1. JOHN MICHAEL D. DIONISIO
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT &
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
Zee Gonzales
2. DEFINITION OF TERMS
Traffic
It refers to the movement of persons, goods, or vehicles,
either powered by combustion system or animal drawn,
from one place to another for the purpose of travel.
It was derived from the word trafficare / traffico which
mean “to carry on trade”.
Management
It refers to the skillful use of means to accomplish a
purpose.
3. Accident
Any unexpected occurrence which results to
unintended death, injury or damage to property.
Traffic Accident
–Any accident involving travel transportation on
a traffic way.
4. Traffic Accident Investigation
– Systematic process of establishing facts and
circumstances pertaining to a traffic accident.
Operation
– pertains to a course or series of acts to effect a
certain purpose; manner of action; or a vital or natural
process of activity.
Transportation
is the movement or conveying of persons and goods from
one location to another for the purpose of travel.
5. Shoulder
– it refers to either side of the roadway, especially
along highways.
Roadway
– it refers to that part of the traffic way over which
motor vehicle pass.
Traffic way
– it refers to the entire width between boundary
lines of every way or place of which any part is open
to the use of the public for purposes of vehicular traffic as
a matter of right or custom.
8. MANPOWER
1. Carrying Pole – In china and other parts of
the Far East, the carrying pole, balanced on one
shoulder is a popular carrying device.
2. Back Load and Tumpline – In many parts of
the world, goods are carried on the back. In
Subtemala, pots are carried on a wooden
framework supported by a tumpline across the
forehead. In the Andes, the load is held on the
back by a strap passing over the chest.
9.
10. 3. Sledge on rollers – The moving of heavy
burdens was to place them on sledge which
rested on a series of rollers.
4. Sledge on runners – A simple sledge,
probably man-drawn, was in use at the end of
the old stone age in northern Europe, as
evidenced by fragments of wooden runners
which survived
5. Travoils – as the pole arrangement called,
serves as a platform on which the burdens as
placed.
11.
12. ANIMAL POWER
1. Ox – Cattle, which were first domesticated in
Mesopotamia, were used as draft animals to draw
war chariots.
2. Reindeer – These were first domesticated in
Siberia in the beginning of the Christian era.
3. Dog – The first animal domesticated, is too slight
to carry heavy loads
4. Donkey – First domesticated in the middle East.
Early dogs came to use as a back animal before the
domestication of the camel.
13. 5. Llama – In pre- Columbian America, the Llama
was the only new word animal other than the
dog capable of domestication for use in
transport.
6. Elephant – The Carthaginians used African
elephant in their war against Rome but in recent
centuries, these animals have not been tamed.
7. Horse – appeared in southwest Asia and
1,000 years later, the persians arrived with
cavity which gave mobility and power to the
German tribes who invaded Europe and to the
central asia conqueror Genghis Khan.
14. 8. Camel – There are two kinds of camel, the
two humped bactrian camel of central Asia and
the one – humped dromedary of Arabia have
long been used for transport
9. Yak – A long-haired type of cattle that lives at
high altitudes on the Tibetan plateau and in the
neighboring Mountain Regions is ridden and
used as a pack animal at heights were horses
and ordinary animal could not survive.
15. Wind Power Transportation
Ancient Chinese Kite – was first used for
transport when a Korean general employed one
in bridge building.
Da Vinci’s Ornithopter – derives its principal
support and propelling from flapping wings like
those of a bird.
Montgolfier / hot-air Balloon – invented by
brothers ,Joseph Michel and Jacques Entienne
Montgolfier
16. Siemen’s Rocket Plane – designed by Ernst
Werner Von Siemens which was to be propelled
by the explosive force of gunpowder.
Lilienthal Glider – invented by Otto Lilienthal, a
German inventor
Santos Dumont’s Airship – steam-powered
balloons in Paris invented by Alberto Santos
Dumont, a Brazilian
17. • Wright Brother’s Flying Machine – built
biplane kite then over 200 different wing
types which they tested in a wind tunnel of
their own invention, before they conducted
their first man-carrying powered machine.
• Lindbergh’s Spirit of St. Louis – the first solo
flight from New York to Paris made by Capt.
Charles A. Lindbergh in May 1927.
19. 1. Rudolf Diesel, a German engineer, developed
an engine, which requires no electrical
ignition system or carburetor and uses other
form of liquid fuel, the diesel fuel.
2. Charles Goodyear - Pneumatic Tire for cars
3. John Boyd Dunlop – Pneumatic Tire for
bicycle
4. Henry Ford – Model T – the first car 1908
5. Romans – First builders of roads
6. John Macadam – inventor of asphalt type of
roads
20. THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC
1. Engineering
2. Education
3. Enforcement
4. Ecology / environment
5. Economy
21. TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
– It is the science of measuring traffic and travel.
– It is the study of the basic laws relative to traffic
law and regulations.
– It is the application of this knowledge to the
professional practice of planning, deciding and
operating traffic system to achieve safe and
efficient transportation of persons and goods.
22. AGENCIES CONCERNED
DPWH - responsible for determining traffic law, pattern, draw, origin,
and destinations, studies of persons and things, planning, approving,
funding and construction of national roads
1. Provincial Government
2. Municipal Government
3. Chartered Cities
23. It is the process of giving training and
practice in the actual application of
traffic safety knowledge.
