TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND 1.pptx

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
AND
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
it comprises all public surfaces , facilities and agencies
having responsibility for licensing, approving,
maintaining and controlling the flow of traffic and the
use of traffic facilities.

HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION
 It is the movement or conveying of persons and hoods from
one location to another.
 from the Latin word “Terans” meaning across or and move
and “Portare” means to carry

VARIOUS ANCIENT MODES OF TRANSPORTATION
1. MANPOWER
2. ANIMAL POWER
3. WIND POWER

MANPOWER
1. Carrying Pole
2. Back Load and Tumpline
3. Sledge on rollers
4. Sledge on runners
5. Travois

WIND POWER
1. Ancient Kite
2. Da Vinci’S Ornithopter
3. Montgolfier BaIIoon-
4. Siemens' Rocket Plane-
5. Lilienthal Glider-
6. Santos Dumont’S AirShip
7. Wright BrotherS’ Flying Machine
8. Lindbergh’S Spirit of St. LouiS

ROADS AND VEHICLES HISTORY
WHEEL
was invented probably in western Asia. Such invention
was a milestone and a great Step forward in
Transportation.
one of man’s great inventions
THE ROMANS
were the major road builders in the ancient world
 Roman road networks reached a total of about 50,000
miles (80, 000 km)

ROADS AND VEHICLES HISTORY
CANALS
a body of water used to be channel of sea transportation
the first canal was constructed by Engr. James Brindley
RAILWAYS
channel of transportation wherein a parallel line of irons
the first railroad is the Stockton and Darlington line
(1925)

TRAFFIC
 it refers to the movement of persons, goods, or
vehicles, either powered by combustion system or
animal drawn vehicle, from one place to another for the
purpose of safe travel.
 The word traffic originally meant "trade" (as it still
does) and comes from the Old Italian verb trafficare
and noun traffico

THE 5’Es OF TRAFFIC
1. ENFORCEMENT.
the action taken by the police, such as arresting, issuing
traffic citation ticket and providing warning to the erring
driver for the purpose of deterring and discouraging and
or preventing such violation.
2. EDUCATION
the process of giving training and practice in the actual
application of traffic safety knowledge

3. ENGINEERING
the science of measuring traffic and travel, the study of
basic laws relative to the traffic law and generation; the
application of these knowledge to the professional
practice of planning, deciding, and operating traffic
system to achieve safe and efficient transportation of
persons and goods

4. TRAFFIC ECOLOGY/ ENVIRONMENT
The study of potentially disastrous population explosion,
changes in urban environment due to the scale and
density of new urban concentration and new activities
carried out, air pollution, water pollution and crowding,
transport congestion which result therein.
5. TRAFFIC ECONOMY
deals with the benefits and adverse effects of traffic to
our economy

Traffic Management
 It is an executive function such as planning,
organizing, Directing and supervising, coordinating
operating recording and budgeting traffic affairs.
 It is designed to make the traffic way Safer for
traveler's, expedite the movement of traffic and to
provide convenience to the traffic facilities' users.

AGENCIES INVOLVED IN THE ENFORCEMENT OF TRAFFIC
1. Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board
(LTFRB)
Tasked to regulate transport route regulate franchising, prescribe fare
rates, investigate traffic cases, perform judicial function, promulgate rules
,impose and collect fees, formulate and enforce rules and regulation for
transport operation for promotion of safety and convenience of public,
coordinate with concerned agencies and enforce E.O. NO 125,124-A and
E.O. 202 dated June 19,1987

2. Land Transportation Office (LTO)
- tasked to enforce laws, rules and regulation governing
the registration of motor vehicles, operation of motor
vehicle and traffic rules and regulation as provided by RA
4136 as amended

3. Department of Transportation and Communications
In charge of planning programs coordinating
implementing and perform administrative function and
promotion development and regulation of dependable and
coordinated network of transportation and communication
in order to have fast, safe, efficient and reliable postal
transportation and communication services (EO No. 125.)

4. Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA)
- created under RA. 7924 and sets policies concerning
traffic in Metro Manila, coordinates and regulates
implementation of program related to traffic

5. Congress and Local Council
- the branch of government primarily tasked to create laws
for the welfare of the public
6. Judiciary
- the branch of government that interprets the law through
adjudication of cases

7. PNP- Traffic Management Group (TMG)
the basis service of the PNP tasked to direct and control
traffic, perform accident investigation, enforce the laws and
issue citations.
NPC Resolution No. 2008-262
Approving the renaming of the PNP - Traffic Management
Group (TMG) into PNP Highway Patrol Group (PNP-HPG) (May
5, 2008)

AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
1. Department of Public Works and Highways
has responsibility of determining traffic flow planning
approval of program and budget finding of construction and
maintenance of road and instrument.
2. Local Public Works and Engineering Offices
local government units and instrumentalities that have
the same function as the DPWH
- perform such powers within their territorial boundary

AGENCIES INVOLVED IN TRAFFIC EDUCATION
1. Schools (Public and Private) Education
Elementary- tasked to educate children to obey traffic
rules through their programmed curricula.
Secondary- tasked to educate students in obeying the
traffic rules by imposing school policies intended for the
welfare of the students.
Higher Education- they offer subjects on driving and
traffic safety course or any allied subjects

AGENCIES INVOLVED IN TRAFFIC EDUCATION
2. Public information Programs
Responsibilities and conduct courses to private and public
agencies and persons, stressing traffic safety subjects
3. Citizen Support Group/Non-Government Organizations.

AGENCIES INVOLVED IN TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT
1. Commission of Population
2. Department of Environment and Natural Resources
3. Local Government Agencies
4. Citizen Support Group/Non-Government Organizations
5. All other agencies responsible

AGENCIES INVOLVED IN TRAFFIC ECONOMICS
1. Banking Institutions
2. Citizen Support Group/Non-Government Organizations
3. All other agencies responsible

TRAFFIC EDUCATION
 is priceless gem in the entire scale of social order of the
road.
 is the process of inculcating to an individual the
knowledge, skill, responsibilities and values to become a
fully developed person.
 the key to smooth traffic flow is discipline and to acquire
discipline people must be educated.

PURPOSE OF DRIVER EDUCATION
1. To Instill awareness of one's legal and moral
responsibilities in traffic; and
2. To teach abilities required for one to be eligible for a
driver’s license.
SAFETY CAMPAIGN
1. the aim of this campaign is to make road users behave
properly
2. focuses on public information attitudes; this is
characterized as road propaganda

BIORHYTHM
the theory asserting that man exhibit constant variation
of energy and mood states
The Environmental Factors in Man’s Theorized Cycles and
Interpretation of Biorhythm
1. The exchange of Light and darkness
2. The four seasons
3. Wet and dry seasons
4. The waxing and waning of the moon

The Biorhythm Cycle
The High State The Low State
Physically (23 days) energetic, strong and
agile
tend to be tired and
succumb to sickness
Emotional High (28
days)
people are creative,
artistic and happy
moody, irritable and
depressed
Intellectual High
(33 days)
people think quickly and
logically
people find it difficult to
think logically and lacks
coordination

