OECD EUIPO Trade in Counterfeit Pharmaceutical ProductsOECD Governance
Presentation of key findings from the OECD EUIPO report "Trade in Counterfeit Pharmaceutical Products". For further details see https://oe.cd/pharmatrade
Trends in Trade in Counterfeit & Pirated Goods - OECD EUIPO report.OECD Governance
This study examines the value, scope and trends of trade in counterfeit and pirated goods. First, it presents the overall scale of this trade and discusses which parts of the economy are particularly at risk. Next, it looks at the main economies of origin of fakes in global trade. Finally, it analyses recent trends in terms of changing modes of shipment and the evolution of trade flows.
See: oe.cd/global-fake-trade
Presentation from the launch of the OECD report "Trade in Counterfeit Goods a...OECD Governance
Presentation by OECD's Piotr Stryszowski at the launch of the OECD report "Trade in Counterfeit Goods and the Italian Economy: Protecting Italy's Intellectual Property". For further information see oe.cd/counterfeits-italy
Illicit Trade in Counterfeit Medicine by Kristina M. Lybecker, The Colorado C...OECD Governance
Presentation made by Kristina M. Lybecker, The Colorado College at the 3rd meeting of the OECD Task Force on Charting Illicit Trade - OECD, Paris, 30-31 March 2015
For more information see http://www.oecd.org/gov/risk/charting-illicit-trade-third-task-force-meeting.htm
Securing the Global Pharmaceutical Supply Chain against the Threat of Counter...Yasmin AbdelAziz
In 2012, counterfeit versions of the cancer drug
Avastin were found in 19 American treatment
centers. The impostor drug lacked the active
ingredient, rendering it virtually useless for
treatment purposes.
OECD EUIPO Trade in Counterfeit Pharmaceutical ProductsOECD Governance
Presentation of key findings from the OECD EUIPO report "Trade in Counterfeit Pharmaceutical Products". For further details see https://oe.cd/pharmatrade
Trends in Trade in Counterfeit & Pirated Goods - OECD EUIPO report.OECD Governance
This study examines the value, scope and trends of trade in counterfeit and pirated goods. First, it presents the overall scale of this trade and discusses which parts of the economy are particularly at risk. Next, it looks at the main economies of origin of fakes in global trade. Finally, it analyses recent trends in terms of changing modes of shipment and the evolution of trade flows.
See: oe.cd/global-fake-trade
Presentation from the launch of the OECD report "Trade in Counterfeit Goods a...OECD Governance
Presentation by OECD's Piotr Stryszowski at the launch of the OECD report "Trade in Counterfeit Goods and the Italian Economy: Protecting Italy's Intellectual Property". For further information see oe.cd/counterfeits-italy
Illicit Trade in Counterfeit Medicine by Kristina M. Lybecker, The Colorado C...OECD Governance
Presentation made by Kristina M. Lybecker, The Colorado College at the 3rd meeting of the OECD Task Force on Charting Illicit Trade - OECD, Paris, 30-31 March 2015
For more information see http://www.oecd.org/gov/risk/charting-illicit-trade-third-task-force-meeting.htm
Securing the Global Pharmaceutical Supply Chain against the Threat of Counter...Yasmin AbdelAziz
In 2012, counterfeit versions of the cancer drug
Avastin were found in 19 American treatment
centers. The impostor drug lacked the active
ingredient, rendering it virtually useless for
treatment purposes.
The Global Illicit Trade in Illegal Narcotics by Colin P. Clarke, OECD, Paris...OECD Governance
Presentation made by Colin P. Clarke at the 3rd meeting of the OECD Task Force on Charting Illicit Trade -
OECD, Paris, 30-31 March 2015
For more information see http://www.oecd.org/gov/risk/charting-illicit-trade-third-task-force-meeting.htm
Online Access to Safe and Affordable Medication: Applying human rights law to...PharmacyChecker
Online Access to Safe and Affordable Medication: Applying human rights law to cyber rule-making and Internet governance
https://www.pharmacychecker.com/
Internet users are benefiting from online access to safe and affordable medications. The pharmaceutical industry views Internet access as a threat and disruptive to its profit model because consumers are paying less than the drug companies intended for them to pay. According to the UN Human Rights Council, access to affordable medication is a human right. As the Internet community seeks to infuse the principles of international human rights law into the discourse and practice of Internet governance it should help maintain the widest possible online access to safe and affordable medication.
https://www.pharmacychecker.com/
In this presentation, Director of National Outreach Shabbir Imber Safdar reviews the current state of counterfeit drugs in America today, discusses some of the myths surrounding importation, and provides tips for saving money safely on the cost of prescription drugs.