Traffic Education
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24. 24
Four Basic Types of Instruction
Methods Used in Driver Education
Program
1. Comprehensive
2. Traditional Instruction
3. Commentary Driving Method
4. Simulated Conditions and Off
the Road Training
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25. 25
Comprehensive
• This method places the
student into real life of
driving situation from
the beginning.
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27. 27
Commentary Driving Method
• The student-driver will
be accompanied by an
instructor. As the
student-driver drives,
the instructor has to
give comments on his
driving.
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28. 28
Simulated Conditions and Off the
Road Training
The premise of simulated
conditions training is that
the behavior of the driver
– subject placed in
condition will be relatively
analogous to normal
behavior.
Eric Sawati Catte
29. Two Methods of Simulation Presently Adopted are:
1. Partial Simulation Method
This method has the specific aim of training for the “subtask” of
the driving task.
2. Global Simulation
Training is simulated in traffic situations and conditions with the
use of simulations.
30. Simulator
• It is a static machine with
all the important
features of a car used in
driving method or driving
training.
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31. It is a static machine with all the important features of a car used
in driving method or driving training.
Simulator
32. The theory which asserts that man exhibits a constant difference
of life energy and mood states.
Biorhythm
33. TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT
This field deals mostly on the implementation and
enforcement of traffic laws and rules and
regulations.
This is a part of enforcement involving the arrest,
issuance of Temporary Operator’s Permit (TOP) or
Inspection Report Summons, or warning of any
persons who is believed to have violated a law,
ordinance, or regulation pertaining to the use of
traffic roads.
34. What is the basis of all
traffic enforcement?
TRAFFIC LAWS
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35. AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE IN TRAFFIC
ENFORCEMENT
1. Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC) –
responsible in policy making, planning, programming,
coordinating, implementing, regulating traffic affairs.
2. Land Transportation Office (LTO) – responsible for (1) registration
of motor vehicle, (2) issuance of driver license and (3)
enforcement.
3. Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LFTRB)-
responsible to prescribe and regulate transport routes, grant,
deny and suspend or cancel land transport franchises.
4. MMDA – traffic enforcement within Metro Manila Area
5. Local Government Unit‘s (LGU’s)- responsible in setting the
policies concerning traffic within their respective provincial, city or
municipality.
6. PNP – HPG – FORMERLY PNP TMG
36. Functions of Traffic Law Enforcement
1. Police Traffic Law Enforcement
This is performed by the police and other agencies; includes detection
and apprehension
2. Court Traffic Law Enforcement
This is performed by the court by prosecution, adjudication, and
penalization.
37. Kinds of Enforcement Action
1. Traffic Arrest
– consists of taking a person into custody for the purpose of
holding or detaining him to answer a charge of law violation before a
court.
Arrest is made when:
Offense committed is serious
Detention is necessary to avoid continued violation
There is reasonable doubt that the violator will not appear in court.
38. 2. Traffic Citation (TICKET)
– is made of having violator appear in
court without physical arrest.
Three (3) Types of Traffic Citation
1. Temporary Operator’s Permit (TOP) – A traffic citation
used in the enforcement of traffic management measures
(DOTC MC No. 93-693) and other special laws by the LTO.
2. Traffic Violation Receipt (TVR) – A traffic citation used in
the enforcement of traffic management measures (MMDA
Traffic Ordinances).
3. Ordinance Violations Receipt (OVR) – A traffic citation
used in the enforcement of traffic management measures
by local government by virtue of RA 7160.
39. Traffic Warning
– is an enforcement action which does not contemplate possible
assessment of penalty by the court or otherwise as a result of
warning alone.
40. Types of Traffic Warning
1. Visual Warning – usually used when you have observed a
minor violation and is indicated by gesture of the hand and or of
the head.
2. Verbal Warning – also a form of traffic safety education by
telling the driver about his violation and explain the hazards of
such.
3. Written Warning – gives the spirit of verbal warning through
citation
41. TRAFFIC ECOLOGY OR ENVIRONMENT
The study with potentially disastrous population explosion,
changes in urban environment due to scale and density of new
urban concentration and new activities carried out , air
population, water pollution and crowding, especially transport
congestion which result therein.
42. It provides for the prevention, control and
abatement of air pollution from motor vehicles
and for other purposes.
Presidential Decree Nr. 1181
43. TRAFFIC ECONOMY
It deals with the benefits and adverse effects of traffic to our
economy. Traffic operation is designed to expedite the movement of
traffic. However, with the prevailing traffic congestion during rush hours in
any given locality adversely affect the economic status of the commuting
public.
44. WHISTLE SIGNALS
1. One long blast - stop.
2. Two short snappy - go.
3. Three blast - for assistance
or for the motorist to be
attentive.
45. DRIVER’S LICENSE
- A document issued to a qualified
driver who possesses the statutory qualification
as provided therefore. It is also a public
document which has the legal presumption of
genuineness.
A driver is licensed by the Land Transportation Office as
proof of his proficiency in driving and his knowledge of
road rules and regulations while operating a motor
vehicle.
47. Is driving a motor vehicle in the
Philippines a right or privilege?
A PRIVILEGE
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48. • Driving a motor vehicle in the Philippines as in other
countries is NOT a right but a privilege granted by the
Philippine Government through LTO.
• Further, it is a privilege, which may be suspended or
revoked.
