Training on increasing the capacity of research technicians in Breeding

A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
Elizabeth Parkes, Peter Kulakow ,Olufemi Aina, Busie Maziya-Dixon, Ismail Rabbi, Paul Ilona,
Peter Iluebbey, Alamu Oladeji, Afolabi Agbona, Chiedozie Egesi, Hernan Ceballos, Alfred
Dixon, all members of the IITA Cassava Breeding Unit and all our Partners
TRAINING ON INCREASING THE CAPACITY OF RESEARCH TECHNICIANS
IN BREEDING July 27 to August 14th
2015, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria

Outline and objectives
• Segment objectives
• 1.To have a better understanding of cassava as a crop
• 2.To identify key traits for characterisation
• 3. Phenotyping skills developed for key traits
• 4. To identify and follow good principles for hybridization
work ( from parents, crosses, data collection, seed
collection to storage, delivery and planting)
• 5. To demonstrate unique processes with different trials
• 6. Biotech tools and delivery
• Team work and collaboration

Production Constraints
Biotic stresses:
Diseases:
CMD: 30-90%
CAD: 10-30%; loss of plant material
CBB: 100%
Root Rot: Lactiporus spp,
Volta region: 50-100%
Pests:
CGM; CM; White Fly
Others
Breeding takes 8-10years, PPD
Abiotic stresses:
Drought ( in the north)
Low fertility
Acid soils (Southwestern)

Westwards and Southwards Expansion of the Severe
Cassava Mosaic Disease Pandemic (Africa)
• EACMV
• ACMV
• EACMV-Ug
Cassava Belt
Known CMD pandemic
Threatened areas
CMD ‘crisis’ zones
Cassava Belt
Known CMD pandemic
Threatened areas
CMD ‘crisis’ zones
Addressing the emerging threats of disease
• Keep ahead of a problem
• Prevention is better than cure

Cassava Crop and Research
• Cassava: Manihot esculenta Crantz
• Family: Euphorbiaceae has commercial plants, rubber,
Castor oil, ornamentals Euphorbia spp.
• Genus Manihot 98 species with useful genes for
improvement Cassava is the only species that is widely
cultivated for food
• Manihot has 2n=36 diploid and out crossed, by bees and
wasp
• Cassava is perennial woody shrub, produce starchy
tuberous roots

Cassava Crop and Research cont.
• Leaf lobes are 3 to 9 usually odd number, in Africa we
have elliptical and lanceolate. Leaf area approaches
maximum size 4 to 5months
• Roots have feeder and storage. Planted cuttings develop
adventitious root at the base 2 to 3 weeks, change to
fibrous roots (for water and minerals (200cm) some (3 to
10) starts bulking to become storage roots after about
8weeks after planting
• Seeds develop tap root like dicots 30 to 60days some
tuberisation starts with cambium cells activity

Cassava Crop and Research cont.
• It is monoecious and flowering can start 6weeks after
planting male flowers occur at the top and female to the
base, female open 10 to 14days before the male on the
same branch, selfing can occur
• Female stigma remain receptive 6hours after flower
opening between 11:00 to 12:00. Pollens lose viability
after 2 days (Kawamo 1978)
• After fertilization mature fruit form after 75 to 90days
• Other facts about cassava research cycle 1year, long
season, faces all the seasons wet and dry hence how do
we handle cassava for quality research?
• BIG QUESTION, What do we do?

HOW SHOULD WE HANDLE CASSAVA?
• How do we work effectively to get excellent results with cassava?
• Some ideas?
• Long season crop, huge plant, stems dry up, time runs fast
• Appreciation of our cassava crop and friend will help
• There is the need to study and understand the crop cycle
• We will do this in stages so we will add to our tonnes of experience
• Segment objectives repeated
• 1.a better understanding of cassava
• 2.To identify key traits for characterisation
• 3. Phenotyping skills developed for pest and diseases
• 4. Principles for good hybridization work
• 5. identification of gaps in data collection and real time data
management

Cassava Breeding Objectives
To develop cassava:
• Nutritious cassava with target carotenoids concentration
of 15 μg/g fresh wt. of β-carotene (colour chart, iCheck,
Spec NIRs and HPLC) and now Fe and Zinc
• with high, dry matter that satisfy food preferences – garri,
fufu, flour, boiled roots
• With high stable fresh and dry root yields ( G by E
testing)
• With disease and pest resistance ( Severity and
incidence scoring phenotyping expose clones to hot
spots or use spreaders)

Cassava Breeding Objectives cont.
• Plant types preferred by farmers and for
mechanization ( Scoring done for selection)
• Nutrient use efficiency ( fertilizer work),
• Ease of peeling and prolonged self life ( PPD
scoring)
• Low cyanogenic potential
• New traits to make cassava useful for food
• feed, fuel both as a staple and industrial crop

