The document describes the key components and working principle of a transformer. It discusses how a transformer works by mutual induction between two coils linked by a magnetic flux through the transformer's core. The main parts of a transformer are identified as the core, primary and secondary windings, insulating oil, breather, cooling system, tap changer, and protective devices like the Buchholz relay and explosion vent. An equation for the induced EMF in a transformer is also mentioned.
he apparatus used for switching, controlling and protecting the electrical circuits and equipment is known as switchgear. Switches, fuse, circuit breaker, relay, isolator this are some essential switchgear used in domestic and industrial application.
he apparatus used for switching, controlling and protecting the electrical circuits and equipment is known as switchgear. Switches, fuse, circuit breaker, relay, isolator this are some essential switchgear used in domestic and industrial application.
To understand the basic working principle of a transformer.
To obtain the equivalent circuit parameters from Open circuit and Short circuit tests, and to estimate efficiency & regulation at various loads.
On Load Tap Changer (OLTC) is used in "High Power Transformers" to control output voltage, when electric load on transformers get increase the output voltage get decrease due to internal voltage drop inside winding, change in tap is required to maintain output voltage. OLTC is a device which perform tap changing in High Power Transformers during On Load conditions and is powered by a motor.
CIRCUIT BREAKER
A circuit breaker is an automatically-operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.
In electrical engineering, a protective relay is a relay device designed to trip a circuit breaker when a fault is detected. The theory and application of these protective devices is an important part of the education of a power engineer who specializes in power system protection.
This presentation provides information about different types of protective relaying system.
A transformer is a passive component that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another circuit, or multiple circuits. A varying current in any coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, which induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) across any other coils wound around the same core.
To understand the basic working principle of a transformer.
To obtain the equivalent circuit parameters from Open circuit and Short circuit tests, and to estimate efficiency & regulation at various loads.
On Load Tap Changer (OLTC) is used in "High Power Transformers" to control output voltage, when electric load on transformers get increase the output voltage get decrease due to internal voltage drop inside winding, change in tap is required to maintain output voltage. OLTC is a device which perform tap changing in High Power Transformers during On Load conditions and is powered by a motor.
CIRCUIT BREAKER
A circuit breaker is an automatically-operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.
In electrical engineering, a protective relay is a relay device designed to trip a circuit breaker when a fault is detected. The theory and application of these protective devices is an important part of the education of a power engineer who specializes in power system protection.
This presentation provides information about different types of protective relaying system.
A transformer is a passive component that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another circuit, or multiple circuits. A varying current in any coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, which induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) across any other coils wound around the same core.
A study of Transformer - e world, electrical basics, electrical world, hazards in transformer, ilektech, transformer, transformer parts, transformer protection
Transformer types core, shell, toroidal. steps to design a EI core type transformer by calculating tongue width, stack height etc and two examples are given
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3. Introduction
A transformer can be defined as a static device which helps in
the transformation of electric power in one circuit to electric
power of the same frequency in another circuit.
The voltage can be raised or lowered in a circuit, but with a
proportional increase or decrease in the current ratings.
Transfer of electric power from one circuit to another.
Transfer of electric power without any change in frequency.
Transfer with the principle of electromagnetic induction.
The two electrical circuits are linked by mutual induction.
4. Working Principal
The main principle of operation of a transformer is mutual
inductance between two circuits which is linked by a common
magnetic flux.
A basic transformer consists of two coils that are electrically
separate and inductive, but are magnetically linked through a path
of reluctance.
the electrical transformer has primary and secondary windings.
The core laminations are joined in the form of strips in between
the strips you can see that there are some narrow gaps right
through the cross-section of the core.
The alternating current supply is given to the first coil and hence it
can be called as the primary winding.
The energy is drawn out from the second coil and thus can be
called as the secondary winding.
6. Name of Parts and Detail
Core
Winding
Transformer oil
Breather
Conservator tank
Cooling tube
Tap changer
Bulchholz relay
Explosion vent
Insulating material
7. Core
The core of the transformer
is used to support the
windings.
It is made of soft iron to
reduce eddy current loss
and Hysteresis loss, and
provides low reluctance path
to the flow of magnetic flux.
The diameter of a
transformer’s core is directly
proportional to copper loss
and inversely proportional to
iron loss.
8. Windings
Windings consist of several copper coil turns
bundled together, each bundle connected to form a
complete winding.
Windings can be based either on the input-output
supply or on the voltage range. Windings that are
based on supply are classified into primary and
secondary windings, meaning the windings to which
the input and output voltage is applied respectively.
On the other hand, windings based on voltage range
can be classified into high voltage and low voltage
windings.
9. Transformer oil
The transformer oil insulates as
well as cools the core and coil
assembly.
The core and windings of the
transformer must be completely
immersed in the oil that
normally contains hydrocarbon
mineral oils.
10. Conservator tank
The conservator is an airtight metallic cylindrical
drum fitted above the transformer that conserves
the transformer oil.
It is vented at the top and is filled only half with the
oil to allow expansion and contraction during
temperature variations.
However the main tank of the transformer with
which the conservator is connected is completely
filled with the oil through a pipeline.
11. Breather
The breather is a cylindrical container filled
with silica gel, which is used to keep the air
that enters the tank moisture-free.
This is because the insulating oil when reacts
with moisture can affect the insulation and
cause internal faults, which is why it is a must
to keep the air free from moisture.
In the breather, when the air passes through
the silica gel, the moisture contents are
absorbed by the silica crystals.
12. Cooling tube
cooling tubes are used to cool the transformer oil.
The circulation of oil within the transformer may be
natural or forced.
In the case of natural circulation, when the oil
temperature rises, the hot oil naturally moves to the
top and cold oil moves down, while in case of
forced circulation, an eternal pump is used.
13. Tap Changer
To balance voltage variations within the
transformer, tap changers are used.
There are two types of tap changers – on
load and off load.
In on load tap changers, tapping can be
changed without isolating transformer from
the supply, while in off load, the transformer
needs to be disconnected from the supply.
14. Bulchholz Relay
Placed over the connecting pipe that
runs from the main tank to conservator
tank the Buchholz Relay senses the
faults occurring within the transformer.
It operates by the gases emitted due to
decomposition of transformer oil during
internal faults. Thus, this device is used
to sense and in turn protect the
transformer from internal faults.
15. Explosion vent
The boiling hot oil from the transformer is
expelled during internal faults through the
explosion vent to avoid explosion of the
transformer.
This is generally placed above the level of the
conservatory tank.
16. Insulating Material
Insulating materials like papers and card boards
are used to isolate primary and secondary
windings from each other as well as the
transformer core.
These windings are made of copper due to high
conductivity and ductility.
High conductivity minimizes the amount of
copper needed and minimizes losses.
Moreover, high ductility results in easy bending
of conductors into tight winding around the core
that also minimizes the amount of copper and
volume of winding.
