IA final report-Xing Dan from MSE

School of Materials Science and Engineering
Report on industrial Attachment
SETSCO Services Pte Ltd
Name: Xing Dan
Matriculation no.: U1120725K
Submitted to: Prof. Hu Xiao (NTU Tutor)
Mr. Lawrence Lim( Supervisor)
Mr. Wilfred Tan Ah Siong(Supervisor)

Industrial Attachment Report (SETSCO Services Pte Ltd)
Table of Content
Abstract....................................................................................................................... 1
Acknowledgsments..................................................................................................... 2
Tables and figures....................................................................................................... 3
Chapter 1: Setsco introduction ...................................................................................1
1.1 History................................................................................................................2
1.2 introduction........................................................................................................3
1.3 Mechanical Technology Devision.....................................................................4
Chapter 2:Introduction of Introdustial attachment..................................................... 1
2.1 The project scope...............................................................................................2
2.2 The engineering practice................................................................................................ 3
Chapter 3: Introduction of Samples and machines....................................................1
3.1 Samples of metal materials................................................................................2
3.2 Machines for mechanical testing.......................................................................3
Chapter 4: Introdcution of BS4449.............................................................................1
4.1 BS4449:1997......................................................................................................2
4.2 BS4449:2005......................................................................................................3
Chapter 5: Introdcution of SS2...................................................................................1
5.1 SS2 Part 3: 1987 ................................................................................................2

5.2 SS2 Part 1&2: 1999........................................................................................... 3
Chapter 6:The processes and procedures
..................................................................................................................................1
6.1 The delivery of samples
..................................................................................................................................2
6.2 The inspection of samples
..................................................................................................................................3
6.3 The marking of rebars
..................................................................................................................................4
6.4Tensile testing
..................................................................................................................................5
6.5 Bending testing
..................................................................................................................................6
6.6 Re-bending testing
..................................................................................................................................7
6.7 The final report
..................................................................................................................................8
References...................................................................................................................1

Abstract
The introduction of Setsco Technology Pte. Ltd is very significant for this report,
which includes the history of Setsco company, the structure and the enterprise
culture. As I am assigned to Mechanical Technology Division, I mainly work and
study for the mechanical and metallurgic testing about buildings, it includes the
rebar, welded mesh fabric, couplers( control bar) and seven wire; we do tensile,
bend and re-bend with the machines and then output the final report based on the
required standard to inspect whether the metal materials can be eligible for the
building constructions or not.

Acknowledgments
The IA student is so thankful of the support of Setsco Technology Pte. Ltd
supervisor, Mr. Wilfred Tan Ah Siong. The professional experience from Mr.
Wilfred Tan Ah Siong has a significant effect and help to IA student in the region
of the Mechanical testing. Furthermore, the appreciation of IA student extends to
his colleagues Mr. Lawrence Lim because of the encouragements. Finally, the IA
student shows the deep thanks to the NTU tutor, Prof. Hu Xiao for his warm
support.

Tables and figures
Figures of Chapter 1: Setsco introduction
Figures of Chapter 3: Introduction of Samples and machines
Tables and figures of Chapter 4: Introdcution of BS4449 and Chapter 5:
Introdcution of SS2
Figures of Chapter 6:The processes and procedures

Chapter 1: Setsco introduction
1.1 History
In 1963, Setsco Services Pte Ltd was founded when the services were performed
under the Industrial Research Unit (IRU) of the Economic Development Board
(EDB).
In 1981, Setsco Services Pte Ltd was set up by SISIR to offer commercial services
to the industry as a wholly-owned subsidiary of SISIR.
From 1987 to 1989, Setsco Services Pte Ltd was corporatised and became a
wholly-owned subsidiary of Keppel Corp.
In 1995, Setsco Services Pte Ltd owned its first overseas subsidiary in Malaysia.
In 1997, Setsco Services Pte Ltd was Located at Teban Gardens Crescent and has
its own building.
In 2002, Setsco Services Pte Ltd offered a respresentative office in Ho Chi Minh,
Vietnam.
In 2003, Setsco Services Pte Ltd was a wholly-owned subsidiary of VICOM Ltd.
In 2013, Setsco Services Pte Ltd set up a new 4-floor building as Setsco
Headquarters at Teban Gardens Crescent as below figure 1.