Report: U.S. Chemistry Exports Linked To Shale Gas Could Double By 2030Marcellus Drilling News
A report from the American Chemistry Council that shows shale drilling in the U.S. is set to dramatically increase U.S. chemistry exports--doubling--by 2030.
Contact :
Fiona
Sales Director
Tel: +00-1-626-3463946 - U.S
E-mail: fiona@marketresearchreportstore.com
Web:www.marketresearchreportstore.com/
Our Corporate Headquarters Address:
MARKET RESEARCH REPORT STORE, INC.
17890 Castleton Street
Suite 218 City of Industry
CA 91748 US.
Trends in Oncology Pharmaceuticals Business DevelopmentTim Opler
This presentation provides an overview of the evolving marketplace for oncology transactions and is a summary of discussion materials shared by Torreya at the Sachs Conference on September 26, 2019 in Basel, Switzerland.
The impact of illicit trade to industrial development and processes.How it has impacted developing countries as well as the types of illicit trade occurring .Advantages and disadvantages of illicit trade to the economy
Drug trafficking is the greatest threat to humanity because large no of youth across the world are wasting their life and all Governments are trying to stop this illegal activity. Combine effort under UNO is paying result.i
A comprehensive look at the gross malfeasance of our war on drugs. The further DEA and our politicians attempt to squeeze the drugs out of our continent, the more our young adults and youth take to using, misusing, and abusing all the drugs they can get their hands on.
A publication by Drug Enforcement Agency here in the [once] United Stated of America.
2018 edition was released in Nov. 2018.
Yet no release for '19 yet?
Why is that?
Work is in the public domain being a federally funded government assessment of the shortcomings of our Drug Enforcement policy and Agency.
Copy is covered under a CC-BY 4.0 International License. Please attribute and link to the license here https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ast
Advisory to Financial Institutions on Illicit Financial Schemes and Methods R...- Mark - Fullbright
Transnational criminal organizations (TCOs), foreign fentanyl suppliers, and Internet purchasers located in the United States engage in the trafficking of fentanyl, fentanyl analogues, and other synthetic opioids and the subsequent laundering of the proceeds from such illegal sales.
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
The Global Illicit Trade in Illegal Narcotics by Colin P. Clarke, OECD, Paris...OECD Governance
Presentation made by Colin P. Clarke at the 3rd meeting of the OECD Task Force on Charting Illicit Trade -
OECD, Paris, 30-31 March 2015
For more information see http://www.oecd.org/gov/risk/charting-illicit-trade-third-task-force-meeting.htm
Online Access to Safe and Affordable Medication: Applying human rights law to...PharmacyChecker
Online Access to Safe and Affordable Medication: Applying human rights law to cyber rule-making and Internet governance
https://www.pharmacychecker.com/
Internet users are benefiting from online access to safe and affordable medications. The pharmaceutical industry views Internet access as a threat and disruptive to its profit model because consumers are paying less than the drug companies intended for them to pay. According to the UN Human Rights Council, access to affordable medication is a human right. As the Internet community seeks to infuse the principles of international human rights law into the discourse and practice of Internet governance it should help maintain the widest possible online access to safe and affordable medication.
https://www.pharmacychecker.com/
In this presentation, Director of National Outreach Shabbir Imber Safdar reviews the current state of counterfeit drugs in America today, discusses some of the myths surrounding importation, and provides tips for saving money safely on the cost of prescription drugs.
Report: U.S. Chemistry Exports Linked To Shale Gas Could Double By 2030Marcellus Drilling News
A report from the American Chemistry Council that shows shale drilling in the U.S. is set to dramatically increase U.S. chemistry exports--doubling--by 2030.
