your unite ewe"(I .i.112).
Moreover, imagery of darkness and light are recurrent through the whole play. The play begins in darkness
with a dialogue between I ago and Rodrigo speaking about Othello who is mainly referred to as "the Moor". He
is dehumanized, in many situations he is described as an animal," You'll have your daughter covered with a
Barbary horse; you'll have your nephews neigh to you." (I.i.106-110) This dehumanization of Othello's character
is also linked with sexual lasciviousness which marks animals.
The play heightens the racial tension and increases hatred to Othello's character when Iago speaks about the
dangers of having sex between humans and animals. This hints the sexual union between Desdemona and
Othello who is described as a "beast with two backs". (I.i.112) Even more, there are other associations between
41
2. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.3, No.19, 2013
www.iiste.org
Othello and savagery, vulgarity and barbarism.
Having in mind the Structuralism analysis of the binary opposites, this play is a clear example of such
analogy. According to Saussure, words are arranged in pairs where a contradictory relationship links between
them. The word to the left of the slash is more important and superior than the other (http:Britanicca.2011.1). In
this light, the treatment of the Arabic character falls in this analogy which is based on the opposition of darkness
and light a contrast which is represented in the binary pair of( fair, dark) associations. Desdemona is a
representative of fairness, and Othello on the other hand is a representative of darkness. The relation between the
main characters is described to be contradictory from the beginning of the play until the end. This contrast
between the fair Desdemona and the black Moor summarizes the main theme of the play which is based on
contradiction between opposites. According to the Elizabethan audience, the connotation of the word "Moor" has
nothing but negative implications. This may reflect the historical and religious hatred of the Christian
Elizabethan Society toward Arabs and Muslims:
The word "Moor" inhabits a number of physical attributes which signify notorious qualities that
ingrained deeply not only in Elizabethan society, but in the European culture. It occurs five times
in the play having different grammatical forms and function. (Jansiz, 2005, 49).
2.2- Thematic and historical analysis
The recurrent reference to Othello as the Moor indirectly presents the Renaissance context which affords an
"inconsistent" and "vague" contradictory vision of the Arabs and Muslims. (Ibid.).Othello is sometimes
described as noble and brave; yet his race is still the major marker of his identity. There are many instances that
clarify this point from the text of the play when they addressed Othello as "valiant Moor", "brave Moor" and
"noble Moor". The emphasis on the fact that he is a stranger, or as mentioned in the play as a Moor, is apparent.
A fact which reveals his being an outsider , a strange member in the Venetian society. All his noble and positive
features couldn't convince the Venetian society to accept him away from any racial discrimination. With regard
to this point Brabantio hints at this fact when he objects Othello's marriage from his daughter. He says:
So opposite to marriage shunned
The wealthy, curled darlings of our nations,
Would ever have t'near a general mock,
Run from her guard age to the sooty bosom
Of such a thing as thou-to fear, not to delight.(I.ii.67-71)
In "Making more of the Moor", the writer states that there is a contradictory vision of the Moor;" the Moor
was characterized simultaneously in contradictly extremes, as noble or monstrous, civil or Savage."
(Bartels,1990,434) The heavily emphasis of Othello's darkness implicitly hints his otherness. If the people of
Venice represent the self, Othello, on the other hand, represents the other. We can put it in another binary pair
"the insider/ the outsider" which parallels the pair "the self / the other, or more direct"( white / black). According
to the Structuralism criticism , especially Saussure's theories, the positive word is placed to the left of the slash
because it is more superior and important than the word to the right of the slash.