Figure 1. The Setsco Headquarters housed in new 4-storey building
1.2 Introduction
Setsco Corporate Profiles
Setsco Services Pte Ltd (SETSCO), with more than 30 years of experience, is one
of Singapore’s largest testing and inspection companies accredited by the
Singapore Accreditation council-Singapore Laboratory Accreditation Scheme
(SAC-Singlas) to ISO/IEC 17025, ISO/IEC 17020 and ISO/IEC Guide 65. Based
in Singapore with a global clientele network, it serves a wide spectrum of
industries such as electronics, biotechnology, aerospace, marine & offshore, oil &
petrochemical, engineering & construction and provides specialized services in the
fields of mechanical, chemical, biological, civil engineering and non-destructive
testing. Setsco Services Pte Ltd also offer a comprehensive range of calibration and
measurement services to meet the present and diversified needs of the industries.
Setsco Services
By industry, the Setsco services include aerospace, chemicals, calibration &
measurement, consumer goods, construction, electrical & electronics, environment,

food & biology, industrial & manufacturing, medical & pharmaceutical, oil & gas,
petrochemical.
By category, the services have product certification, inspection, training, testing,
calibration & measurement and consultancy.
Setsco Vision
To be the leading technology center in the region.
Setsco Mission
Setsco Services Pte Ltd provides assessment and consultancy in the field of science
and engineering through testing, inspection, applied research and technology
applications with the aim of achieving quality and safety for the industry.
Setsco Values
Setsco is committed to provide professional services and excellent customer
service.
Setsco deploy state-of-the-art technology in strengthening the competitiveness.
Setsco encourages teamwork and provide ample opportunities for the staff’s
personal growth and development.
1.3Mechanical & Metallurgy Testing
Setsco provides a wide range of metallurgical testing services on metals and alloys
to meet industrial needs. Our clients are from aerospace, petrochemical, marine,
manufacturing, fabrication and construction industries.
Setsco’s metallurgists are experienced in establishing component / equipment
failure due to various causes such as fatigue, tensile overloading, wear, elevated
temperature exposure, corrosion and manufacturing defects. Our failure analysis
results have been used by clients to prevent further occurrence of such failures.
Range of Metallurgical Services
Failure investigation on components & equipment
Materials evaluation by metallurgical examination

Coating thickness, grain size & ferrite measurements
In-situ metallography on components or equipment on site or in the laboratory
Corrosion investigation, corrosion prevention advisory services & material
selection
Macro & Micro Examination
Case Depth / Decarburisation Depth Measurement
Inclusion Checks
Analysis / Coating Measurement for PCB
Mechanical Testing
Materials: Metal, Polymer, Timber, Textile
Hardness Tests (Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers)
Tensile, Bend, Shear, Impact, Compressive & Flexural Test
Creep, Fatigue & Wear
Hydrostatic Pressure Test
Flow Measurement & Mechanical Load Test
Vicat Test, Heat Distortion Test & Stress Relief Test
Endurance & Mechanical Load Test
Mechanical Testing for Welder & Procedure Qualification Test
Welder Test
Chapter 2:Introduction of Introdustial
attachment
2.1The project scope:
Mechanical & Metallurgical Testing
Mechanical testing including tensile, bending and re-bending testing of
reinforcement steel bar, welded mesh testing, fabric testing, seven wire testing, etc.
2.2The engineering practice:
Mechanical testing including tensile, bending and re-bending testing of
reinforcement steel bar, welded mesh testing, fabric testing, seven wire testing, etc.
We mainly do these tensile, bending and re-bending testing of the reinforcement