LEGAL SYSTEM FOR TRAFFIC SAFETY
LICENSING SYSTEM
it is the system of issuing license to any person who is
qualified to fulfill the responsibilities required by the license
-administered by the LTO
DRIVER’S LICENSE
issued to the drivers as privilege granted by the
government providing statutory qualification

LICENSING PROCEDURE
- At least 16 years old for student’s permit
- 17 years old for sub-professional
- 18 years old for professional
KINDS OF DRIVER’S LICENSE
1. Student permit
2. Non-professional
3. Professional
4. Military
5. International

RESTRICTION CODE
1. Restriction Code No 1 - limited to drive motor
motorcycles
2. Restriction Code No 2 - limited to drive vehicle weighing
not more than 4500 kg
3. Restriction Code No 3 - limited to drive vehicles
weighing more than 4500 kg
4. Restriction Code No 4 - limited to drive weighing
4500 kg and with automatic transmission only
5. Restriction Code No 5 - limited to drive vehicle with
automatic clutch and weighing more than 4500 kg

REPUBLIC ACT No. 10930 -AN ACT RATIONALIZING
AND STRENGTHENING THE POLICY REGARDING
DRIVER'S LICENSE BY EXTENDING THE VALIDITY PERIOD
OF DRIVERS' LICENSES, AND PENALIZING ACTS IN
VIOLATION OF ITS ISSUANCE AND APPLICATION
AMENDING FOR THOSE PURPOSES SECTION 23 OF
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 4136, AS AMENDED BY BATAS
PAMBANSA BLG. 398 AND EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 1011,
OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE LAND TRANSPORTATION
AND TRAFFIC CODE

Student Permit is a prerequisite for both professional and non-
professional driver's licenses. Also called student driver's permit,
this LTO-issued document is a basic license authorizing a person
to drive a vehicle accompanied by a licensed driver (whether with
a professional or non-pro license).
 Filipinos at least 16 years old
 Foreigners at least 18 years old who have stayed in the Philippines for at
least one month and have proof of residence for up to six months
 People whose license has been expired for 10 years or more and have no
traffic violations
 Must be physically and mentally fit to drive vehicles
 Individuals who completed the theoretical driving course

Non-Professional Driver's License
allows you to drive private vehicles only. You may apply for a non-
pro driver's license one month to one year after the issue date of
your student permit.
 Foreigners are at least 18 years old
 Holders of a valid student permit for at least one month from issuance
 Must be physically and mentally fit to operate a vehicle
 Must have attended and passed the Practical Driving Course (PDC) from an
LTO-accredited driving school, LTO DEC, or LTO-accredited TESDA training
center
 Must have passed the LTO examinations
 Must not have unsettled traffic violations

Professional Driver's License
allows you to drive a vehicle for a living. Apply for a
professional license if you plan to drive any public utility
vehicle (PUV) such as a taxi, transport network vehicle
service (TNVS), jeepney, tricycle, bus, etc.
 Foreigners at least 18 years old
 Must be a non-pro license holder for at least six months
 Must have no unsettled traffic violations
 Must be physically and mentally fit to operate a vehicle
 Must have completed a minimum of eight-hour practical
driving lessons from any LTO or TESDA-accredited
driving school

Military Driver's License
special types of license issued by the agency for limited
and special purposes
Limited to drive a military vehicle.
International Driver’s License
Issued by Philippine Motor Association (PMA)

TEN COMMANDEMENTS OF TRAFFIC
1. KEEP RIGHT
2. OBSERVE ROAD COURTESY
3. PROHIBITED PARKING
4. WHEN IN DOUBT, DO NOT OVERTAKE
5. THE BUS STOP RULE
6. RULE TO PREVENT OR UNTANGLE TRAFFIC JAMS
7. OBSERVE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT MEASURES
8. THE PHILOSOPHY OF PINOY DRIVER
9. ON PEDESTRIAN
10.REMEMBER THE INTERNATIONAL SAFETY REMINDER-
“SAFETY FIRST”

TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT
the action taken by the police to compel obedience to traffic
laws and ordinance regulating the use and movement of motor
vehicle for the purpose of creating a deterrent to unlawful
behavior by all potential violators
TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCER
a person duly deputized by an agency of government
authorized by law to enforce traffic laws, rules and regulations
POLICE TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT
the part performed by the police and other agencies with
police power including deterrent to law violations created by the
presence of uniformed police officer and their special equipment,
special assistance to court and prosecutor and incidental service
to highway users

POLICE TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT PROCESS
DETECTION - wholly police activities and entails looking for defects in
the behavior motorist, pedestrian, vehicle, equipment and roadway
condition.
APPREHENSION - a police responsibility wherein the police are
required action to prevent continued and future violation.
PROSECUTION - it is a court function, the police also provides
corresponding influence through preparation and introduction of
evidence or close contact with the prosecution office.
ADJUDICATION - it is court function, the police provides influence on
this step by as a witness to the prosecution by supplying additional
evidence. It determines the guilt or innocence of the accused.
PENALIZATION - the imposition of penalty upon the accused. Penalty
can be influenced by previous records of conviction as provided by
the police

COURT TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT
- the performed by the court through adjudication and
penalization
POLICE COURT ENFORCEMENT PROCESS
GOALS OF ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES
Increase safety level
Increase traffic efficiency
Ensure harmony and comfortable environment
Maximize safety
Penalty can be influenced by previous records of conviction as provided
by the police

MAJOR ELEMENTS OF TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM
Enforcement system - This area consists of legislation, police
and the courts.
Legislation defines and Specifies correct or incorrect road user
behavior. Police and the courts are charged with the
responsibility of insuring that these laws are adhered to.
Road user system (Traffic Way Users)- This element includes
pedestrians, pedal cyclist, drivers, passenger's and others.
Traffic system (Traffic System). - This area is composed of
the entire road and vehicle complex as well as all traffic rules
and regulation's.

VIOLATIONS - those act and omissions against traffic laws
CLASSIFICATION OF VIOLATION
Hazardous traffic violations that cause danger to road users.
Unsafe behavior and unsafe conditions are the causes of these
violations.
Non-hazardous violations that do not affect safety of the public
but affect the use of roads.
REASONS WHY PEOPLE ARE VIOLATING TRAFFIC LAWS
1. Physical infirmities 5. Wrong attitude
2. Ignorance 6. Habitual violators
3. Mental disorder 7. PUV drivers are aiming for more
compensation
4. Lack of training

POLICE TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS
these include arrest and citation of any person
PURPOSES:
1.Prevent such violation from endangering the public and
inconvenience
2.Prevent continued violation
3.Discourage future violation
KINDS OF ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS
1. Traffic arrest - the taking of a person into custody of the law. It is
made when:
the offense is serious;
detection is needed to avoid continued violation; and
there is reasonable doubt that violators may not appear in court.

POLICE TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS
2. Traffic citation - made to compel violators to appear in court
in absence of arrest.
3. Traffic warning - an act reminding the driver of his violation in
order for him to not do it again. No arrest or citation is made.
TYPES OF WARNING
1.Visual warning - using gestures and signals.
2.Verbal warning - oral warning made when there is newly
enacted law
3.Written warning - combination of two preceding types with
written note of citation.