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50. International Driver’s License
• Bonafide tourists and transients who are duly licensed
to operate motor vehicle in their respective countries
may be allowed to operate motor vehicles during their
stay but not beyond 90 days of their sojourn in the
Philippines.
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52. Can a foreigner drive a PUV thru
his/ her International Driver’s
License?
• No
• Foreign license applicants can only be
issued a NON-PROFESSIONAL DRIVER’S
LICENSE.
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53. Military Driver’s License
• All licenses so issued shall bear the words “FOR
GOVERNMENT VEHICLES ONLY” plainly marked or
stamped in red inks across the face thereof.
• A military driver’s license does not authorize the holder
to operate a privately owned motor vehicle.
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54. Professional Driver’s License
• This license is issued to a driver hired or paid
for or operating a motor vehicle whether
private use or for hire to the public.
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55. Any person driving his own
motor vehicle for hire is a
_____.
PROFESSIONAL DRIVER
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57. Requirements:
• Must at least be 18 years of age.
• Presentation of either the following documents:
–A Student’s Permit, which has been issued in
the possession of the applicant for at least 5
months.
–A Non-Professional Driver’s License that has
been in the possession of the applicant for not
less than 4 months.
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58. VALIDITY? Identifying Color
• The
professional
driver’s license
is renewable
every 3 years.
Red
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59. Non-Professional Driver’s License
• This kind of license is issued to owners of
privately owned motor vehicles or those not
for hire or paid for driving.
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61. Requirements:
• Must be at least 17 years old.
• A Student Driver’s Permit that has been issued
not less than 1 month from from application.
• A certificate from an LTO accredited doctor
attesting that the applicant:
– Is physically and mentally sound.
– Has normal vision and hearing.
• Must pass a written examination.
• Must pass an actual road test.
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62. VALIDITY? Identifying Color
• The
professional
driver’s license
is renewable
every 3 years.
Green
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63. Student Driver’s Permit
• This kind of document is issued to persons
who desire to learn how to drive.
• A student driver cannot operate a vehicle
unless accompanied by an instructor who
may either be a licensed professional or
non-professional driver.
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64.
65. Requirements:
• Must be at least 16 years of age.
• Must be physically sound and in good health with no
contagious ailments.
• Must be mentally capable.
• Must know how to read and write in his native dialect,
in Tagalog, or in English.
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66. • Must apply personally at any LTO and have with
him the following documents:
– Document of birth proof that he is 16 years old,
either of the following: joint affidavit by 2 not
related individuals attesting to the age of the
applicant, or SSS identification card, passport,
and/or Voter’s ID.
– Applicants whose age is between 16 to below 18
years old, an affidavit of consent signed by the
parents or by the applicant’s legal guardian
allowing the applicant to learn how to drive.
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67. Validity?
• A student permit is valid for up to 12 months from
the date of issue.
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68. Conductor’s permit
- an official document authorizing a person to assist the
driver of a public utility vehicle in order to ensure the safety of its
passengers and/or cargo.
70. What is the pre-requisite of a
driver in order for him to undergo
the actual road test?
Written Examination
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71. The Written Examination
• Written examinations will contain questions
concerning proper driving procedures, road
rules and regulations, emergency procedures,
etc.
• Number of questions will be as follows:
–Non-Professional License – 40 questions
–Professional License – 60 questions
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73. The Road Test
• The actual road test will be undertaken under the
auspices of a “DRIVING SKILL RATER”.
• This actual road test will have to be scheduled in
advance and the applicant will have to provide the
vehicle in which the road test will be conducted.
• The applicant should make sure that the vehicle to be
used is in proper working condition and is currently
registered.
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74. How many points will be credited
to the applicant at the start of
the road test?
100 Points
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Passing rate: 70
75. Mandatory Drug Test (RA 4136)
• It is mandatory to all drivers’ license applicants except
for student driver’s permit to pass a drug test conducted
by duly LTO accredited drug testing centers.
75
RA 10586 (Anti- Drugged And Drunk
Driving Act)
•Making drug test not mandatory in
getting driver’s license.
Eric Sawati Catte
76. CONDITIONS ASSIGNED TO DRIVERS AFTER EYE
EXAMINATION
A – wear eyeglasses
B – drive only special equipment for upper limbs
C – drive only with special equipment for lower limbs
D – daylight driving only
E – accompanied by a person with normal hearing
77. Driver’s license restriction code
Restriction 1 - Motorcycles/Motorized Tricycles
Restriction 2 - Vehicle up to 4500 kg Gross Vehicle Weight
Restriction 3 - Vehicle above 4500 kg Gross Vehicle Weight
Restriction 4 - Automatic Clutch up to 4500 kg Gross Vehicle Weight
Restriction 5 - Automatic Clutch above 4500 kg Gross Vehicle Weight
Restriction 6 - Articulated Vehicle 1600 kg Gross Vehicle Weight &
Below
Restriction 7 - Articulated Vehicle 1601 kg up to 4500 kg Gross Vehicle
Weight
Restriction 8 - Articulated Vehicle 4501 kg & above Gross Vehicle
Weight
79. 1. Private (not for hire)
•these are motor vehicles used for the
personal use of their owners.
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80. 2. Public Utility Vehicles
• aka “for hire”
• these are registered primarily for the conveyance
of passengers and other commercial goods, i.e.
passenger jeepneys, taxi cabs, etc.
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81. Government
• these are motor vehicles owned by
government offices and are used for official
purposes only.