steel bars which mainly part some kinds of diameter 10, 13, 16, 20, 25, 28, 32 and
40 size as we always do tensile, bending and re-bending testing. The welded mesh
testing is similar to three kinds testing (tensile and bending testing) but the testing
machine is different because of different conditions containing different diameter
size, length and etc. The fabric testing mainly is the tensile testing as same the
tensile testing of the reinforcement steel bars. The seven wire testing mainly part
the breaking load testing and full test.
Chapter 3: Introduction of Samples and
machines
3.1 Samples of metal materials
Rebar is a common steel bar or mesh of steel wires commonly used as a tension
device in reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures, to strengthen and
hold the concrete in compression. The surface of the rebar may be patterned to
form a better bond with the concrete.
Figure of rebars
Welded Mesh Fabric is regularly used for concrete slab construction, such as
roadways, in curved structures such as in domes and as bonding fabric for gunite.
The cost, time and labor savings of welded wire fabric reinforcing offers an
advantage over traditional tied rebar.

Figure of welded mesh fabric
Coupler is made of two control bars as two control bars connect with each other
together. Control bar is the rebar, but the coupler and control bar have different
testing ways compared with the rebar. The testing for the coupler mainly check the
bending, the maximum load and tensile strength.( control bar for the maximum
load and tensile strength)
Figure of coupler ( control bar)
Seven wire is made of seven round bars with diameter of 4 and 6. The testing for
seven wire mainly inspect the maximum load, elongation and Young modulus.

Figure of seven wire
3.2 Machines for mechanical testing
The machines for mechanical testing mainly include 25 Ton( Zwick) UTM, 120
Ton( Instron) UTM and 150 Ton( Instron), bending and re-bending machines.
For 25 Ton UTM, its maximum load is 25 tons and it mainly test fabric( about 350-
400mm long) and plain rebar( 350mm long).

Figure of 25 Ton UTM
For 120 Ton UTM, its maximum load is 120 tons and it mainly test ribbed bars and
coupler( control bar).

For 150 Ton UTM, its maximum load is 150 tons and it mainly test ribbed
bars( the rebars with diameter less than 16mm is not recommended), seven wire
and coupler( control bar).
Bending machine is used to bend the rebars and fabric to 160-180 degree based on
the standard.

Figure of the bending machine
Re-bending machine is used to re-bend to 70 degree from 90 degree and 23 degree
from 45 degree based on the required standards.
Figure of re-bending machine

Chapter 4: Introdcution of BS4449
The British Standard (BS)
BS 4449 has been amended and is the British standard that specifies the
requirements for ribbed weldable reinforcing steel used for the reinforcement of
concrete structures. BS 4449 covers steel delivered in the form of bars, coils and
de-coiled products.
For the purposes of this British Standard, hot rolled deformed bar and cold work
deformed bar. Hot rolled deformed bar means that a bar that has been so shaped
during hot rolling that it conforms to either the geometrical or the performance test
classification; cold work deformed bar is defined that a bar that has been cold
worked to conform to the property requirements of this British Standard and that
conforms to either the geometrical or the performance test classification. The bar
includes longitudinal rib (a uniform continuous protrusion parallel to the axis of
the bar, before twisting in the case of cold twisted bars) and transverse rib (any rib
on the surface of the bar other than a longitudinal rib). The range of nominal sizes
of bars shall be from 6 mm to 50 mm.
4.1BS4449: 1997
It covers plain round steel bars in grade 250(grade 250 means that the minimum
value of the yield strength is 250 MPa), and deformed (type 1 and type 2) high
yield steel bars in grade 460(grade 460 means that the minimum value of the yield
strength is 460 MPa), the latter in two ductility categories, 460A and 460B.
Type 1: Either a plain square twisted bar or a plain chamfered square twisted bar,
with a pitch of twist not greater than 14 times the nominal bar size.
Type 2: A bar with transverse ribs of a substantially uniform spacing not greater
than 0.8for as-rolled deformed bars or 1.2 for cold twisted bars; having a mean
area of ribs (per unit length), above the core of the bar projected on a plane normal
to the axis of the bar, of not less than 0.15 mm2/mm, where is the nominal bar size
(in millimetres).
Grade 460A: Bars shall have two or more series of parallel transverse ribs with the
same angle of inclination and the same direction for each series as below figure.