3-Othello and religious discrimination
Another dimension of discrimination is of religious significance. Shakespeare aspires to remind his audience
that the Moor is not a Christian. To do so, he presents many words that signify anti-Christian associations. The
religious difference is a recurrent and central to the embodiment of Othello's character the fact that he doesn't
believe in Christianity is presented in many places in the play. For example he is described as " devil" or even
more he is related to " sin", all these signs reveal a religious hatred and insularity a gains the Muslim Moor:
Your daughter, if you have not given her leave,
I say again , hath made a gross revolt
Tying her duty , beauty,wi, and fortunes
In an extravagant and wheeling stranger of her and everywhere.(I.i.131-35)
This religious discrimination is stuck to Othello's character. He is treated with a great bias and prejudice for his
religious beliefs," Divinity of hell ! When devils will blackest sins put on". ( II.iii.328-29)
Highlighting the religious contrast, it is obvious that Othello's character was associated with negative
morals. Therefore, we can conclude that Shakespeare's racial representations of the Arabic character reflects the
attitude toward Arabs in the Elizabethan period .The moors (i.e. the Arabs) were looked upon by the Europeans
as barbaric ; while the Westerners or the Europeans were looked upon as highly civilized. Othello believed that
changing his religion from Islam to Christianity would give him a privilege to be accepted in a more civilized
society like the Venetian society. Ironically, his conversion to Christianity did not change the fact he is a" Moor"
an "Arab" or in other words an outsider!!Not only this, he was always seen as "primarily…a noble barbarian who
had become Christian …but who had retains the surface the savage passions of his Moorish
blood…".(Bradley1905, 186-7)
42
3. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.3, No.19, 2013
www.iiste.org
4- Moral Values of the Arabic character as presented in Othello
Though Othello enjoys many positive features , still he is represented as "exotic" character .Among the
positive features he has is the fact that he is a brave military leader .He is considered as an "honourable
murder"(V.ii.290).There are many references throughout the whole play that emphasizes the extra ordinary
bravery hat Othello acquired. Even more, Othello identifies himself in the first place as a warrior ,a brave leader,
"My services which I have done the Signiory/shall out tongue his complaint"(I.ii.18-19) . Othello at the end of
the play , in a moment of regret and agony ,describes himself saying:
Farewell the plum'd troops and the big wars
That make ambition virtue !O, Farewell,
Farewell the neighing steel and shrill trump,
The spirit –stirring drum ,th'ear piercing life,
The royal banner , and all quality
Pride , pomp, and circumstances of glorious war. (III.iii. 348-353)
Another positive feature that is associated with Othello is his romantic nature feature that surprised us if we
take into considerations the fact that he is an eminent military leader who is supposed to be tough! this
point ,Bradley in Shakespearean Imagery states that he is the most romantic figure among Shakespeare's heroes;
however even his romantic nature is described negatively by Shakespeare because "emotions excites his
imaginations , but it confuses and dulls his intellect". (Bradley, 1905, 186 ) .He is deliberately introduced as
exotic figure, "he does not belong to our world ,and he seems to enter it we know not whence …almost as if
from wonderland. There is something mysterious in his descent from men of royal siege". (Bradley, 186-7)
Among the features attributed to Othello exotic nature is the fact that he deals with magic and black art, a
misleading stereotype associated with the Oriental figure. In fact ,there are many recurrent references to magic to
give an explanation of Othello's love to Desdemona. Desdemona's father thinks only of magic as the only
justification for his daughter's marriage from the Moor , " O thou foul thief ,where hast thou stowed my
daughter ?Damned as thou art , thou hast enchanted her, for I 'll refer me to all things of sense, if she in chains of
magic were not bound…"(???63-66). Moreover , in another extract Brabantio repeated that his daughter is
bewitched:
She is abused and stolen from me,
and corrupted by spells and medicines brought of mount
Being not deficient , blind, or lame of sense
Sans witchcraft could not. (I.iii.63-66)
Not only his mysterious nature is emphasized , but there are also many negative characteristics that described
his personality. Probably the most striking fact is his cruel nature . Moreover, Othello is seen as not deserving the
noble fair Desdemona because he does not know how to deal with Venation women, mainly because he " is not
Italian , nor even European ; that he is totally ignorant of the thoughts and customary morality of Venetian
women". (Bradley, 186) Taking this fact in mind ,Othello develops another negative feature which is his jealousy.
Jealousy is another negative representation of the Oriental figures in general and the Arabic in particular. Having
the attitude of the Venetian society in mind of the moor , though he has a positive and noble grand personality ,
he is still seen unequal to marry a European woman of a high rank in society like Desdemona.