TRAFFIC PATROL -part of traffic supervision by patrolling to
ensure public obedience
OBJECTIVES:
1. Deterrence of violators
2. Detection and apprehension
3. Observation and reporting of traffic condition and road
condition
4. Providing certain services to public

TYPES OF PATROL
Line patrol- it is assigned to a particular place
Area patrol- type of patrol assigned to an area of vicinity
TRAFFIC OBSERVATION
 Stationary traffic observation - officer is assigned at specific
place
 Conspicuous traffic observation - officer attracts attention
 Visible traffic observation - stationary observation that the
observer is in full view
 concealed traffic observation - observer is not visible to the
public

TYPES OF TRAFFIC CHECK
Faulty vehicle
Officer directing road check
CONSIDERATION IN ROAD CHECK
Minimum delay to motorist
Thorough checking procedure
Protection and safety of parties involved
Timing and location and frequency
OBJECTIVE IN DEALING WITH VIOLATORS
Immediate objective- to act against the person
Ultimate objective- to change the future of a person

POINTS TO REMEMBER
Violators are diversified
Conflicts arises in violators
You are professional officer, there is no professional
violator
Be alert for an unexpected
TRAFFIC SUPERVISION, DIRECTION AND CONTROL
-an act of overseeing the traffic to keep order on street and
highways within existing laws

POLICE WORKS
1. Accident investigation
2. Less serious offense
3. Serious traffic offense
OFFICERS ARE REQUIRED TO BE SKILLED IN THE FOLLOWING
INSTANCES:
• Accident scene
• Emergencies
• Planned and special events
• Regular points and integration control
• Directing pedestrian movement

OFFICERS ARE REQUIRED TO KNOW HOW TO DIRECT IN THE
FOLLOWING PLACES:
1.Not signalized intersection
2. Signalized intersection
3.Between intersection
SUPERVISED ROUTE
A street or highway on which traffic is supervised to some
considerable degree
POLICE TRAFFIC DIRECTION
It involves telling the public how and when they should not
stand and move
POINT/ AREA CONTROL
It is the part of the traffic direction concerning the control of
vehicular/ pedestrian movement

POLICE TRAFFIC ESCORT
It involves mobile supervision of traffic movement, directing
orally and visually are done to allow free and safe movement of
escorted vehicles.
TRAFFIC DIRECTION AND CONTROL
It is the control direction of traffic units according to
proportionate time to prevent traffic accident to maintain smooth
flow of traffic.
MEANS OF DIRECTING
Signaling
Whistling
Gestures

HAND SIGNAL
 Use hand signals
 Use uniform signals
 It must be clear
 Don’t make verbal
 Be alert, stand erect
 Look to the person when signaling
 Arm signal should be shoulder high
 Supplement it with whistle
 Hang your hand when not in use
 Constant waving of hands causes confusion
 Maintain 90 degrees turn of the body
 When stopping point to a man you want to stop
 Hand signal should be with arm and palm facing the person

WHISTLE SIGNAL
One long blast for STOP
Two short snappy blast for GO
Three blast to be used TO ASK FOR ASSISTANCE
TECNIQUES IN TRAFFIC DIRECTION AND CONTROL
Keep intersection open
Don’t allow motorist to cross without exit
Stop motorist at their lane
Prefer to stop the last moving vehicle

TRAFFIC JAM
-It is caused by such factors as vehicular accident, stalled
vehicle, absence of traffic enforcer and road construction
PROCEDURES IN TRAFFIC JAM
1. Determine the cause
2. In case of accident conduct fast investigation
3. In case of engine trouble assist the motorist in pushing car to
place
4. Establish oneself and conduct systematic flow of traffic
5. Observe the traffic flow if it smooth, if not repeat procedure
no. 1
6. Implement traffic regulation to prevent jam

DRUNKEN DRIVERS
-it is a driver who drives under the influence of alcohol with 10%
of intoxicating level
FIELD SOBRIETY TEST
1. Walk on straight line
2. One foot balance
3. Reading
4. Spelling
5. Counting from 1 to 10
6. Video tape the movement
7. Photograph the unguarded movement

EVIDENCE AGAINST DRUNKEN DRIVERS
CHEMICAL TEST
1. Blood test
2. Urine test
3. Perspiration test
4. Breath test
5. Skin test
6. Drivers admission
7. Co-occupants testimony
8. Material witnesses testimony
9. Photograph of drunken driver
10.Video/ voice tape of driver
11.Officers testimony

LEGAL ACTION AGAINST DRIVER
1. Submit him to the nearest laboratory for testing
2. Impound the vehicle
3. Confiscate the license
4. Recommend the suspension of privilege
5. Sue him for violation
6. If acquitted recommend suspension of license

1. TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
defined as calculating manipulation or direction. It includes
forecasting of future traffic demands
FUNCTIONS
Fact finding survey and recommendation of traffic laws
Supervision and maintenance of the application of traffic devices
Planning of traffic regulation
OBJECTIVES
Achieve free and efficient and rapid flow of traffic
Prevent traffic accident
Promotion of traffic engineering
Show that good police action and performance makes
engineering plans effective

TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
Any Sign’s, signaI marking pIaced exerted for the purpose of
reguIating, warning or guiding traffic.
TRAFFIC SIGN
This is the oldest traffic control device used to guide the safe
and orderly movement of traffic.
this contains instructions, information about routes, directions
designations and point of interest must be recognizable as such
the means to convey the intended message consists of either a
legend or symbol or a combination of both.

TYPES OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
1. TRAFFIC SIGNALS -Signal Operated manually, electrically, or
mechanically by which traffic iS alternately commanded to Stop
and permitted to proceed
RED-stop-no entry into
intersection
Yellow/Amber- permit the driver to proceed
but requires intersection to be cleared
Green- Go-Proceed; Green and
arrow “directs movement

2. TRAFFIC SIGNS -A device mounted on affixed or portable
Support whereby official notice is given in the form of Symbol for
purpose of regulating traffic, warning and guiding

SYMBOL SIGNS-Upon which words are completely omitted, they
have marked

TRAFFIC SIGNS CLASSIFICATION
1. DANGER WARNING SIGNS -warn road users of condition on or adjacent
to the road which nay be unexpected or hazards to traffic operation.
2. REGULATING SIGNS -regulated the movement of traffic and traffic to
compIy with their directions constitute and offense
priority signs - SIGNS-these are Signs intended to reguIate priority
over a particular road Section or roadway
prohibitory signs shaII be used in Specified Section of the road
which wiII be easily Seen by notorist to indicate reguIation which is
prohibitive or restrictive and nature
mandatory signs these shall be used to notify the road users of
special rules in which they must comply for the safety, convenience
and smooth flow of traffic

3. INFORMATIVE SIGNS
ADVANCE SIGN these inform the motorist's or road users of the
name's and distances of the principal destination/S Served by
intersecting roads.
PLACE IDENTIFICATION SIGN -these maybe use to Show frontier
between two (2) countries or for the purpose of Showing the
beginning and/or end of buiIt-up area
CONFIRMATORY SIGN these are used to confirm direction of the
road. They shaII bear the name of one or more pIaces. When
distances are Shown, the figure's expressing then shaII be pIaced
after the name of IocaIity

PRINCIPLES OF SIGNS
1. Red triangle connotes hazard
2. Red ring with diagonal line connotes prohibition
3. Blue/ green provides information
4. Signs on blue disc give positive instruction

PRINCIPLES OF SIGNS
STANDARD APPLICATION OF TRAFFIC SIGNS
It Should fulfil a need.
It Should command attention.
It Should clearIy relay a Simple message.
It should be so located that a motorist would have tine to
respond to its message.
It should command respect.