Figure A: Example of rib pattern of grade 460A with four transverse rib series
Grade 460B:Bars shall have two or more series of parallel transverse ribs. For bars
with two or three rib series, one of the series shall be at a contrary angle to the
others; and for bars with four rib series, two of the series shall be at a contrary
angle to the others.
Figure B: Example of rib pattern of grade 460B with four transverse rib series
Figure of samples about 460A and 460B
The diameter size of the bars in grade 250 is from 8 to 16 and that with grade 460
ranges from 8 to 40.

Table 1 the nominal sizes of the bars in grade 250 and 460
The cross sectional area, mass and tolerance
The cross sectional area and mass of the bars shall be calculated on the basis that
steels have a mass of 0.00785 kg per square millimetre per metre run.
Table 2 the cross sectional areas and mass per meter runs of nominal sizes
Table 3 the tolerance on mass per meter run of the nominal sizes
Before mechanical testing, to measure the length and weight of sample rebars and
calculate the mass per meter run and compare with the requirement of mass per
meter run and then achieve the tolerance, if the value is in the range of the
requirement of tolerance, the sample rebar is passed, otherwise, it is failed.
Chemical composition

To measure the chemical composition and calculate the carbon equivalent value
and compare with the requirement of the carbon equivalent value to make sure
whether the samples are eligible or not for building construction.
Table 4 the chemical composition of steel grade 250 and 460
Table 5 the maximum carbon equivalent value in grade 250 and 460
Tensile properties
The yield strength Re, stress ratio Rm/Re, and elongation at fracture A5, of steel
obtained from test
specimens selected, prepared and tested shall be as specified in Table 6.
Table 6 tensile properties
For total elongation at maximum force Agt, Measurements shall be made and
recorded and available for inspection, but if the total elongation is below the
minimum value specified in Table 6, this shall not be a cause for non-conformity
with this British Standard.

Bend testing
For the sample rebars in grade250,no bend testing is done. For the sample rebars
in grade 460, the load with 3 times diameter of 6, 8 and 10 is used to bend the
sample rebars with diameter 6, 8 and 10; for the diameter 16 and 20, the load with
5 times diameter of 16 and 20 bends them and the load with 6 times diameter of 25,
32 and 40 bend them for the diameter 25, 32 and 40 by bending machine. All of
degree is bended to 160 to 180.
Re-bend testing
a) The specimen shall be bent through an angle of 45 degree, using a former of
diameter and at a temperature of between 5℃ and 30 ℃ so as to produce a
continuous and uniform bending deformation (curvature) at every section of the
bend.The test shall be conducted either:
1) on a bending machine in which the test specimen is supported by plain smooth
surfaces or rolls that
do not resist longitudinal movement of the test piece; or
2) on a three-point hydraulic bending machine.
We use the machine two to re-bend the sample rebars bended. The test machine
shall be serviceable and able to impart a constant load to the specimen, and shall be
without impact effect. The maximum bending rate shall be 3 r/min or equivalent.
b) The test specimen shall be heated to 100℃ and maintained at this temperature
for at least 30 min.
c) The test specimen shall be allowed to cool to a temperature of between 5℃ and
30℃, and partially
re-straightened by a steadily applied force, through at least 23 degree, on a bending
machine.
In grade 250, the load with 2 times diameter of all sizes is used to re-bend them
from 45 degree to 23 degree; in grade 460, the load with 5 times diameter of these
sizes when the diameter of sample rebars is less than 16mm is used to re-bend
them from 45 degree to 23 degree, the load with 7 times diameter of these sample
rebars more than 16mm re-bend them from 45 degree to 23 degree.

Figure of re-bend based on BS4449:1997
4.2 BS4449: 2005
The standard contains provisions for three steel grades, all of 500 MPa( the
minimum value of the upper yield strength for BS4449: 2005 is 500 MPa)
characteristic yield strength, but with different ductility characteristics. The three
grades are B500A, B500B and B500C.