This sense of inferiority is due to the racial attitude of the Venetian society toward the Eastern figure. This
could be an explanation of Othello's constant feeling that he is a stranger. He questions Desdemona's love and his
suspicions increased to the degree of madness. The best example of Othello's jealousy is said by Othello
describing his miserable situation. He presented a very expressive image of his jealousy by comparing it to " the
Pontiac Sea, /Whose icy current and compulsive course/Nev'r keeps retiring ebb, but keeps due on / to the
Prentice and Hellespont ,/Even so my bloody thought.(III.iii.450-454)
Deliberately or not, the sexual nature of Othello is emphasizes in many parts in the play. For instance,
Rodrigo refers to him as a "lascivious Moor". (I.i.124) The recurrent reference to Othello's " lust "is a proof of
this attitude . For example to justify his hatred for Othello, Iago suspects that "it is thought abroad that 'twixt
my sheets/H'as done my office "(I.iii.378-9).Another instance when he declares his suspicions saying "I do
suspect the lusty Moor /Hath leap into my seat ".(II.i.2985-96) He also claims that there is " nothing can or shall
content my soul /Till I am evened with him, wife for wife".(II.i.298-9)
Many critics refer to Othello's jealousy as sexual in its nature;"There is no subject more exciting than sexual
jealousy rising to the pitch of passion , and there can hardly be any spectacle at once so engrossing and so
painful as that of a great nature suffering the torment of his passion , and driven by it to a crime a hideous
blunder".( Bradley, 178)
The moral values of the hero pose many questions about Othello's moral enigma .With regard to this point
Crawford comments saying: all critics of name have been perplexed by the moral enigma which lies under this
43
4. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.3, No.19, 2013
www.iiste.org
tragic tale…the enigma of this play, and of many others ;is 'moral', so the true interpretation must likewise to be
'moral enigma' must come if it comes from a solution of the moral aspects of the play , which can be reached
only by a due consideration of all the moral relations of the various persons of the drama.( Crawford, 2013. 1)
Moreover, other critics discuss the fact that Shakespeare ignored "the poetic justice ". Dr. Johnson ,for
example in his preface to his edition of Shakespeare, he points out to many defects concerning Shakespeare's
representation of Othello's character. He says :
His first defect is that … he sacrifices virtue to convenience , is so much more careful to
please than to instruct , that he seems to write without any moral purpose …he makes no just
distribution of good and evil, nor is always careful to show in the virtues a disapprobation of
the wicked…. (Johnson, 1909,18)
5- Conclusion
In light of the discussion of the image of the Arabs in Othello; the study proved a racial point of view that
reflects the European attitude toward the Oriental people in general and the Arabs in particular. The study
concluded that the imagery and the choice of words reveal an apparent racial attitude in describing the Arabic
character. Othello is associated with animal imagery ,a sign which signifies a sense of dehumanization of the
Arabic character who is seen as a beast who does not worth any respect or even mercy.
Besides, the study approved an identification with the racial stereo type of the Arabic/Oriental character
which was dominant in the Elizabethan period. Among the main presentations of these images is the treatment
of the Arabic character as an exotic person who is barbarian , not civilized , vulgar. Moreover , the Arabic
character is introduced as superstitious who deals with black magic and naïve who could easily be tricked. This
fact is embodied when Iago succeeded in tricking Othello to believe that his wife is un faithful to him . Iago did
his dirty trick easily because the Moor is of an open nature and trust people according to appearance which is in
most cases deceptive.
Another negative presentation of the Arabic character is related to the religious and ideological racism. The
study concluded that though Othello converted into Christianity to have the respect of the Christian Venetian
society, yet they never forget that he is an outsider .Ironically enough , adopting Christianity doesn’t give Othello
the equality with the Venetians who are not as brave as him!! Not only this ,but the study also proved that Islam
phobia was dominant through the whole play. The Turks ,though not Arabs, but represent Islam ,were a source of
threat throughout the whole play. Though we do not see them, but their news were reported to us as a
background of the play. Even more, the Venetians did not forget the first religion of Othello which is Islam .They
describe him as a devilish anti Christian figure , a heathen or infidel. Finally, even Othello's image was morally
distorted. Many negative moral values were attributed to him .Perhaps the most serious one is his lust and sexual
jealousy. Another biased presentation which is in accord with the racial stereo type of the Oriental character in
general and the Arabs in particular. In other words, the play proved that the Western society in general , and the
Venetian society in particular were hostile against the Arabs and show no chance for mutual understanding and
acceptance of the other .
References
Alden, R.M (1910). The Decline of Poetic Justice. Atlantic Monthly . February, 260 -7
Bradely, A.c. (1905) Shakespearean tragedy. 2nd edition. New York: CUP
Britannica
(2011)
.Binary
opposition.http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/65552/binaryopposition.htm(23April , 2013)
Crawford, Alexander W . Hamlet, an ideal prince, and other essays in Shakespearean Interpretation :Hamlet,
Merchant of Venice; Othello; King Lear> http:www.Shakespeare-online. Com Boston R.G <
Culler, Jonathan. Literary Theory: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2000. ISBN
0-19-285383-X
Culler, Jonathan. Saussure. Fontana. 1976. ISBN 0-00-633743-0.
Eagleton, Terry. Literary Theory: An Introduction. Blackwell Publishers. 1999. ISBN 0-631-20188-2.
Harris, Roy. Reading Saussure:. 1987. générale. La Salle, Illinois: Open Court 0-8126-9049-4
Jansiz . Othello . Retrieved, fromHttp://www.Singet.com.seg/Yisheng/not. htm (April 24, 2013)
Racism. In Wikipedia. Retrieved April 24, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/racism
Perceptions of Race in Othello. Http://www.articlemyriad.com /perception-race-Othello- Shakespeare.htm
(April 24, 2013)
Saussure, Ferdinand de. Course in Literary Theory: An Anthology ed. by Michael Ryan and Julie Rivkin.
Blackwell Publishers. 2001.ISBN 1-4051-0696-4.
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