THE STANDARD COLOR FOR SIGNS ARE AS FOLLOWS
RED -background for stop signs and as border color for give way
signs, warning sins and prohibitive signs in regulatory series
BLACK = used as background color signs having a white, yellow,
yellow-orange , background, and as background coIor for hazard
marker's
YELLOW- is used as background coIor for warning Sign's,
advisory Speed Sign's and for most road work Sign's whose
Legends relate to personnel working.
GREEN-is used as background coIor for most direction signs and
legends for parking signs.
BLUE - for facility information Signs and to indicate point of
interest

3. PAVEMENT MARKINGS
All lines, patterns, words, color or other gadgets except signs set
into the surface or applied upon or attached to the pavement or
curving or to object within or adjacent to the roadway, officially
placed for the purpose of regulating, warning or guiding traffic.
Arrows point to direction
Straight lines means no overtaking
Broken lines means overtaking is allowed

Types of Marking
1. Pavement Markings
2. Curb markings for restrictions
3.Object markings
4. Reflectorized markings
4. Traffic Island
areas within the roadway constructed in a manner to
established physical channel which vehicular traffic us
guided.

ROAD CLASSIFICATION
ACCORDING TO POLITICAL SUBDIVISION
National road- right of way 20 to 120 meters
Provincial road- link between to municipalities, 15 to 60
meters
City road- interlink in the city, 15 meters
Municipal road- within town proper 10 meters
Barangay road- from market to town 2 meters

TRAFFIC ECOLOGY OR TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT
This pillar is very recent which includes the study of potentiality
disastrous population explosion, changes in urban environment due to
the scale and density of new urban concentration and new activities
carried out, air pollution, water pollution and crowding, especially
transport congestion which result therein.
Laws and Statutes concerning Traffic Ecology
Presidential Decree No. 1181, s. 1977- Providing for Prevention, control,
abatement of Air Pollution from motor vehicle's
LOI 551- Directing Law Enforcement Agencies' to implement the
pollution control programs'
RA 8749- Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999."

TRAFFIC ECONOMY
❖ This is the most recent of the pillars of traffic which deals with the
benefits and adverse effects of traffic to our economy. Primarily, Traffic
Operation is designed to expedite the nonevent of traffic. However with
the prevailing traffic congestions during rush hours in a given Iocality,
traffic adversely affects the economic Status of the connoting pubic.
❖ One aspect affecting our economy is the unending increase of oil
prices in the world market. Somehow, program’s must be instituted in
order to minimize the ill effect of rising prices of basic commodities.

TRAFFIC LAWS, RULES AND
REGULATIONS

1. REPUBLIC ACT No. 10930
An act rationalizing and strengthening the policy
regarding driver's license by extending the validity period of
drivers' licenses, and penalizing acts in violation of its
issuance and application (august 2, 2017).
2. REPUBLIC ACT 11235
the Motorcycle Crime Prevention Act (March 8, 2019)
3. REPUBLIC ACT No 4136
The Act shall be known as the "Land Transportation and
Traffic Code of 1964

"New Anti-Carnapping Act of 2016“ amended the R.A
6539 “known as the Anti-Carnapping Act of 1972.
This Act shall be known as the "Anti-Drunk and Drugged
Driving Act of 2013″.
An at imposing tax on privately-owned passenger
automobiles, motorcycle's, and Scooter’s” (September 25,
1968)

7. Republic Act No. 8750
This Act shall be known as the "Seat Belts Use Act of
1999.
8. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7924
An Act Creating The Metropolitan Manila Development
Authority, Defining Its Powers And Functions, Providing
Funding Therefor And For Other Purposes (March 1, 1995)

REPUBLIC ACT No. 10930
 Validity 10 years
 conduct of theoretical and practical examinations

REPUBLIC ACT 11235
the Motorcycle Crime Prevention Act (March 8, 2019)
requires that motorcycles must have number plates that are
larger than the current ones, readable, and color-coded by
region

REPUBLIC ACT No 4136
This Act shall be known as the "Land Transportation and Traffic
Code.“
Section 3. Words and phrases defined. - As used in this Act:
a) "Motor Vehicle" shall mean any vehicle propelled by any power other than muscular
power using the public highways, but excepting road rollers, trolley cars, street-sweepers,
sprinklers, lawn mowers, bulldozers, graders, fork-lifts, amphibian trucks, and cranes if
not used on public highways, vehicles which run only on rails or tracks, and tractors,
trailers and traction engines of all kinds used exclusively for agricultural purposes.
Trailers having any number of wheels, when propelled or intended to be propelled by
attachment to a motor vehicle, shall be classified as separate motor vehicle with no power
rating.
(b) "Passenger automobiles" shall mean all pneumatic-tire vehicles of types similar to those
usually known under the following terms: touring car, command car, speedster, sports car,
roadster, jeep, cycle, car (except motor wheel and similar small outfits which are classified
with motorcycles), coupe, landaulet, closed car, limousine, cabriolet, and sedan.

Code.“
(c) "Articulated vehicle" shall mean any motor vehicle with a trailer having no front axle and
so attached that part of the trailer rests upon motor vehicle and a substantial part of the
weight of the trailer and of its load is borne by the motor vehicle. Such a trailer shall be
called as "semi-trailer."
(d) "Driver" shall mean every and any licensed operator of a motor vehicle.
(e) "Professional driver" shall mean every and any driver hired or paid for driving or
operating a motor vehicle, whether for private use or for hire to the public.
Any person driving his own motor vehicle for hire is a professional driver.
(f) "Owner" shall mean the actual legal owner of a motor vehicle, in whose name such
vehicle is duly registered with the Land Transportation Commission.

Code.“
(g) "Dealer" shall mean every person, association, partnership, or corporation making,
manufacturing, constructing, assembling, remodeling, rebuilding, or setting up motor
vehicles; and every such entity acting as agent for the sale of one or more makes, styles, or
kinds of motor vehicles, dealing in motor vehicles, keeping the same in stock or selling
same or handling with a view to trading same.
(h) "Garage" shall mean any building in which two or more motor vehicles, either with or
without drivers, are kept ready for hire to the public, but shall not include street stands,
public service stations, or other public places designated by proper authority as parking
spaces for motor vehicles for hire while awaiting or soliciting business.

Code.“
(i) "Gross weight" shall mean the measured weight of a motor vehicle plus the maximum
allowable carrying capacity in merchandise, freight and/or passenger, as determined by the
Commissioner of Land Transportation.
(j) "Highways" shall mean every public thoroughfare, public boulevard, driveway, avenue,
park, alley and callejon, but shall not include roadway upon grounds owned by private
persons, colleges, universities, or other similar institutions.
(k) "The Commissioner of Land Transportation or his deputies" shall mean the actual or
acting chief of the Land Transportation Commission or such representatives, deputies, or
assistants as he may, with the approval of the Secretary of Public Works and
Communications, appoint or designate in writing for the purpose contemplated by this Act.