• cassava breeding methods
• Mass selection, recurrent selection,
• Mating design
• Diallel, Line x tester, backcrossing, elite x elite
• trial design RCBD, Augmented
• data management
selection Index Dry yield 60% CMD 25%
Harvest Index 15%.
P= G x E Phenotype is the result of genotype
by environment
Important facts about cassava breeding

FIELD EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED
• Crossing blocks
• Seedling Nursery
• Clonal Evaluation Trial
• Preliminary Yield Trial
• Advanced Yield Trial
• Uniform Yield Trial
• Multi-location Trial
• National Coordinated Research Project (NCRP)
• International Collaborative Trials (ICT)
• Regional Nursery Trials (RNT with partners)
• Genetic Stock
• Genetic Gain population
• Mapping populations, Double haploid trials, Sink/source, agronomic,
• Nutrient use efficiency, drought trials, weed management trials,
• Flowering ability trials, inter-specific hybrids, rapid seed
multiplication

International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
2013-14
Harvest Plus
Cassava
Breeding
Cycle:
The Pipeline of
New Varieties
Seedling nursery (SN)
70,000
Multi-location
Uniform yield trial (UYT)
210
Clonal evaluation (CE)
3,139
Preliminary yield trial (PYT)
1,926
Advanced yield trial (AYT)
407
New Seeds –
162,500 S1, FS
1,160,000 HS
National Variety Testing
and farmer trials
14
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Years 5 & 6
Multiplication
and Release
31st, 32nd wave
Partners
Years 7 & 8
RapidMultiplication
Regional
Trials
16

IITA Hybridization in Ubiaja and Ibadan

Seedling Nurseries
Ibadan, Nigeria Approximately 90% germination

Top Seedlings in Ibadan Seedling Nursery
Entry Seedling ID Female Male Pedigree TC iCheck™ Dry Matter
µg/g fresh wt. %
1 1320128 I011371 IBA120004 I070481/GM3569-12 25.8 25.8
2 1320412 IBA120038 IBA120004 I070481/GM3569-12 23.9 33.4
3 1320412 IBA120038 IBA120004 I070481/GM3569-12 23.2 33.6
4 1320478 I083849 I071026 I011277/I011412(4X) 22.0
5 1320130 I070593 IBA120004 I070481/GM3569-12 21.5 30.7
6 1320130 I070593 IBA120004 I070481/GM3569-12 20.0 33.8
7 1320128 I011371 IBA120004 I070481/GM3569-12 18.9 32.7
8 1320128 I011371 IBA120004 I070481/GM3569-12 18.5 28.5
9 1320412 IBA120038 IBA120004 I070481/GM3569-12 18.1 29.9
10 1320498 IBA120004 IBA120017 I061635/I070593 18.0
11 1320140 I070593 IKN120039 I070593/I070539 17.9 36.1
12 1320128 I011371 IBA120004 I070481/GM3569-12 17.6 32.6
13 1320126 I011368 IBA120004 I070481/GM3569-12 17.5 24
14 1320176 I070593 IBA120037 I061635/I061744 17.5 35.3
15 1320412 IBA120038 IBA120004 I070481/GM3569-12 17.2 24.9

High throughput evaluations in the field
iCheckTM
Carotene Estimates proVitamin A
• Validated in
comparison to
spectrophotometer
and also HPLc
• Rapid processing
produces results in
one day
• Field durable

Mean
CMD
Severity
Fresh
yield
Dry
matter
Total
carotenes
Beta-
carotenes
Genotype t/ha % ug/g fr. wt ug/g fr. Wt.
NR07/0220 2.2 23.1 32.7 9.3 8.7
IITA-TMS-IBA070593 1.4 21.5 34.6 9.5 7.7
IITA-TMS-IBA070539 1.7 20.3 31.9 9.6 7.9
Results from 2011/12 and 2012/13 NCRP

TMS-IBA070593 shows stable high TC
across ten environments

NCRP TOWARDS RELEASE
S/No. Genotype
1 NR1S1/131
2 NR1S1/205
3 NR1S1/059
4 NR1S1/200
5 NR1S1/096
6 NR07/240
7 IITA-TMS-IBA070557
12 TMS 01/1368 (Check)
13 TMS 30572 (Check)
14 Local Best (Check)
10 Locations –
NRCRI (Umudike, Otobi, Nsukka, Uyo, Iresi)
IITA (Mokwa, Zaria, Ikenne, Ubiaja, Kubwa)