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83. 4. Diplomat
• these are issued to foreign diplomats and
consuls assigned in the Philippines.
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84. 84
MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATION
PRIVATE – Green with white background
PUBLIC UTILITY VEHICLES (PUVs) –
Black with yellow background
GOVERNMENT – Red (Maroon) with
white background
DIPLOMAT – Blue with white background
Eric Sawati Catte
85. Protocol/High-ranking government plates
1 - President
2 - Vice President
3 - Senate President
4 - Speaker of the House of Representatives
5 - Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
6 - Cabinet Secretaries
7 - Senators
8 - Representatives (Congressmen)
9 - Associate Justices of the Supreme Court
86. 10 - Presiding Justice and other Justices of the Court of
Appeals, Solicitor General (President Arroyo abolished
the OSG's protocol plate number '13' by virtue of
Executive Order No. 400-A)
11 - Chairman of the Commission on Elections
12 - Cabinet Undersecretary
14 - Chief of Staff, Armed Forces of the Philippines and
Chief, Philippine National Police
16 - Regional Trial Court Judges
17 - First Level Courts (Metropolitan Trial Court,
Municipal Trial Court, Municipal Trial Court in Cities and
Shari'ah Circuit courts), added by Memorandum Order
No. 297 signed by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on
March 2, 2009
87. Geographical designation
"A" - Region I (Ilocos Region) and CAR (Cordillera Administrative
Region)
"B" - Region II (Cagayan Valley Region)
"C", "R" - Region III (Central Luzon Region), "R" are overflow series
since the "C" series has been exhausted
"D", "V" - Regions IV-A (CALABARZON) and IV-B (MIMAROPA), "V" are
overflow series
"E" - Region V (Bicol Region)
"F" - Region VI (Western Visayas Region)
88. "G", "Y" - Region VII (Central Visayas Region), "Y" are overflow series
"H" - Region VIII (Eastern Visayas Region)
"J" - Region IX (Zamboanga Peninsula) and ARMM
"K" - Regions X and XIII (Northern Mindanao and Caraga)
"L" - Region XI (Davao Region)
"M" - Region XII (SOCCSKSARGEN)
"N" - National Capital Region, 1981-1982, 2009-2010
"P" - National Capital Region, 1982-1991, 2010-present
89. "T" - National Capital Region, 1991-1995
"U" - National Capital Region, 1995-1997
"W" - National Capital Region, 1997-2001
"X" - National Capital Region, 2001-2005
"Z" - National Capital Region, 2005-2009
90. Special designation
"S" - Government
"P", "T", "U" - Public utility vehicles (they usually begin with
these letters but not always). They always (since 1999) have "V",
"W", "X", or "Y" in the middle of the letter block (LLL). e.g. PWM
757
91. PLATE TIME LINE
1. PILIPINAS (most common format) (1981-
1995, 2001-2003)
2. PHILIPPINES 2000 (1995-2000)
3. ANGAT PINOY 2004 (2000-2001)
4. PERLAS NG SILANGAN (2001-2002)
5. MATATAG NA REPUBLIKA (2003-present)
6. NO PLATE AVAILABLE – PNOY (2010-
present)
92. PLATE EXPIRATION
LAST DIGIT OF THE LICENSE PLATE NR
1- January
2- February
3- March
4- April
5- May
6- June
7- July
8- August
9- September
0- October , November and December
Middle digit
Number WEEK DAYS
1, 2,3 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 (1st)
4, 5, 6 8,9,10,11,12,12,14 (2nd)
7, 8, 15,16,17,18,19,20,21 (3rd)
9, 0 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 (4th)
29, 30, 31
MONTH OF EXPIRATION
OF EXPIRATION
94. MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SPEED
Type of Roadway Passenger Cars
and Motorcycles
Motor
Trucks and
Buses
1. On open country roads, with no blind
corners not closely bordered by
habitations.
80 km 50 km
2. On “thorough streets” or boulevards clear
of traffic, with no blind corners, when so
designated.
40 km 30 km
3. On city and municipal streets, with light
traffic, when not designated “through
streets”.
30 km 30 km
4. Through crowded streets, approaching
intersections at “blind corners”, passing
school zones, passing other vehicles which
are stationary, or for similar dangerous
circumstances.
20 km 20 km
95. EXCEPTION TO THE SPEED LIMIT
• A physician or his driver when the former responds to
emergency calls.
• The driver of a hospital ambulance on the way to and from the
place of accident or other emergency.
• Any driver bringing a wounded or sick person for emergency
treatment to a hospital, clinic, or any other similar place.
• Any driver of a motor vehicle belonging to the Armed Forces
while in use for official purposes in times of riot, insurrection
or invasion.
96. • The driver of a vehicle, when he or his
passengers are in pursuit of a criminal.
• A law-enforcement officer who is trying to
overtake a violator of traffic laws.
• The driver officially operating a motor vehicle
of any fire department provided that
exemption shall not be construed to allow
useless or unnecessary fast drivers
aforementioned.
97. Hierarchy of Traffic Control
Traffic Control Officer
Traffic Signal Light
Traffic Sign
Pavement Markings
Right-of-Way Rules
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98. SOME PROVISIONS OF R.A. 4136
It is otherwise called as the Land Transportation Code of the
Philippines.
This is the basic law regulating land transportation in the
Philippines.
99. Before RA 4136 has been effective, what is the law known
as the “Revised Motor Vehicle Law”?