Figure 1 the BS 4449: 2005 in grade B500A, B500B and B500C
Re is yield strength, Rm/Re is Ratio of tensile strength/Yield strength, Agt is
Percentage total elongation at maximum force, Re,act/Re,nom (where appropriate)is
Ratio of actual to specified value of yield strength.

Figure 2 the sample rebar in grade 500
BS4449: 2005 is similar to BS4449: 1997.
Diameter size Mass per meter run
10 0.617
12 0.888
16 1.580
20 2.470
25 3.850
32 6.310
40 9.860
The tolerance is from -6% to +6% as the diameter size is equal or less than 8mm
and the tolerance is from -4.5% to +4.5% when the diameter size is more than
8mm.

Tensile properties
From the figure 1 of BS4449: 2005, Re yield strength, Rm/Re Ratio of tensile
strength/Yield strength, Agt Percentage total elongation at maximum force are
separately 500, 1.08(min) and 5.09(min) for B500B of BS4449: 2005, because the
sample rebars we tested almost belong BS4449: 2005(B500B),so we mainly
remember these data, if the customers demand test with BS4449: 2005( B500A or
B500C),we check them with the data of yield strength, ratio of tensile/yield
strength and total elongation percentage at maximum force.
Re-bend testing
b) The specimen shall be bent through an angle of 90 degree, using a former of
surfaces or rolls that
do not resist longitudinal movement of the test piece; or
for at least 1 hour.
30℃, and partially
re-straightened by a steadily applied force, through at least 70℃, on a bending
machine.
In grade B500B from BS4449: 2005, the load with 4 times diameter of these sizes
when the diameter of sample rebars is less than 16mm is used to re-bend them
from 90 degree to 70 degree, the load with 7 times diameter of these sample rebars
more than 16mm re-bend them from 90 degree to 70 degree.
Chapter 5: Introdcution of SS2

Singapore Standard
The Singapore Standard Specification for ‘Steel for the reinforcement of concrete’
was prepared by the Technical Committee on Steel under the direction of the
Building Materials Product Standards Committee.
We always do mechanical testing with Singapore Standard 2( shorten for SS2). It
includes SS2 part 1: 1999, SS2 part 2: 1999 and SS2 part3: 1987. SS2 part 1&2:
1999 is a revised edition of SS 2 : Part 3 : 1987 (formerly known as SS 2 : 1987)
and consists of the following two parts:
- Part 1. Plain bars (Steel grade 300( the minimum value of the upper yield strength
is 300MPa))
- Part 2. Ribbed bars (Steel grade 500( the minimum value of the upper yield
strength is 500MPa))
Cold worked steel bars are not covered in Parts 1 and 2 of SS 2. For SS2 Part 3:
1987, the reinforcement steel bars cover plain round steel bars in grade 250( the
minimum value of lower yield strength is 250MPa) and high yield deformed bars
in grade 460( the minimum value of lower yield strength is 460MPa).
5.1 SS2 part3: 1987

Figure 1 the cross sectional area and mass per meter run from SS2 part 3: 1987
and the tolerance is from -5% to +5% when the diameter size is more than 10mm
and equal or less than 20, the value is from -4% to +4% as the diameter size is
more than 20.

Figure 2 the rebar in grade 460
Figure 3 bend and re-bend based on SS2 : 1987
5.2 SS2 part 1 & 2: 1999
The cross sectional area and mass of the bars shall be calculated on the basis that

steels have a mass of 0.00785 kg per square millimetre per metre run.
Figure 1 the cross sectional area and mass per meter run from SS2 part 1&2: 1999
and the tolerance is from -5% to +5% when the diameter size is more than 10mm
and equal or less than 22, the value is from -4% to +4% as the diameter size is
more than 22.
Chemical composition
To measure the chemical composition and calculate the carbon equivalent value
and compare with the requirement of the carbon equivalent value to make sure
whether the samples are eligible or not for building construction.