Code.“
(l) "Parking or parked", for the purposes of this Act, shall mean that a motor vehicle is
"parked" or "parking" if it has been brought to a stop on the shoulder or proper edge of a
highway, and remains inactive in that place or close thereto for an appreciable period of
time. A motor vehicle which properly stops merely to discharge a passenger or to take in a
waiting passenger, or to load or unload a small quantity of freight with reasonable dispatch
shall not be considered as "parked", if the motor vehicle again moves away without delay.
(m) "Tourist" shall mean a foreigner who travels from place to place for pleasure or culture.

Section 5. All motor vehicles and other vehicles must be
registered
1. For hire motor vehicles - on or before the last working day of
February.
2. Privately-owned motor vehicles - from March one to the last working
day of May.
3. All other motor vehicles - from June one to the last working day of
June; except when the plates of such motor vehicles are returned to the
Commission in Quezon City or to the Office of the Motor Vehicles
Registrar in the provincial or city agency of the Commission on or before
the last working day of December of the year of issue

Section 5. All motor vehicles and other vehicles must be
registered
Section 7. Registration Classification
1. For hire motor vehicles - on or before the last working day of
February.
2. Privately-owned motor vehicles - from March one to the last working
day of May.
3. All other motor vehicles - from June one to the last working day of
June; except when the plates of such motor vehicles are returned to the
Commission in Quezon City or to the Office of the Motor Vehicles
Registrar in the provincial or city agency of the Commission on or before
the last working day of December of the year of issue

Vehicle classification by paint scheme
Green on White: Provide or not for hire
Black on Yellow: Commercial vehicle or public utility vehicles
Red on White: Government-owned vehicles. Color white
replaced by Jose Rizal Monument in 2009 for automobiles.
Blue on White: Vehicles in Diplomatic Use and Other
Exempted Vehicles. Color white replaced by Jose Rizal
Monument placed in left side in 2009 for automobiles.

SCHEDULE OF REGISTRATION- Registration of motor
vehicle's Should be done which follow the numerical
Suffixes of their pIate number's

Special plate number designs
1- President
2 – Vice President
3 – President of the Senate
4 – Speaker of the House of Representatives
5 – Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
6 – Cabinet Secretaries
7 – Senators
8 – Representatives (Congressmen)
9 – Associate Justices of the Supreme Court

Special plate number designs
10 – Presiding Justice and other Justices of the Court of Appeals.
11 – Chairman, Commission on Elections
12 – Cabinet Undersecretary
13 – Solicitor-General
14 – Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and
Chief of the Philippine National Police
16 – Regional Trial Court Judges (e.g. 16*NCR)
17 – First Level Courts (Metropolitan Trial Court, Municipal Trial
Court, Municipal Trial Court in Cities, and Shari'ah Circuit courts

Automobile and Motorcycle Plate Number Prefixes in 2018
series

Section 32. Exceeding registered capacity. - No person
operating any vehicle shall allow more passenger or more freight or
cargo in his vehicle than its registered carrying capacity. In the case
of public utility trucks or buses, the conductor shall be exclusively
liable for violations of this section or of Section thirty-two, letter (c)
hereof: Provided, That the conductor, before being employed by
any public service operator, shall get a permit or license from the
Commission and pay five pesos annually for said license or permit
issued in his favor, and the same is renewable on or before the last
working day of the month of his birth, attaching a readily
recognizable photograph and after presentation of a medical
certificate of fitness of applicant

Section 34. Accessories of Motor Vehicles. -
a) Tires of motor vehicles. - No motor vehicle with metallic tires shall be operated upon any
public highway, and solid tires whenever used shall be of sufficient thickness to prevent
the metal rims thereof from coming in direct contact with the road.
(b) Brakes - Every motor vehicle with four or more wheels shall be provided with dual
hydraulic brake system so that in case of hydraulic line failure affecting the braking
efficiency of any of the four wheels at least either the front or rear wheels shall retain
normal braking capabilities. In the absence of such dual braking system every motor
vehicle with four or more wheels shall be provided with safety valve devices of such design
and make so that failure of the hydraulic braking system of the vehicle because of leakage
in the line of other parts of the system will not affect all wheels but rather render at all
times effective the braking power of either the two front wheels or the two rear wheels
when brakes are applied. This requirement, however, does not apply to motor vehicles
equipped with pneumatic braking system.

(b-1) Horns. - Every motor vehicle shall be provided with a horn or signalling devise in
good working order: Provided, however, That no horn or signalling device emitting an
exceptionally loud, startling, or disagreeable sound shall be installed or used on any motor
vehicle.
(c) Headlights. - Every motor vehicle of more than one meter of projected width, while in
use on any public highway shall bear two headlights, one on each side, with white or
yellowish light visible from the front, which, not later than one-half hour after sunset and
until at least one-half four before sunrise and whenever weather conditions so require,
shall both be lighted.
(d) Taillights. - Every motor vehicle and trailer shall, during the above-mentioned hours,
also bear on each side in the rear a lamp showing a red light visible at least one hundred
meters from the rear of the vehicle and a lamp throwing a white light upon the number
plate issued for such vehicle.

(e) Stop lights. - Every motor vehicle shall be equipped at the rear with at least one lamp
which shall throw a sustained bright red light visible under all conditions, even under
bright sunlight, when the brakes are applied. Each bus, truck, trailer or similar vehicle shall
be equipped, as its stop light at or near its rear center, with a lamp at least twelve
centimeters in diameter with the word "stop" inscribed in the center.
f) Motorcycle and other vehicle lights. - Every motor vehicle of less than one meter of
projected width shall be subject to the preceding provisions of this section, except that one
headlight and one taillight shall be required. No signal light shall be necessary.
(g) Lights when parked or disabled. - Appropriate parking lights or flares visible one
hundred meters away shall be displayed at a corner of the vehicle whenever such vehicle is
parked on highways or in places that are not well-lighted or is placed in such manner as to
endanger passing traffic.

(h) Windshield wiper. - Every motor vehicle shall be equipped with a mechanically or
electrically operated device for wiping off raindrops or other moisture from its front
windshield.
(i) Use of red flag. - Whenever the load of any vehicle extends more than one meter beyond
the bed or body thereof, there shall be displayed at every projecting end of such load a red
flag not less than thirty centimeters both in length and width, except that during the hours
fixed under subsection (c), there shall be displayed, in lieu of the required red flags, red
lights visible at least fifty meters away.
(j) Mufflers. - Every motor vehicle propelled by an internal combustion engine shall be
equipped with a muffler, and whenever said motor vehicle passes through a street of any
city, municipality, or thickly populated district or barrio, the muffler shall not be cut out or
disconnected. No motor vehicle shall be operated in such a manner as to cause it to emit or
make any unnecessary or disagreeable odor, smoke or noise.

Section 35. Restriction as to speed.
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SPEEDS Passengers
Cars and
Motorcycle
Motor trucks and
buses
. On open country roads, with no
"blinds corners" not closely bordered
by habitations.
80 km. per hour 50 km. per hour
n "through streets" or boulevards, clear
of traffic, with no " blind corners,"
when so designated.
On city and municipal streets, with
light traffic, when not designated
"through streets".
Through crowded streets, approaching
intersections at "blind corners," passing
school zones, passing other vehicles
which are stationery, or for similar
dangerous circumstances.