Act 3992
100. All vehicles, whether motorized, animal-drawn or muscle
powered, shall use the _____ side of the road when meeting
persons or other vehicles coming from the same direction.
(Section 37, RA 4136)
RIGHT
101. OVERTAKING A VEHICLE
In overtaking
another vehicle, a driver
should pass at a safe
distance to the left of the
vehicle being overtaken
and shall resume driving
on the right side of the
road only after passing
clear of the overtaken
vehicles.
102. Exception: On the
highway with two or
more lanes where traffic
goes in one direction,
another vehicle may be
overtaken on the right.
103. GIVING WAY TO OVERTAKING
VEHICLES
The driver of a motor vehicle about to be
overtaken must give way to the overtaking
vehicle and shall not increase his speed until
the overtaking vehicles has fully passed by.
105. 1.
• In case of two vehicles approaching or
entering as intersection at the same
time, the driver of the vehicle on the
left shall yield the right of way;
however, the driver of any vehicle
travel at an unlawful speed forfeits this
right. (Section 42, a)
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107. 2.
• In case of a vehicle approaching but has
not yet entered the intersection, its
driver shall yield the right of way to
vehicle already within such intersection
or turning therein to the left across the
line of travel of the first mentioned
vehicle. (Section 42, b)
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109. 3.
• In case of a vehicle on a highway within a
business or residential district, its driver shall
yield the right of way to pedestrian crossing
the highway within crosswalk, except at
intersection where traffic is regulated by a
peace officer of a traffic signal.
• If there is no crosswalk, pedestrian shall yield
the right of way to vehicles on the highways.
(Section 42, c)
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110. 4.
• In case of vehicle traversing a through-
highway, its driver should bring it to a full
stop before crossing. However, if it is
clear and no hazards exist, the vehicle
may slow down to 5 miles per hour
instead of a full stop. (Section 42, d)
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112. Exception to the Right of Way Rules
• Right of way rules do not apply in the
case of a vehicle entering a private road
or drive. The right of way is in favor of
all vehicles utilizing the highway.
(Section 43)
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115. • R.A. 4136 this is the basic law regulating land
transportation in the Philippines.
• R.A. 6539 The which is known as the “ Anti Carnapping Act
of 1972” The act preventing and penalizing carnapping.
• R.A. 5448 Act imposing a tax on privately owned passenger
automobiles, motorcycles and scooters.
• R.A 8749 Also known as the “ Clean air Act which regulates
emission of toxic gases of both gasoline and diesel engines
• R.A. 8750 It provides for the attachment of seat belts for all
types of motor vehicles and imposes penalty for the non-
compliance thereof.
• R.A. 7924 The Act creating the Metropolitan Manila
Development Authority, defining its powers and functions,
providing funds therefore and for other purposes.
116. • P.D. No. 96. Regulating the use of sirens, bells, hors, etc.,,
by prohibiting the attachment of any siren, horn bell, etc.
on motor vehicles which produce unusual or starting
sounds as well as brinkers and other similar devices unless
the vehicle belongs to the AFP, NBI, LTO, PNP, BJMP,
Hospitals and Fire Department and are specifically
intended for use in emergencies.
• P.D. No. 101. Expediting the methods of prescribing,
redefining or modifying the lines and modes of operations
of public utility motor vehicles in the Philippines.
• P.D. No. 207 Declaring as part of the laws of the Philippines
the vienna Convention on Road Traffic Signs and Signals
• P.D. N. 612. Requiring compulsory insurance for all types of
Motor Vehicles against third party liability as an additional
prerequisite for registration by the LTO
117. • P.D. 1730 Declaring the syndicated printing, manufacture,
distribution, possession or use of fake official Bureau of Land
Transportation form, documents, plates and stickers as
offenses involving economics sabotage
• E.O. 125. Reorganizing the DOTC, defining its powers and
functions and for other purposes
• E.O. 266. Providing for two service units in the Office of the
Asst. Sec. for Land Transportation in the DOTC( Law
Enforcement Services and Traffic Adjudication Services),
defining the powers and functions thereof and for other
purposes.
• E.O. 202. Creating the Land Transportation Franchising and
Regulatory Board ( LTFRB)
• E.O. 248. Empowering the Land Transportation Commission
to control and supervise the operations of motor vehicle
driving schools.
119. Carnapping
• Unlawful taking, with intent to gain, through
force, violence or intimidation, a motor
vehicle belonging to another person without
the latter’s consent.
119
Any vehicle propelled by means other than
muscular power using the public highways, but
excepting road roller, trolley car, street sweeper,
sprinkle, lawnmower, bulldozer, grader, forklift,
amphibian trucks and crane, tractor, trailer and all
kinds used exclusively for agricultural purposes.
Eric Sawati Catte
120. The elements of carnapping are:
1.Unlawful taking
2.Intent to gain
3.Motor vehicle belonging to another
4.Lack of owner’s consent
5.Use of violence against or intimidation of persons, or
force upon things
120
Eric Sawati Catte
121. A "motor vehicle" in RA 6539 (the Anti-Carnapping Act)
limits the definition to motor-powered vehicles used on
public highways. Bulldozers, graders, forklifts, street
sweepers, sprinklers, amphibian trucks, road rollers, trolley
cars and cranes aren't considered "motor vehicles" under
RA 6539 unless they're on the highway. Trains and their
trailers as well as tractors and traction engines used
exclusively for agricultural purposes aren't considered
"motor vehicles," but trailers for trucks and other public
highway-using vehicles are considered as separate motor
vehicles with no power rating. It is curious to note that a
tricycle, by virtue of the definition's wording ("other than
muscular powerusing the public highways") is considered a
motor vehicle(!)
