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The Pulse of Pulses: Story of Pigeonpea

  1. The Pulse of Pulses: Story of Pigeonpea David Bergvinson, DG, ICRISAT International Trade Centre (ITC) and Indian Pulses and Grains Council (IPGA)
  2. Key reasons for encouraging Trade of Pulses Innovations • Improved varieties that integrate production and grain quality traits for increased productivity and profitability of pulse production • Mechanization of production and processing to increase profitability and timely operations New jobs and economic growth • Create new jobs in pulse value chains to increase quality of production, reduce losses and realize value addition in rural communities Bringing new competitive dynamics into the economic system • ICT-enabled price discovery and trade to enhance value chain logistics, reduce transaction costs, enable traceability for quality control, agreed grades and standards and automated validation to ensure equitable and markets for producers and value chain actors Promoting the research-innovation system • Demand-driven research driven by market- and farmer-requirements Bringing improved nutrition into modern food systems • Smart Food campaign is creating awareness among consumers about nutritional, environmental and economic benefits of pulses within modern diets to address malnutrition, sustainable agriculture and rural development
  3. Story of Pigeonpea: Innovation to Stabilize Pulses Volatility in pigeonpea production is not good for farmers who are out of phase and creates supply problems for processors 2584 2746 2646 2846 2914 3359 2981 3816 3055 3253 3725 3214 3619 3883 381 405 435 440 412 527 566 520 536 658 785 834 923 1047 30 45 53 56 56 72 74 78 94 101 109 119 120 122 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800 4000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Asia Africa Carribean
  4. 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 0 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 6,000,000 kg ha-1ha Area Harvested (ha) Production (t) Yield (kg ha-1) Area Production Yield/Productivity Source: FAO 2012 Production Scenario of Pigeonpea in India India area: 3.8 mill. ha India production: 2.6 mill. t India productivity: 697 kg ha-1 World area: 4.8 mill. ha World production: 3.7 mill. t World productivity: 774 kg ha- 1 India imports ~ 500,000 tons of pigeonpea per year from Myanmar and Africa to meet consumption needs
  5. • Test weight • Colour of Seed • No. of Seeds/Pod • Protein Content Desirable Traits • Dal Recovery (De-husking and Splitting) Processing • Moisture Content • Clean • Disease Free Phyto Sanitary Requirements • Fast Cooking time • Appearance and Palatability Consumer Preferences Characteristics of Pigeonpea across Product Development Chain
  6. Quality Standards: Pigeonpea Production Desirable Traits (Properties of crop considered during selection) Test weight: 9-11 gms Colour of Seed: Brown No. of Seed/Pod: 5-7nos Protein Content: 18-22% (Swaminathan and Jain, 1973) Processing (Maximum recovery of consumable dal after milling) Dal Recovery (Easily removable husk): >70% Low processing loss (during de-husking and Splitting) (Saxena et al., 2010)
  7. Quality Standards: Pigeonpea Supply Chain Phyto Sanitary Requirements (Criteria for importing Pigeonpea in India) Moisture Content: 10% Damage: <2% Pathogen and Pest Free (Govindan, 2010) Consumer Preferences (Factors make Pigeonpea appealing to end users) Less Cooking time (30-40 mins) Appearance and Palatability: Uniform size and yellow dal colour (Francis 1991; Saxena et al., 2010)
  8. Country In thousand tons % increase 2001 2014 Production Area Yield Tanzania 87.1 249.3 186 106 39 Mozambique 31.6 120.9 282 261 6 Malawi 105.8 301.0 184 69 68 Kenya 73.46 274.5 274 68 122 Uganda 80.0 93.6 17 28 -8 E. S. Africa 380.6 1047.3 175 96 40 Growth trends for pigeonpea in Africa
  9. Country Area (ha) Production (t) Productivity (kg/ha) India 5,062,000 3,290,000 650 Myanmar 611,600 575,100 940 Tanzania 276,400 249,250 902 Kenya 276,124 274,523 994 Mozambique 248,000 120,979 486 Malawi 229,790 301,010 1309 Haiti 111,950 90,480 808 Uganda* 101,540 93,645 922 Dominican R 23,088 24,615 1066 Nepal 17,006 16,415 965 Top ten pigeonpea producers in 2014
  10. Varietal cafeteria • A total of 33 varieties released in ESA. • Kenya -8, Malawi-7, Mozambique-5, Tanzania-7, Uganda-2, Zambia-2, Sudan-1, Ethiopia- 1 • More than 90% of the varieties derived from breeding program based in Africa using local germplasm • A shift in maturity group adopted to ESA agro-ecologies Maturity group Up to 2008 2009 onwards Short duration 7 1 Medium duration 3 10 Long duration 7 5 Total 17 16
  11. Exports from Africa(000’ t) Country 5 year range 2016 (expected) Tanzania 75-90 70 Mozambique 55-75 75 Malawi 60-90 70 Kenya 15-20 18 Uganda 8-14 12 Sudan* 40-50 45 Africa 253-339 290 Source: Jayesh Patel 2016, ETG * Sudan data estimated India imports about 570, 000 t annually 50% from Myanmar and 50% from Africa
  12. ESA country Total no of varieties released No of varieties released from ICRISAT-bred materials % of varieties released from ICRISAT-bred materials Ethiopia 27 15 (11 desi + 4 kabuli) 56% Kenya 6 6 (4 desi + 2 kabuli) 100% Tanzania 4 4 (2 desi + 2 kabuli) 100% Varietal cafeteria is similar for chickpea
  13. Journey to Pulse Profitability – for All
  14. Ingredients for Success: Seed, Systems, Capacity, Policies & Partnerships Major gaps: ; • Disconnect between quality seed demand and quality seed available/access • No premium for quality grain marketed at the producer level • Lack of market information/market intelligence • Grades and standards are not well developed based on market needs • Little/no mechanization in farm operations, harvesting and post-harvest handling Opportunities: • Huge scope for seed production and delivery of market-preferred varieties (PPP) • Introduction of small scale machinery for timely planting of pulses, threshing, community level processing for value addition (e.g. Dhal) • Introduction of grades and standards and premium for quality produce based (digital imagery to provide objective pricing) • Promotion of Smart Food to expand domestic and regional markets, in addition to international exports in order to stabilize prices • Creation of commodity markets and proper storage facilities to redcue losses, increase quality (and value) and incentivize quality through eMarkets and warehouse receipts
  15. Thank You
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