Contact :
Fiona
Sales Director
Tel: +00-1-626-3463946 - U.S
E-mail: fiona@marketresearchreportstore.com
Web:www.marketresearchreportstore.com/
Our Corporate Headquarters Address:
MARKET RESEARCH REPORT STORE, INC.
17890 Castleton Street
Suite 218 City of Industry
CA 91748 US.
Trends in Oncology Pharmaceuticals Business DevelopmentTim Opler
This presentation provides an overview of the evolving marketplace for oncology transactions and is a summary of discussion materials shared by Torreya at the Sachs Conference on September 26, 2019 in Basel, Switzerland.
The impact of illicit trade to industrial development and processes.How it has impacted developing countries as well as the types of illicit trade occurring .Advantages and disadvantages of illicit trade to the economy
Drug trafficking is the greatest threat to humanity because large no of youth across the world are wasting their life and all Governments are trying to stop this illegal activity. Combine effort under UNO is paying result.i
A comprehensive look at the gross malfeasance of our war on drugs. The further DEA and our politicians attempt to squeeze the drugs out of our continent, the more our young adults and youth take to using, misusing, and abusing all the drugs they can get their hands on.
A publication by Drug Enforcement Agency here in the [once] United Stated of America.
2018 edition was released in Nov. 2018.
Yet no release for '19 yet?
Why is that?
Work is in the public domain being a federally funded government assessment of the shortcomings of our Drug Enforcement policy and Agency.
Copy is covered under a CC-BY 4.0 International License. Please attribute and link to the license here https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ast
Advisory to Financial Institutions on Illicit Financial Schemes and Methods R...- Mark - Fullbright
Transnational criminal organizations (TCOs), foreign fentanyl suppliers, and Internet purchasers located in the United States engage in the trafficking of fentanyl, fentanyl analogues, and other synthetic opioids and the subsequent laundering of the proceeds from such illegal sales.
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Running head INTERNATIONAL DRUG TRAFFICKING1INTERNATIONAL DR.docxjeanettehully
Running head: INTERNATIONAL DRUG TRAFFICKING1
INTERNATIONAL DRUG TRAFFICKING 6
International Drug Trafficking
Student Name
Course No
Course Name
International drug trafficking is a greatly debated global matter since it is a key problem in global relations. Drug trafficking is described as the global illegitimate trade that involves the manufacture, distribution, and sale of substances that are forbidden by the laws. Drug trafficking is said to be a worldwide issue since many actors comprising the transnational criminal organizations are involved. The undertaking involves many types of drug substances across the world. Such as marijuana, cocaine, heroin together with many other prescribed drugs. The drugs contribute to addiction as well as harming the human bodies, an aspect that brings about the prohibition in many nations. Many nations across the world focus on mitigating this menace through policies, which implement enforcement. Cartels involved in drug trafficking are associated with tipping the power scales back in their favors through seeking alternative trafficking methods. Drug trafficking impacts all members of countries across the globe whereby it undermines both the economic and political stability of nations. Further research is important because it will expound on the impacts of international drug trafficking on the community as well as helping in identifying the criminal networks and routes behind the illegal trade. International drug trafficking has significantly contributed to human suffering all over the globe and hence there is a need for action.
Jenner, M. S. (2011). International drug trafficking: A global problem with a domestic solution. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 18(2), 901-927.
Although substance abuse and education appear to exhibit a circular relationship, it is alleged that education is a key intervention point for preventing substance abuse. Learners who consume drugs may suffer short-term memory impairment together with many other intellectual faculties. It may also lead to impaired tracking capabilities for perceptual and sensory functions. It may also translate into negative social and emotional development which ultimately leads to impaired performance in classrooms. Decreased cognitive efficiency translates into poor performance in academics as well as reduced self-esteem. Therefore, the overall result is instability in a person’s sense of identity that may lead to further substance abuse thus creating a vicious circle. Education is said to be amongst the principle ways through which drug abuse can be prevented despite the fact that the results will be produced in the long-term, it should be embraced (p. 918). This source contributes significantly to the solution of international trafficking menace by offering ways through which drug abuse can be prevented.