•
123. Traffic Control
• It is the control of vehicles at a
certain point or area by mechanical
means, fixed objects or manpower.
Traffic Signs
• A device mounted or on a portable
support where a message is
conveyed by means of words or
symbols, officially erected or installed
for the purpose of regulating,
warning or controlling traffic.
124. CATEGORIES OF TRAFFIC SIGNS
1. Caution Signs, Warning Signs and Danger
Signs
2. Guide Signs, Information Signs and
Direction Signs
3. Instruction Signs or Regulatory Signs
125. Caution Signs, Warning Signs and Danger Signs
These signs convey messages that certain road conditions exist
on a certain stretch of the road or on street requiring the driver
to be more ATTENTIVE and are prepared for such road
conditions.
– Examples:
• Dangerous Bend
• Steep Ascent
• Turn Left or Right
• Rail Road Crossing
126. Guide Signs, Information Signs and Direction Signs
These signs are modified signs that actually give spatial or
DIRECTIONAL INSTRUCTIONS for the driver to take. These signs
are designed to provide the driver with information that MAY OR
MAY NOT use but will assist him in one-way or another.
127. Divisions of Informative Signs
1.Advance Sign - These are the names and distances of the
principal destination served by the intersecting road.
2. Direction Signs - Direction sign shall be placed at the right of
intersections to show the direction and destination of a route.
3.Place Identification Sign - These maybe used to show the
frontier between two countries or for the purpose of showing
the beginning and or end of built-up areas.
4.Confirmatory Signs - These are used to confirm the direction
of a road. They shall bear the name of one or more places.
Where distances are shown, the figures expressing them shall
be placed after the name of the locality
128. Instruction Signs or Regulatory Signs
• These signs require the driver not only to be more attentive as
in caution signs but also require the driver to ACTUALLY
PERFORM OR NOT TO PERFORM a specified act.
• Round or Inverted Triangle or Octagonal, Red border, white
background, black markings
129. Division of Regulatory Signs
1. Priority Signs
These are intended to regulate priority over a particular
road section of roadway intersection.
2. Prohibitory Signs
These signs can be used on specified section of the road,
which will be easily seen by motorist to indicate
regulation, which is prohibitive or restrictive in nature.
3. Mandatory Signs
These signs are intended to notify the road users of
special rules in which they must comply for the safety
and convenience and smooth flow of traffic.
130. Elementary Requirements of a Traffic Sign
1. It should compel
attention.
2. It should convey a
simple, closer meaning at
a glance.
3. It should allow time for
response.
4. It should command
respect.
131. PAVEMENT MARKINGS AND MARKERS
This are sign paved or printed on roadway’s floor to
signify direction and prohibition
132. 1. SINGLE WHITE DOTTED LINE
On two-lane road separates traffic moving in
separate directions.
On a one-way street, separates traffic
moving in one direction.
Overtaking is possible when other lane is
clear of oncoming vehicle.
2. SINGLE WHITE CONTINUOUS LINE
Separates traffic moving in opposite
direction.
Could be found in road sections that are
dangerous.
Passing and overtaking can be made but
only after under circumstances when there
is no oncoming traffic.
133. 3. DOUBLE YELLOW LINE WITH A
DOTTED WHITE LINE IN BETWEEN
Absolutely no parking.
Overtaking is extremely dangerous.
Stay in your lane until you pass the
end of the solid lines.
4. SINGLE YELLOW LINE
A yellow line with a dotted white line
means that you cannot overtake if
the solid line is on your side.
If you overtake, return to your lane
before the solid line.
134. 5. YELLOW CONTINUOUS LINE ON ROAD
PROVIDED WITH A PASSING LANE
These are common on mountain roads.
Slow moving vehicles such as buses and
heavy trucks should always use the outer
lane.
Inner lane is for vehicles to pass without
having to use the other lane for vehicles
coming from the opposite direction.
Vehicles coming from the opposite
direction should not use the inner lane at
the other side for overtaking
6. CROSSWALK a.k.a. PEDESTRIAN LANE
Stop for pedestrians on an intersection
with no traffic light.
Do not stop on pedestrian lane especially
to load or unload passengers.
Pedestrian should always cross a street on
a crosswalk.
135. 7. DIRECTIONAL ARROWS
Indicates directions of permitted traffic
movement.
When approaching intersections where pavement
arrows are used, you should enter the lane where
the arrow points in the direction you want to go.
8. STOP LINES
These are painted across pavement lanes at traffic
signs or signals.
Where these lines are present, you should stop behind
the stop line.
9. BARREL LINES
A new concept in reducing the seriousness of
accidents.
These are engineered to act as impact cushion.
Usually installed in front of a solid obstacle or traffic
island at an area of high accident frequency.
136. 10. CURB MARKINGS
– These are markings placed on the curbs or edges
of the traffic for restriction or for parking
regulation purposes.
11. OBJECT MARKINGS
– These are markings placed on objects on the
road or beside the road like humps, rocks or
similar hazardous objects on the side of the road.