Molecular breedingMolecular breeding
dissecting drought and CMD
tolerance

Using Markers for Biofortification Breeding

Characteristics of Markers used to test the
putative presence of CMD2 gene

Marker for CMD screening

THE FUTURE, HEALTH, NUTRITION AND FOOD SECURITY IS OUR FOCUS

SAMPLE PROJECT FOR OUR STUDY
• Segment objectives
• 1.To have a better understanding of cassava in relation
to a project example the HarvestPlus project
• 2.To be able to identify and list major task categories
• 3. To identify major phenotyping skills needed for each
task or category level
• 4.To mention strategies to effectively handle task by
categories
• 5. To identify communication channels for team work and
quality performance

Dissecting a Project to understand task
Ia.Screening and parent building.(1a. 1 to 5)
New germplasm introductions from CIAT and African, Evaluate and determine breeding
value TC initiation, distribution of seeds early flowering materials
1b. Crosses and early product development (1b.1 to 5)
Establish crossing blocks , Establish 2015-2016 seedling nurseries Establish at least
three 2015 - 2016 Clonal Evaluation, Selected new set of elite ,cassava base
1c. Intermediate product development (1c.1 to 4)
Evaluate 2014-2015 YR to 2015/16 CET or pyt, 2014-2015 CET to PYT or AYT. 2014-
2015 PYT to ATY or UYTs, Rapid multiplication
1d. Final product development (1d.1a to c, 1d.2 and 3)
single location AYT to multi-location AYTs and UYT, multi-location AYTs to multi-location
UYTs ( mealiness and poudables), 2014-2015 multi-locational 14UYT, to NCRPs and
regional trials, UYT stay green
1d. Final product development

1e. Enabling technologies (1e. 1 to 3)
use of genotyping by sequencing, optimize protocol for NIRS and iCheck™,iron and
zinc analysis
2a. Conduct GxE trials in target countries (2a 1and 2)
(NCRP) coordinated by NRCRI and on-farm testing, ICT and Regional Nursery Trials
RNT Ghana , Benin etc
2b. Analysis of farming practices to improve nutrient content (2b. 1 and2)
multi-site agronomic demonstration trials, evaluation of effect of fertilizer type and rate
4. Facilitate dissemination, promotion, and consumer acceptance of crops in
target countries (4a. 1 to 4)
In-country coordination and capacity building, organise 2015 farmer field days, farmer
preferences and perception gender study, technical backstopping to NARS in SSA,
Plant breeders meeting for 2015
4b. Seed production (4b. 1 and 2)
Additional 3 ha of breeder’s seed produced, Backstop DRC Vitamin A cassava
dissemination
Harvest Plus Project task categories cont.

Small (household)
Medium scale

WOMEN EMPOWERMENT

Gender-responsive: both men and women benefit from RTB
technologies and neither are harmed.
Gender-transformative: both men and women are helped while
gender roles are transformed and more gender-equitable
relationships between men and women are promoted

TAKE HOME MESSAGE
• Cassava Manihot esculenta Crantz 2N=36 18pairs
• Major staple provides energy as Cabohydrates
• Leaves (protein, Fe, zinc and other micro nutrients
• Vegetatively or clonally propagated
• Breeding by hybridization, it is outcrossesd by bees
• Molecular tools are being used to fast track breeding
• Maturity takes one year
• Key traits biotic and abiotic stress, dry matter, ppd or
shelf life, mealiness, ease of peeling, Vitamin A, many
more

SYNDICATE GROUP WORK
Group one GARI
List 5 breeding objectives for a biofortification cassava project
Identify strategies for achieving your target of 15ug/g TC and 45% dry
matter
Mentions 5 possible dangers that could mitigate or fight your success
Suggest some solutions
Prepare for Seedling Nursery harvesting at your station( 10 key
preparations or protocol)
Group two TAPIOCA
Mention key traits to measure in cassava breeding and why
Mention 5 precautions you will take in doing this and 5 sources of errors
Describe the methods available for measuring the dry matter content
Prepare protocol for harvesting your UYT in two locations that are 5hrs
apart in this trial you need to bring samples to the lab. for TC analysis and
DM determination oven method

Group three YUCA
List 3 diseases and 3 pests in cassava
What strategies will you use to get your team members to collect good data
Prepare a protocol or preparation towards planting a PYT for 300 clones
and AYT for 15 clones in Ubiaja one location
Group Four FUFU
Compare cassava to maize or rice and list the morphological and genetic
differences (<10 differences)
What are 5 considerations that you will make before you site a cassava trial
Mention four ways used in fighting micro nutrient deficiency example vitaminA
Prepare a protocol for participatory evaluation of a Multi- location trial at a town
three hours away from your station( write out your preparation step by step)
Tips for each activity identify the objectives for the trial

A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.orgww.iita.orgA member of the CGIAR consortium
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Training on increasing the capacity of research technicians in Breeding

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Training on increasing the capacity of research technicians in Breeding