Number 6 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF DRUG ABUSE AND ILLICIT TRAFFICKING. (1998). Retrieved from https://www.uno ...
Please read below case and individually take the role of “NGOsAdvoc.pdfpallavi953613
Please read below case and individually take the role of “NGOs/Advocacy Groups” as one of the
important stakeholder.
Discuss the case, from your chosen stakeholder as “NGOs/Advocacy Groups” and perspective
analyzing the reasons for the current situation and the changes you would propose for the future,
supported with additionally researched relevant information.
Please mention your list of references and at least 400 words.
In-Depth Integrative Case 1.2
Pharmaceutical Companies, Intellectual Property,
and the Global AIDS Epidemic
In August 2003, after heavy lobbying from nongovernmental
organizations (NGOs) such as Doctors Without
Borders, the U.S. pharmaceutical industry finally dropped
its opposition to relaxation of the intellectual property
rights (IPR) provisions under World Trade Organization
(WTO) regulations to make generic, low-cost antiviral
drugs available to developing countries like South Africa
facing epidemics or other health emergencies. 1 Although
this announcement appeared to end a three-year dispute
between multinational pharmaceutical companies, governments,
and NGOs over the most appropriate and effective
response to viral pandemics in the developing world, the
specific procedures for determining what constitutes a
health emergency had yet to be worked out. Nonetheless,
the day after the agreement was announced, the government
of Brazil said it would publish a decree authorizing
imports of generic versions of patented AIDS drugs that
the country said it could no longer afford to buy from
multinational pharmaceutical companies. Although the
tentative WTO agreement would appear to allow such
production under limited circumstances, former U.S. trade
official Jon Huenemann remarked, “They’re playing with
fire. . . . The sensitivities of this are obvious and we’re
right on the edge here.”
Despite the role of developed and developing country
governments, NGOs, large pharmaceutical companies,
and their generic competitors in crafting this agreement,
it was unclear how it would be implemented and whether
action would be swift enough to stem the HIV/AIDS epidemic
ravaging South Africa and many other countries.
The AIDS Epidemic and Potential
Treatment
In 2008, after over two decades of fighting the AIDS epidemic
and raising the public awareness, HIV/AIDS still
remained one of the leading causes of death in the world,
occupying the 6th position in WHO Top 10 Causes of
Death list. 3 According to the World Health Organization
(WHO), in 2008 there were approximately 33.4 million
people living with AIDS, with 2.7 million newly infected,
and 2 millions deaths (see Table 1). Since 1980, AIDS has
killed more than 25 million people. HIV is especially
deadly because it often remains dormant in an infected person
for years without showing symptoms and is transmitted
to others often without the knowledge of either person. HIV
leads to AIDS when the virus attacks the immune system
and cripples it, making the person vulnerable to diseases. 4
Th.
STA 544Homework 1Work on the following problem set and show yo.docxsusanschei
STA 544
Homework 1
Work on the following problem set and show your works within the document. Use SPSS as much as possible.
Chapter 1
1. What types of activities other than “calculations” and “math” are associated with the practice of statistics?
2. Define the term measurement.
3. List the three main measurement scales addressed in this chapter.
4. What type of measurement assigns a name to each observation?
5. What type of measurement is based on categories that can be put in rank order?
6. What type of measurement assigns a numerical value that permits for meaningful mathematical operations for each observation?
7. What does GIGO stand for?
8. Provide synonyms for categorical data.
9. Provide synonyms for quantitative data.
10. What is the difference between imprecision and bias
11. How is imprecision quantified?
Chapter 2
1. Controlled-release morphine in patients with chronic cancer pain. Warfield reviewed 10 studies comparing the effectiveness of controlled-release and immediate-release morphine in cancer patients with chronic pain. The studies that were reviewed were double blinded. How would you double blind such studies?
2. What is the general goal of a statistical survey?
3. What is the general goal of a comparative statistical study?
4. What is the key distinction between experimental studies and observational studies?
5. Campus survey. A researcher conducts a survey to learn about the sexual behavior of college students on a particular campus. A list of the undergraduates at the university is used to select participants. The investigator sends out 500 surveys but only 136 are returned.
a. Consider how the low response rate could bias the results of this study.
b. Speculate on potential limitations in the quality of information the researcher will receive on questionnaires that are returned.