12. REFLECTORIZED MARKINGS
– These are markings or gadgets designed to
reflect and become luminous when hit by
vehicles’ light.
– These are placed or installed in the middle of the
roadway to supplement separation lines or on
object at the side of the roadways which are too
near or within the road pavement itself.
137. ROAD CLASSIFICATIONS
1. NATIONAL ROADS – the main roads as conduit system with a right of way from 20
meters to 120 meters.
2. PROVINCIAL ROADS – the linkages between two municipalities with right of way
from 15 to 60 meters.
3. CITY ROADS – the inter-link between municipalities and within the city proper with
right of way of 15 meters.
4. MUNICIPAL ROADS – all roads within the town proper with the right of way not
less than 10 meters.
5. BARANGAY ROADS- farm to marker with right of way not less than 2 meters.
138. ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONS
FEEDER ROAD – intended for farm- to-market traffic.
LOCAL COLLECTOR ROAD – feeder road to municipal road.
MAJOR COLLECTOR ROAD – major arteries to collect inter
locality traffic to provincial road.
MAJOR HIGHWAY – main artery that caters on big volume of
vehicular traffic on national roadways.
EXPRESSWAY – A through traffic for free flow of vehicular
movement.
139. EXPRESSWAY – A through traffic for free flow of
vehicular movement.
TUNNEL ROAD – A passage of wide section cut through
a hill or sea to shorten circuitous roadway.
SUBWAY – An underground conduit running entirely
under the ground for fast travel route of commuters.
SKYWAY – A modern urban system of roadway above
street level for free-flow traffic.
140. It is defined as a signal operated manually, electrically by which
traffic is alternatively commanded to stop and permitted to
proceed.
TRAFFIC LIGHTS
141. Steady Red
STOP at designated line.
Vehicles will be crossing from
the other side.
Expect pedestrian to cross at the
pedestrian lane.
Unless specified you can TURN
RIGHT after a FULL STOP to clear
traffic coming from the left.
142. Steady Green
GO
It is the turn of the vehicles on the other
side to STOP.
Pedestrians are not allowed to cross the
pedestrian lane in front of you.
Unless specified, you can move up to the
middle of the intersection and make a left
turn when clear.
Vehicles going straight have the right of way
Do not anticipate a green light.
143. Steady Green Arrow
• GO
• Vehicles turning left can do so.
• On coming straight traffic is still
on red to give way for vehicles
turning left.
• Do not anticipate a green arrow.
144. Steady Yellow (Amber)
• Prepare to stop
• It is the turn of the vehicles
on the other side and will be
given the GO signal shortly.
• Do not beat a yellow light.
145. Is commonly by mobile and foot patrol to provide traffic patrol
services for the safety of the motorist, pedestrians, and the
public in general.
Traffic Patrol
146. Types of Traffic Patrol
1. Line Patrol – Moving patrol or stationary
observation on a specified road between two
points usually on one City Street.
2. Area Patrol – Stationary observation in an area
or beat, which includes a number of streets.
3. Stationary Patrol – Traffic observation at a
selected place usually one with an unfavorable
accident experience and traffic flow problem for
traffic law enforcement purposes to detect
violations and deter violators.
147. Conspicuous Patrol – Stationary observation in which
the observer tries to attract attention by keeping in full
view of traffic.
Visible Patrol – Traffic observation in which the
observer is in full view but so located, for instance on a
side street, as to require effort on the part of the traffic
to discover the observer.
Concealed Patrol – Stationary observation in which
observer is not visible to persons using ordinary powers
of observation from the roadway being observed.
149. DEBRIS – scattered broken parts of vehicles caused by
collision
SKID MARKS – marks left on the roadway by tires
which are not free to rotate due to sudden application
of brakes
SCUFF MARKS – are signs left on the road by tires that
are sliding or scrubbing while the wheel is still turning.
KEY EVENT – an event on the road which characterizes
the manner of occurrence of a motor vehicle traffic
accident.
150. is any person using a traffic way for travel, parking or other
purposes as a pedestrian or driver, including any vehicle, or
animal which he is using.
TRAFFIC UNIT
152. is any event that results in unintended injury or
property damage attributable directly or
indirectly to the action of a motor vehicle or its
loads.
MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT
153. Included are:
1. Accidental injury from inhalation of exhaust gas;
2. Fires;
3. Explosion;
4. Discharge of firearm within the motor vehicle
while in motion;
5. Collision between a motor vehicle and a railroad
train or street car on stationary rails or tracks;
6. Failure of any part of the motor vehicle while
the vehicle is in motion.
154. TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION DETERMINES
THE FOLLOWING:
1. WHAT happened?
2. WHO and WHAT was involved?
3. WHERE did it happen?
4. WHY did it happen?
5. HOW did the accident occur?
6. WHEN did the accident happen?
155. WHAT?
• WHAT Happened?
• What is the crime committed?
• What is the complete name, age, marital status, occupation and exact
address of the victim and the suspect?
• What is the car used?
• What is the motive of the crime?
• What is the situation of the victims?
• What are the evidences obtained in the scene?
• What do witnesses knew about the crime
• What are the names and exact address of the witnesses?
• What action was taken?
156. WHEN?
• When did the incident happen?
• When did you know the incident?
• When was it reported to the police?
• When was the victim brought to the hospital?
• When was the suspect arrested?
• When was the suspect turned over to the police?
157. WHERE?
• Where did the incident happen?
• Where did you know the incident?