Figure 2 the chemical composition of SS2 and the maximum CE% Part 1&2: 1999
Tensile properties
The yield strength Re, stress ratio Rm/Re, and elongation at fracture A5, of steel
obtained from test specimens selected, prepared and tested shall be as specified in
Table 1.
Table 1 tensile properties of SS2 part 1&2: 1999
For total elongation at maximum force Agt, Measurements shall be made and
recorded and available for inspection, but if the total elongation is below the
minimum value specified in Table 1, this shall not be a cause for non-conformity
with this Singapore Standard.
Bend testing
For SS2 part 1: 1999 of sample rebars in grade 300, the load with 2 times diameter
of 6, 8 and 10 is used to bend the sample rebars with diameter 6, 8 and 10; for the
diameter 12, the load with 2.5 times diameter of 12 bends them and the load with 3
times diameter of 16 and 20 bend them for the diameter 16 and 20 by bending
machine. All of degree is bended to 160 to 180.
of 6, 8 and 10 is used to bend the sample rebars with diameter 6, 8 and 10; for the
diameter 12, the load with 4 times diameter of 12 bends them and the load with 5
times diameter of 16 and 20 bends them for the diameter 16 and 20; the load with 6
times diameter of 25, 32 and 40 bend them for the diameter 25, 32 and 40 by
bending machine. All of degree is bended to 160 to 180.
Re-bend testing for SS2 part 2: 1999
c) The specimen shall be bent through an angle of 90 degree, using a former of

surfaces or rolls that do not resist longitudinal movement of the test piece; or
for at least 30 min.
30℃, and partially re-straightened by a steadily applied force, through at least 70
degree, on a bending machine.
of 6, 8 and 10 is used to re-bend the sample rebars with diameter 6, 8 and 10; for
the diameter 12, the load with 5 times diameter of 12 re-bends them and the load
with 8 times diameter of 20 and 25 re-bends them for the diameter 20 and 25; the
load with 10 times diameter of 32 and 40 re-bend them for the diameter 32 and 40
by bending machine. All of degree is re-bended from 90 degree to 70 degree.
Figure of bend and re-bend based on SS2 part 1&2: 1999

Chapter 6: The processes and procedures
of mechanical testing
6.1 The delivery of samples
The delivery of samples includes two ways: one is that the customers deliver their
samples to our workplace and another one is that we go to logistics to take samples
delivered.
6.2 The inspection of samples
We take the samples and then must inspect them with the letters to make sure that
the diameter size, quantity and logo, etc match with the writing on the letters. The
tags also help us provide the key to identifying the samples. A typical tag shows
the number of pieces in a shipment of each sample. It also shows that the materials
used to manufacture the samples conform to standards for mechanical testing.
Sometimes, we need the mill test reports for some strict testing requirements, the
Certified mill test reports typically accompany each shipment of samples. The mill
reports certify that the sample conforms to the project specifications including
tensile testing, bending and re-bending and reveals the chemical composition of the
samples. After the inspection of samples, we need to take photos to record and
save. And write job number and date received, if the customer need to witness for
this testing, we can help them book a date for witnessing.

Figure of samples of rebars
6.3 The marking of rebars
For tensile testing of rebars, we must marking for the rebars, the marking mainly
help measure the elongation and Agt, then check if the rebar is passed or failed.
Before marking of rebars, we must measure the length, the length of rebars with
diameter size less than 32 is 600mm, the length of D32 is 640mm and the length of
D40 is 800mm based on the standard. If the length is too short, the customers need
to send new samples; if the length is too long, we must cut to the required length.

Figure of the rebar cut by the cutting machine
Figure of the rebar cut
To measure the length and weight of rebars and record them, and then to start
marking.
The methods of marking of rebars part two ways, the SS2: 1999, SS2: 1987 and
BS4449: 1997 have one same marking way( the first one); and BS4449: 2005
exists another marking way( the second one).