6. A study seeks to determine the effect of postmenopausal hormone use on mortality. What is the explanatory variable in this study? What is the response variable?
7. MRFIT. The MRFIT study discussed in an earlier illustrative example studied 12,866 high-risk men between 35 and 57 years of age. Approximately half the study subjects were randomly assigned to a special care group; the other half received their usual source of care. Death from coronary disease was monitored over the next seven or so years. Outline this study’s design in schematic form.
8. Five-City Project. The Stanford Five-City Project is a comprehensive community health education study of five moderately sized Northern California towns. Multiple-risk factor intervention strategies were randomly applied to two of the communities. The other three cities served as controls. Outline the design of this study in schematic form.
By applying factors in combination, experiments can study more than one factor at a time.
paper
by Xx xx
Submission date: 16-Mar-2020 03:51AM (UTC-0400)
Submission ID: 1276359854
File name: internationaldrugtrafficking1.docx (24.71K)
Wo.
The global antipsychotic drug market size is expected to expand at a considerable CAGR during the forecast period, 2021–2028. The growth of the market is attributed to the increase in incidences of psychotic disorders such as hallucinations, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, delusions, and severe depression.
Availability of essential medicines in the Czech Republic Arete-Zoe, LLC
This report analyzes availability of essential medicines as defined in the World Health Organization (WHO) Essential List Medicines (The Selection And Use Of Essential Medicines. Report Of The WHO Expert Committee, 2015) in the Czech Republic. The report offers comprehensive information on active pharmaceutical ingredients offered locally as well as number of registrations for each API by system organ class. The WHO list of essential medicines contains most effective and safe medicines needed to meet the most important needs in health systems, and is frequently used by countries to create their own national lists. Without these drugs, some conditions will not be able to receive optimal therapy. Availability gap represents serious public health concern. Of the total number of 13,256 individual registrations for essential medicines, only 2,110 (14%) were actively marketed in Q3 2016.
https://www.aretezoe.com/essential-medicines
Availability of essential medicines in the Czech Republic (2017)Arete-Zoe, LLC
This report analyzes availability of essential medicines as defined in the World Health Organization (WHO) Essential List Medicines (Report of the WHO Expert Committee) in the Czech Republic. The WHO list of essential medicines contains most effective and safe medicines needed to meet the most important needs in health systems, and is frequently used by countries to create their own national lists. Without these drugs, some conditions will not be able to receive optimal therapy. Availability gap represents serious public health concern.
Expert Committee of the World Health Organization selects Essential Medicines Lists in accordance with approved procedures. The Committee evaluates the scientific evidence on the basis of the comparative effectiveness, safety and cost–effectiveness of the medicines. Both lists (adult and pediatric) went through major revisions in 2015, as the Committee considered 77 applications, including 29 treatment regimens for cancer, hepatitis C and tuberculosis (The Selection And Use Of Essential Medicines. Report Of The WHO Expert Committee, 2015).
Local availability is expressed as registration, in the form of total number of licensed products, and number of marketed products, i.e. products that were on the market in Q3 2016. Of the total number of 13,256 individual registrations for essential medicines, only 2,110 (14%) were actively marketed in Q3 2016. Total number of licensed and marketed product equals all strengths, formulations and dosage forms counted separately. The dataset is current as of December 30, 2016. Any revisions to the database made in the period between data download and publication of this report are not considered. Locally available products were compared to the WHO list of essential medicines. The material is presented in graphs and summary tabulations as listed in the table of contents.
Of the 427 essential drugs, 311 are registered in the Czech Republic, 292 were registered and marketed in Q3 2016, 19 were registered but not marketed, and 135 (32%) were unavailable. Most affected classes are antibacterials, antituberculars, antiretrovirals, antiparasitics, and dermatologicals. Essential medicines availability gap overlaps significantly with drugs that are in shortage globally.