Section 38. Classification of highways
National road- right of way 20 to 120 meters
Provincial road- link between to municipalities, 15 to 60 meters
City road- interlink in the city, 15 meters
Municipal road- within town proper 10 meters
Barangay road- from market to town 2 meters

Section 39. Overtaking a vehicle. - The driver of any motor
vehicle overtaking another vehicle proceeding in the same
direction shall pass at a safe distance to the left thereof, and
shall not again drive to the right side of the highway until safety
clear of such overtaken vehicle except that on a highway, within
a business or residential district, having two or more lanes for
the movement of traffic in one direction, the driver of a vehicle
may overtake and pass another vehicle on the right.

Section 40. Driver to give way to overtaking vehicle. - The driver
of a vehicle about to be overtaken and passed by another vehicle
approaching from the rear shall give way to the overtaking
vehicle on suitable and audible signal being given by the driver
of the overtaking vehicle, and shall not increase the speed of his
vehicle until completely passed by the overtaking vehicle

Section 41. Restrictions on overtaking and passing.
a) The driver of a vehicle shall not drive to the left side of the center
line of a highway in overtaking or passing another vehicle proceeding in
the same direction, unless such left side is clearly visible, and is free of
oncoming traffic for a sufficient distance ahead to permit such
overtaking or passing to be made in safety.
b) The driver of a vehicle shall not overtake or pass another vehicle
proceeding in the same direction, when approaching the crest of a grade,
not upon a curve in the highway, where the driver's view along the
highway is obstructed within a distance of five hundred feet ahead,
except on a highway having two or more lanes for movement of traffic in
one direction where the driver of a vehicle may overtake or pass another
vehicle.

Section 41. Restrictions on overtaking and passing.
(c) The driver of a vehicle shall not overtake or pass any other vehicle
proceeding in the same direction, at any railway grade crossing, not at
any intersection of highways unless such intersection or crossing is
controlled by traffic signal, or unless permitted to do so by a watchman
or a peace officer.
(d) The driver of a vehicle shall not overtake or pass, or attempt to pass,
any other vehicle, proceeding in the same direction, between any points
indicated by the placing of official temporary warning or caution signs
indicating that men are working on the highway.
e) The driver of a vehicle shall not overtake or pass, or attempt to
overtake or pass, any other vehicle proceeding in the same direction in
any "no-passing or overtaking zone."

Section 42. Right of way.
a) When two vehicles approach or enter an intersection at approximately
the same time, the driver of the vehicle on the left shall yield the right of
way to the vehicle on the right, except as otherwise hereinafter provided.
The driver of any vehicle traveling at an unlawful speed shall forfeit any
right of way which he might otherwise have hereunder.
(b) The driver of a vehicle approaching but not having entered an
intersection, shall yield the right of way to a vehicle within such
intersection or turning therein to the left across the line of travel of such
first-mentioned vehicle, provided the driver of the vehicle turning left
has given a plainly visible signal of intention to turn as required in this
Act.

Section 42. Right of way.
(c) The driver of any vehicle upon a highway within a business or
residential district shall yield the right of way to a pedestrian crossing
such highway within a crosswalk, except at intersections where the
movement of traffic is being regulated by a peace officer or by traffic
signal. Every pedestrian crossing a highway within a business or
residential district, at any point other than a crosswalk shall yield the
right of way to vehicles upon the highway.
(d) The driver of a vehicle upon a highway shall bring to a full stop such
vehicle before traversing any "through highway" or railroad crossing:
Provided, That when it is apparent that no hazard exists, the vehicle may
be slowed down to five miles per hour instead of bringing it to a full
stop.

Section 43. Exception to the right of way rule.
((a) The driver of a vehicle entering a highway from a private road
or drive shall yield the right of way to all vehicles approaching on
such highway.
(b) The driver of a vehicle upon a highway shall yield the right of
way to police or fire department vehicles and ambulances when
such vehicles are operated on official business and the drivers
thereof sound audible signal of their approach.

Section 43. Exception to the right of way rule.
(c) The driver of a vehicle entering a "through highway" or a "stop
intersection" shall yield the right of way to all vehicles
approaching to either direction on such "through highway":
Provided, That nothing in this subsection shall be construed as
relieving the driver of any vehicle being operated on a "through
highway" from the duty of driving with due regard for the safety
of vehicles entering such "through highway" nor as protecting
the said driver from the consequence of an arbitrary exercise off
such right of way.

Section 46. Parking prohibited in specified places. - No driver
shall park a vehicle, or permit it to stand, whether attended or
unattended, upon a highway in any of the following places
a) Within an intersection
(b) On a crosswalk
(c) Within six meters of the intersection of curb lines.
(d) Within four meters of the driveway entrance to and fire station.
(e) Within four meters of fire hydrant
(f) In front of a private driveway
(g) On the roadway side of any vehicle stopped or parked at the curb or
edge of the highway
(h) At any place where official signs have been erected prohibiting
parking

Section 47. Parked vehicle. - Whenever a motor vehicle is parked
unattended on any highway, the driver thereof must turn off the
ignition switch and stop the motor and notch effectively the hand
brake.
Section 48. Reckless driving. - No person shall operate a motor vehicle
on any highway recklessly or without reasonable caution considering the
width, traffic, grades, crossing, curvatures, visibility and other conditions
of the highway and the conditions of the atmosphere and weather, or so
as to endanger the property or the safety or rights of any person or so as
to cause excessive or unreasonable damage to the highway.

Section 51. Hitching to a vehicle. - No person shall hang on to,
ride on, the outside or the rear end of any vehicle, and no person
on a bicycle, roller skate or other similar device, shall hold fast
to or hitch on to any moving vehicle, and no driver shall
knowingly permit any person to hang on to or ride, the outside
or rear end of his vehicle or allow any person on a bicycle, roller
skate or other similar device to hold fast or hitch to his vehicle.
Section 52. Driving or parking on sidewalk. - No person shall
drive or park a motor vehicle upon or along any sidewalk, path
or alley not intended for vehicular traffic or parking

Section 53. Driving while under the influence of liquor or
narcotic drug. - No person shall drive a motor vehicle while
under the influence of liquor or narcotic drug.
Section 55. Duty of driver in case of accident. - In the event that
any accident should occur as a result of the operation of a motor
vehicle upon a highway, the driver present, shall show his
driver's license, give his true name and address and also the true
name and address of the owner of the motor vehicle
1. If he is in imminent danger of being seriously harmed by any
person or persons by reason of the accident;
2. If he reports the accident to the nearest officer of the law; or
3. If he has to summon a physician or nurse to aid the victim.