For the first one, we mark the first point with 100mm from one side end of the
rebar with the diameter equal or less than 13mm, and mark second point from first
point with 5 times diameter length and then mark third point behind second point
marked and then mark points from third point till another side end of the rebar. For
the rebar with diameter more than 13mm, we mark two points from two side ends
with 130mm, and then mark two points with 5 times diameter length from these
two points, then mark points behind the new two points marked and then till the
length of the middle two points is less than the 5 times diameter length and balance
the two points to mark two points.
For the marking of fabric, the method is similar to the rebar, but the length from
the first point to the one side end is 60mm.
Figure of rebars marked

Figure of the marking of fabrics

Figure of marking of A8 fabric
The second marking is for BS4449: 2005
Figure of the rebar marked with BS4449: 2005

Marking way is following steps:
Step 1. Measure the length of the rebar and find the center, the mark a point on it.
Step 2. Mark 12 points, 6 points on the left of the center and another 6 points on
the right of the center, the interval distance is 25mm between of every two points
for T10 to T32, for T40, it needs 4 more points( 2 points left and 2 points right).
Step 3. Mark 2 more points on two sides( 1 left and 1 right), for below
T20(including T20), the distance is 20mm, and for above T20, the interval distance
is the diameter of the rebar.
For marking rebars of BS4449: 2005, we invent the Manual Marking Machine
(MMM).
Figure of Manual Marking machine
To compare with the marking by hands, the MMM has several advantages as
followed:
First, save marking time as the marking and hammering can be processed at the
same time.
Second, reduce the human errors and improve the precision.

Third, promote the safety and security.
Some ideas of improvements are:
If the “pump” pressure system of the bending machine can be used for hammering,
it can save more time and lower the effect on the tensile testing(especially for the
rebar with small diameter) as it can hammer all points with same load.
To adjust the height of the bottom instead of opening hand rail, it can promote the
safety and make the process easier.
If the last two points on the two sides can be adjusted with the required interval
distance, I think it is perfect.
If the above improvements are input to data logger, and record the data for T10 to
T40 by testing and link the data logger to the computer, the auto marking machine
is born, like the tensile testing machine.
6.4 Tensile testing
Based on different height, we need to adjust the height of the tensile machine, and
put in the rebars or seven wire, then clamp the clamps to make sure that the rebars,
seven wire, coupler and control bars cannot drop when the tensile testing is in
progress. Till broken, brush the dust and then unclamp the clamps to take out them,
and measure the elongation, other data are recorded in the computer, for seven wire
and control bars, we record the load, then measure the tensile strength and the
young modulus with the plot of stress vs strain to check if they are failed or not.
For coupler, we need to measure the bend degree and then measure the tensile
strength.

Figure of tensile machine
Figure of couplers for measuring the bend degree

Figure of broken of couplers

Figure of the broken of fabric
Figure of broken of seven wire

6.5 Bending testing
We use bending machine to bend the rebars. Based on different standard, we bend
them to different degree.
Figure of the bending machine for the rebars with diameter less than 32mm

Figure of the bending machine for rebars with diameter 32 and 40
Figure of rebars bended

The rebar bended as below figure is failed.
Figure of failed bend rebar
6.6 Re-bending testing
After heating the rebars, we re-bend them with re-bending machine based on
different standards to different degrees.

Figure of re-bending machine
Figure of whiteboard( 45 degree and 23 degree on the top, 90 degree and 70 degree
on the bottom)

Figure of re-bending from 90 degree to 70 degree
Figure of re-bending from 45 degree to 23 degree
The rebar re-bended as below figure is failed.

Figure of failed re-bend rebar
6.7 The final report
We complete the whole processes as above, and then type the data to the computer
to calculate the data based on the required standards to output the final report and
re-check the report to make sure the reports have no problems. Finally, we fax or
send the final report to customers.

References
Data and photos from the website of Setsco technology company
Data from the website of Natsteel company in Singapore
Data from http://www.lion.com.my/WebOper/Steel/AmsteelMills.nsf/Concrete/
Data from the British Standard and Singapore Standard
Some Tables and figures from google searching

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