• Where was it reported?
• Where was the victims brought?
• Where was the suspect arrested?
• Where was the suspect detained?
• Where the evidences?
• Where can the witnesses be contacted?
158. WHO?
• Who is the victim?
• Who is the subject?
• Who else are involved?
• Who reported the incident?
• Who brought the victim to hospital?
• Who are the witnesses?
159. WHY AND HOW?
• Why is a particular a suspect?
• How was the crime committed?
• How many persons are involved?
• How was the crime reported?
160. HOW INCIDENT REPORTING PREPARED?
• To make your reporting easy, prepare questions using all the
essential elements of information, the WHAT, WHEN, WHERE,
WHO, HOW AND WHY at the left side of your writing pad
which you will just answer each question correctly and
completely.
161. EXAMPLE
• What happened : Shooting Incident.
• When did it happen : on or about 1835H 12 September 2010
• Where did it happen : inside EDS Manufacturing compound in
Anabu LL, Imus, Cavite.
• Who was Shot : Victor Rances y Gadiano 25 yrs., old, single,
employee of EDS Manufacturing and resident of 2334 Juan
Luna St., Imus , Cavite.
162. • How was the victim shot: was shot once at the breast.
• What weapon was used: with the use of a caliber 38 revolver
paltik by
• Who shot him: Chrisanto Ternal y Corral alias Totong 27 yrs.
Old, married, likewise an employee of same establishment and
resident of 143 M.H. del Pilar St. Dasmarinas Cavite.
• Why was the victim shot: long standing grudge.
163. • Action Taken: Victim was rushed to St. Dominic Hospital In Manila, by
Mr. Jose Gan with two other male employees onboard EDS service jeep
for treatment while suspect was arrested with weapon used and turn
over to responding police officer SPO4 Carlos Duran of Manila Police
Station at 2045H same date. Names and address of witnesses
submitted to same police officer.
164. KINDS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS
1. Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident – is any motor vehicle
accident occurring on a traffic way.
e.g. ordinarily collision between automobiles on a highway.
2. Motor Vehicle Non-Traffic Accident – is any motor
vehicle accident which occurs entirely in any place
other than a traffic way.
e.g. accident on a private driveway.
3. Non-Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident – is any accident
occurring on a traffic way involving persons using the
traffic way or travel or transportation, but not
involving a motor vehicle in motion.
e.g. pedestrian and cyclist in a traffic way.
165. CLASSIFICATION OF ACCIDENT ACCORDING TO
SEVERITY:
1. Property Damage Accident – is any motor vehicle accident
where three is no fatal or injury to any person but only
damage to the motor vehicle or to other property
including injury to animals.
2. Slight – accident causing slight damages to properties.
3. Non-Fatal Injury Accident – any motor vehicle accident
that results in injuries other than fatal to one or more
persons.
Less Serious – accidents causing less serious injuries to
persons.
Serious – causing serious injuries to persons.
4. Fatal – any motor vehicle accidents that results in death to
one or more persons.
166. This is characterized by one of the involved persons ran away
from the accident scene to evade responsibility.
Hit-and-Run Accident
167. EXCEPTIONS:
1. If the driver is in imminent danger of being
seriously harmed by any person or persons
by reason of the accident.
2. If the driver reports the accident to the
nearest officers of the law.
3. If the driver has to summon a physician or
nurse to aid the victim.
170. Chain of Events in a Vehicular Accident
170
Eric Sawati Catte
171. CHAIN OF EVENTS
1. Perception of hazard
2. Start of evasive action
3. Initial contact
4. Maximum engagement
5. Disengagement
6. Stopping
7. Injury
171
Eric Sawati Catte
172. It is seeing, feeling, or hearing and
understanding the usual or
unexpected movement or condition
that could be taken as sign of the
accident about to happen.
PERCEPTION OF HAZARD
172
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173. START OF EVASIVE ACTION
It is the first action taken by a traffic unit to escape
from a collision course or otherwise avoid a
hazard.
173
Eric Sawati Catte
174. INITIAL CONTACT
The first accidental touching of an object
collision course or otherwise avoids a
hazard.
174
Eric Sawati Catte
175. MAXIMUM ENGAGEMENT
It is the greatest collapse or overlap in a
collision. The force between the traffic unit and
the object collided with are greatest at
maximum engagement.
175
Eric Sawati Catte
176. DISENGAGEMENT
It is the separation of a traffic unit in motion
from an object with which it has collided. The
force between the object ceases at this time.
176
Eric Sawati Catte
177. STOPPING
This is when the traffic unit/s involved
come to rest. It usually stabilizes the
accident situation.
177
Eric Sawati Catte
178. FINAL POSITION – is the place and time when objects involved in
an accident finally come to rest without application of power
179. Injury
It is receiving bodily harm. This event does
not necessary occur after the accident but within
any of the chain of events. It may also happen
right after the evasive action taken by the
drivers involved or during the initial contact.
179
Eric Sawati Catte
180. is that place and time after or beyond which the accident cannot
be prevented by the traffic unit under consideration
POINT OF NO ESCAPE
181. JOHN MICHAEL D. DIONISIO
THANK YOU
JOHN MICHAEL DOON DIONISIO
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice (C)
6th Placer October 2014 Criminologists Licensure Examination
OLFU BS Crim Cl 2014 Cum Laude
Civil Service Eligible (PD 907)
National Reviewer