New Anti-Carnapping Act of 2016
R.A 6539 “known as the Anti-Carnapping
Act of 1972.
"Carnapping" is the taking, with intent to
gain, of a motor vehicle belonging to
another without the latter's consent, or by
means of violence against or intimidation of
persons, or by using force upon things.
Carnapping is the taking, with intent to
gain, of a motor vehicle belonging to
another without the latter’s consent, or by
means of violence against or intimidation
of persons, or by using force upon things.
Carnapping committed without violence or
intimidation or force upon (Imprisonment
of less than 14 years and 8 months and not
more than 17 years and 4 months
Carnapping committed without violence or
of less than 20 years and 1 day and not
more than 30 years)
Carnapping committed with violence or
of less than 17 years and 4 months not
more that 30 years
Carnapping committed with violence or
of less than 30 years and 1 day not more
that 40 years)
carnapping resulted to death (life
imprisonment to death )
carnapping resulted to death or rape (life
imprisonment to death )

"Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013″
Section 3. Definition of Terms. – For purposes of this
Act:
a) Alcohol refers to alcoholic beverages classified into
beer, wine and distilled spirits, the consumption of
which produces intoxication.
(b) Breath analyzer refers to the equipment which can
determine the blood alcohol concentration level of a
person through testing of his breath.

Act:
(c) Chemical tests refer to breath, saliva, urine or blood tests to
determine the blood alcohol concentration level and/or positive
indication of dangerous drugs and similar substances in a person’s body.
(d) Dangerous drugs and other similar substances refer to drugs listed in
the schedules annexed to the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotics
Drugs, as amended by the 1972 Protocol, and in the schedules annexed
to the 1971 Single Convention of Psychotropic Substances as
enumerated in its attachment which is an integral part of Republic Act
No. 9165, otherwise known as the "Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act

Act:
(e) Driving under the influence of alcohol refers to the act of
operating a motor vehicle while the driver’s blood alcohol
concentration level has, after being subjected to a breath
analyzer test, reached the level of intoxication, as established
jointly by the Department of Health (DOH), the National Police
Commission (NAPOLCOM) and the Department of Transportation
and Communications (DOTC).

Act:
(f) Driving under the influence of dangerous drugs and other
similar substances refers to the act of operating a motor vehicle
while the driver, after being subjected to a confirmatory test as
mandated under Republic Act No. 9165, is found to be positive
for use of any dangerous drug.
(g) Field sobriety tests refer to standardized tests to initially
assess and determine intoxication, such as the horizontal gaze
nystagmus, the walk-and-turn, the one-leg stand, and other

Section 7. Mandatory Alcohol and Chemical Testing of Drivers Involved in
Motor Vehicular Accidents. – A driver of a motor vehicle involved in a
vehicular accident resulting in the loss of human life or physical injuries
shall be subjected to chemical tests, including a drug screening test and,
if necessary, a drug confirmatory test as mandated under Republic Act
No. 9165, to determine the presence and/or concentration of alcohol,
dangerous drugs and/or similar substances in the bloodstream or body.
Section 8. Refusal to Subject Oneself to Mandatory Tests. – A driver of a
motor vehicle who refuses to undergo the mandatory field sobriety and
drug tests under Sections 6, 7 and 15 of this Act shall be penalized by
the confiscation and automatic revocation of his or her driver’s license,
in addition to other penalties provided herein and/or other pertinent

REPUBLIC ACT No. 10586 (MAY 27 2013)
" Section 12. Penalties. – A driver found to have been driving a motor vehicle while under
the influence of alcohol, dangerous drugs and/or other similar substances, as provided for
under Section 5 of this Act, shall be penalized as follows:
Not resulted in physical injuries or
homicide
3) months imprisonment, and a fine ranging from
Twenty thousand pesos (Php20,000.00) to Eighty
thousand pesos (Php80,000.00)
Resulted in physical injuries penalty provided in Article 263 RPC and fine from
One hundred thousand pesos (Php100,000.00) to
Two hundred thousand pesos (Php200,000.00)
Resulted in homicide Article 249 of the Revised Penal Code and a fine
ranging from Three hundred thousand pesos
(Php300,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos
(Php500,000.00)
nonprofessional driver’s license confiscated and suspended for a period of twelve
(12) months
professional driver’s license confiscated and perpetually revoked

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10054 Motorcycle Helmet Act of 2009
Section 3. Mandatory Use of Motorcycle Helmets. - All
motorcycle riders, including drivers and back riders, shall at all
times wear standard protective motorcycle helmets while driving,
whether long or short drives, in any type of road and highway.
Section 7. Penalties. - (a) Any person caught not wearing the
standard protective motorcycle helmet in violation of this Act
shall be punished with a fine of One thousand five hundred
pesos (Php1,500.00) for the first offense; Three thousand pesos
(Php3,000.00) for the second offense; Five thousand pesos
(Php5,000.00) for the third offense; and Ten thousand pesos
(Php10,000.00) plus confiscation of the driver's license for the

Republic Act No. 8750
"Seat Belts Use Act of 1999.“
Section 4. Mandatory Use of Seat Belts. — For their own safety,
the driver and front seat passengers of a public or private motor
vehicle are required to wear or use their seat belt devices while
inside a vehicle of running engine on any road or thoroughfare:
Provided, That for private vehicles, except for jeeps, jeepneys,
vans, buses and such other private vehicles as may be
determined in the Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR),
front and back seat passengers are likewise required to use their
seat belt devices at all times

TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION

ACCIDENT
that occurrence in a sequence of events which usually
produces unintended injury, death or property damage
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
an accident involving travel transportation on a traffic
way.
MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT
event resulting in unintended injury or property
damage attributable directly or indirectly to the action of
a motor vehicle or its load

KINDS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS
1. NON-MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
Refers to any accident occurring on a traffic way
involving persons using the traffic way or travel or
transportation, but not involving a motor vehicle in
motion (ex. Pedestrian and a cyclist in a traffic way)
2. MOTOR VEHICLE NON-TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
any motor vehicle accident which occurs entirely in
any place other than a traffic way (ex. Accident on a
private driveway)
3. MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
any motor vehicle accident occurring on a traffic way

CHAIN OF EVENTS IN A VEHICULAR ACCIDENT
PERCEPTION OF HAZARD – it is seeing, feeling or hearing and
understanding the usual or unexpected movement or condition that
could be taken as a sign of an accident about to happen
START OF EVASIVE ACTION – it is the first action taken by a traffic unit
to escape from a collision course or otherwise avoid a hazard
INITIAL CONTACT – the first accidental touching of an object collision
course or otherwise avoids a hazard
MAXIMUM ENGAGEMENT – it is the greatest collapse or overlap in a
collision; the force between the traffic unit and the object collided
with are greatest at maximum engagement

CHAIN OF EVENTS IN A VEHICULAR ACCIDENT
DISENGAGEMENT – it is the separation of a traffic unit in motion from
an object with which it has collided; the force between the object
ceases at this time
STOPPING – this is when the traffic units involved come to rest; it
usually stabilizes the accident situation
INJURY – it is receiving bodily harm; this event does not necessarily
occur after the accident but within any of the chain of events; it may
also happen right after the evasive action taken by the drivers
involved or during the initial contact

COMMON WORDS AND PHRASES USED IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION
MOTOR VEHICLE – any device which is self-propelled and every
vehicle which is propelled by electric power obtained from
overhead trolley wires, but not operated upon rails
KEY EVENT – an event on the road which characterizes the
manner of occurrence of a motor vehicle traffic accident
DEBRIS – the scattered broken parts of vehicles, rubbish, dust
and other materials left at the scene of the accident caused by a
collision
SKID MARKS – these are marks left on the roadway by tires which
are not free to rotate, usually because brakes are applied
strongly and the wheels locked
TRAFFIC UNIT – any person using a traffic way for travel, parking

INVESTIGATION
HAZARD - a hazard is generated when a critical space-motion
relationships between a traffic unit and another object develops
due to the movement of either or both (ex. A curve in the path is
a hazard; another traffic unit in the path is a hazard.)
SAFE SPEED – the speed adjusted to the potential or possible
hazards or the road and traffic situation ahead; safe speed on
the road is determined by the road rather than the particular
driver of a vehicle (ex. A curve ahead is a hazard and a safe
speed for it is a speed at which it can be taken comfortably
STRATEGY – the adjusting of speed, position on the road, and
direction of motion, giving signals of intent to turn or slow
down, or any other action in situations involving potential

INVESTIGATION
TACTIC – any action taken by the traffic unit to avoid hazardous
situations like steering, braking or accelerating to avoid collision
or other accident.
IMPACT – the striking of one body against another or a collision
of a motor vehicle with another motor vehicle.
CONTACT DAMAGE – damage to a vehicle resulting from direct
pressure of some foreign object in a collision or roll over; it is
usually indicated by striations, rub-off of material or puncture.
FACTOR – any circumstance contributing to a result without
which the result could not have occurred or it is an element
necessary to produce the result, but not by itself sufficient.
.

INVESTIGATION
PRIMARY CAUSE – a misnomer loosely applied to the most
obvious or easily explained factor in the cause of an accident or
the most easily modified condition factor.
CAUSE – the combination of simultaneous and sequential factors
without any one of which result could not have occurred.
ATTRIBUTE – any inherent characteristics of a road, a vehicle, or
a person that affects the probability of a traffic accident.
MODIFIER – a circumstance that alters an attribute permanently
or temporarily

STEPS TO BE TAKEN DURING TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION
STEP 1. UPON LEARNING THE INCIDENT CHECK THE
FOLLOWING
What happened
Who are involved
Where and when it happened
How it happened
Why it happened

INVESTIGATION
STEP 2. WHEN EMERGENCY UNDER CONTROL
Preliminary question to driver
who is driving
ascertain sign of nervousness
Gather clues for identification
Ask other witnesses
Examine driver’s condition
check the license and other record
check registration
verify ownership
account step by step events

INVESTIGATION
STEP 2. WHEN EMERGENCY UNDER CONTROL
Position and location of vehicles
lights
gear position
mark the position of vehicle
look for the unusual things inside the car
Form preliminary opinion
Photograph skid mark and location for later measuring
Record place in which person/ damaged vehicle is placed

INVESTIGATION
STEP 3. AFTER GETTING SHORT-LIVED EVIDENCE
1. Make a test skid
2. Ascertain if the violation is tantamount to arrest
3. Complete examination of vehicle
4. Locate key event or point of impact
5. Additional photographs
vehicle damages
view obstruction
present condition
control devices
6. Measure scale or diagram
7. Get additional facts at the scene
8. Report to station by radio

INVESTIGATION
STEP 4. AFTER LEAVING THE SCENE
1. Get the medical report
2. Notify the relatives
3. Develop the photographs
4. Analyze the specimen
5. Complete accident report, made copies and file.
6. Complete data on the investigators’ report
7. Reconstruct the accident
8. Complete the investigation and file it

INVESTIGATION
STEP 5. IF THE CASE GOES TO COURT
1.Seek the desire of the prosecutor to strengthen the case.
2. Return to the scene of the incident to gather additional data
3. Make a pre-trial conference
4. Testify in court
5. Arrange the file for future purposes

INVESTIGATION
IN CASE OF INJURIES:
Stop arterial bleeding
Ask for help
Protect the wound for exposure
Cordon the place
CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLE ACCIDENT ACCORDING TO SEVERITY
Fatal
non fatal
Property damage

INVESTIGATION
CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLE ACCIDENT ACCORDING TO KEY EVENT
1. Running off road
2. Non-collision on road
Overturning
3. Collision on road of vehicles with the ff:
pedestrian
moving vehicle
parked vehicle
bicycle
railroad train
fixed objects

CAUSES OF MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
1. SIMULTANEOUS FACTORS
Road condition
Driver’s attitude
Weather condition
2. SEQUENTIAL FACTORS
Unsafe greater speed
Defective vehicle
3. OPERATIONAL FACTOR
Road hazard
driver’s non compliance
4. PERCEPTION FACTOR
driver’s inability to react
driver’s faulty action to escape

Five (5) Levels of Activity in Accident Investigation
1. Reporting
2. At Scene Investigation
3. Technical Preparation.
4. Professional Reconstruction
5. Cause Analysis

HIT AND RUN INVESTIGATION
Evading responsibility is a tern commonly applied to a traffic
accident in which a driver fails to comply with any of the
duties required by Sec. 55 of RA 4136. Further, it States that
no driver of a motor vehicle concerned in a vehicle accident
Shall leave the Scene of the accident without aiding the
victim, except under any of the following circumstance's, as
discussed earlier I this book: If the driver is in imminent
danger of being Seriously harmed by any person or persons
by reason of the accident; If the driver reports the accident
to the nearest officers of the law; or if the driver has to
Summon a physician or nurse to aid the victim

HIT AND RUN INVESTIGATION
LEGAL CASES TO BE FILED:
Abandonment of one’s victim
Failure to lend assistance
Reckless imprudence resulting to homicide
Reckless imprudence resulting to Physical Injury
Reckless imprudence resulting to damage to property
Failure to render assistance to victim
Violation of section 55 of RA 4136
Civil liability

COMMON NATURE OF HIT-AND-RUN
Ran over pedestrian
Sideswiped pedestrian
Collided with moving vehicle while overtaking
Collided with moving vehicle while overtaking on
opposite direction
Damaged parked vehicle
Crushed police road block
Bumped by stray animal

FAST TRACKED INVESTIGATION
Send the corpse to laboratory after investigating
Obtain fingerprint and other specimen and send it to
laboratory
Splintered glass can be a lead
Broken headlamp manifest a run over
Paints might stick at victim belonging
Don’t forget to bring paper and pencil for initial note
taking

EXAMINATION OF RECOVERED VEHICLE
1. Recover physical evidence immediately
2. Measure the vehicle
3. Photograph the vehicle, debris and chipped off part
4. Check the interior of the car for driver’s identity
INVESTIGATION AID FOR TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION
Motor vehicle certified registration
Repair shop
Department records

DOCUMENTS TO BE FILED IN CASE OF DEATH
1. Referral slip
2. Spot report
3. Traffic accident report (TAIC)
4. Affidavit of parties involved
5. Witness’ statement
6. Photograph

DOCUMENTS TO BE FILED IN CASE OF DEATH or INJURY
1. Referral slip
2. Spot report
3. Traffic accident report (TAIC)
4. Affidavit of parties involved
5. Witness’ statement
6. Photograph

DOCUMENTS TO BE FILED IN CASE OF DAMAGE TO
PROPERTY
1. Referral Slip
2. Spot report
2. TAIC
3. Estimated amount of damage, it is made by authorized
repair shop
4. Affidavit of parties involve
5. Witness statement
6. photograph

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND 1.pptx

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