The report provides overview of the situation in the Czech Republic. Essential medicines availability gap represents both public health concern and risk of harm to individual patients. Substitute and second line therapies are often less effective, more toxic, or more expensive. Improvisation and the use of less familiar medicines are more likely to lead to medication errors. Mitigation of shortages and creation of shared contingency supplies puts additional strain on understaffed hospitals, in addition to human toll inflicted by social stress. Drug shortages make it impossible to follow evidence-based practice guidelines, and force decisions to prioritize certain group of people over another.
Zoonotic diseases is the rare disease that is usually spread from faunas to humans and from humans to faunas. There are various ways of disease being transferred, such as air by direct contact, by contact with an inert object that harbors the disease, oral ingestion, and by insect. The diseases from wiretaps and other faunas can make sick or death in people. Many health agencies globally have track on the disease and death caused by zoonotic disease. The animals always carry some or the other infective pathogens that can be shared or transmitted with/ to people. Zoonotic diseases may be caused by germs which including bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. Zoonoses when infected can lead to many different types of illnesses in humans and faunas which can be mild to severe that human or animal may die. It is always important to notice that the faunas do not always appear ill or sick when carrying a zoonotic disease, many animals do appear healthy, but they still carry infectious germs that can make people sick.
Zoonotic diseases has become very common now a days throughout the globe. Scientist’s assessment about the zoonotic diseases are that more than 8 out of every 12 known infectious diseases in humans are spread from faunas, and 4 out of every 5 new or emerging infectious diseases in people are spread from faunas. Yearly, estimated, thousands of Americans gets sick from diseases spread between faunas and humans. Because of this, the national health agency works 24/7 to protect people from zoonotic diseases.
Please see the feedback from the professor Hi Hussain, thank you .docxmattjtoni51554
Please see the feedback from the professor: Hi Hussain, thank you for your second assignment. You forgot to attach your SPSS output. Are you using SPSS? Your assignment was not complete correctly”
See the paper attached that you did.
Download the spss with the following link for the following assignment please help me. I rely on you to do a lot of my assignments and more to come. This for assignment 2 Password: Power2017 Login id: [email protected] login into: https://estore.onthehub.com/WebStore/Account/OrderDetails.aspx?o=5e429e3f-1fe0-e711-80fa-000d3af41938 Product key to get in is:415899f4f4b0e0abf028
SAMPLE
VIOLENCE IN THE ILLICIT DRUG MARKET AND PUBLIC POLICY RESPONSES
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
ECON 430 THE WAR ON DRUGS: ECONOMICS, HISTORY AND PUBLIC POLICY
INTEGRATIVE SUMMARY
In this annotated bibliography, I review the problem of violence in the illicit drug market. The purpose of the Summary is to discuss the problem of violence in the illicit drug market and related public policy approached. All the articles reviewed and summarized address the problem of violence in the illicit drug market. The first article discussed interpersonal violence. The second article addresses violence in the illicit drug market, the involvement of gang leaders and public policy approaches.
There appears to be a controversy regarding appropriate approaches to limiting the violence in the drug market. In the first article, drug violence is recognized as a major public health issue. The article focuses on interpersonal violence and recognizes that violence in the drug market is due to a lack formal ways to resolve economic disputes in the illicit drug market. The second article argues that public policy approaches that try to prohibit drugs leads to increasing violence in the illicit drug market. The authors then propose that alternative approaches should be developed to mitigate violence in the illicit drug market.
Amanda Atkinson, Zara Anderson, Karen Hughes, Mark A Bellis, Harry Sumnall and Qutub Syed, Interpersonal Violence and Illicit Drugs, Working Paper, Liverpool John Moores University, (Centre for Public Health) 2009
This briefing summarizes the links between interpersonal violence and illicit drug use, identifies risk factors for involvement in drug-related violence, outlines prevention measures that address drug-related violence, and explores the role of public health in prevention. It discusses links between drugs and violence based on available evidence, focusing primarily on illicit drugs. In general, the illicit use of prescription drugs is not discussed.
Interpersonal violence and illicit drug use are major public health challenges that are strongly linked. Involvement in drug use can increase the risks of being both a victim and/or perpetrator of violence, while experiencing violence can increase the risks of initiating illicit drug use. The impacts of drug-related interpersonal violence can be substantial, da.
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2. Context 1
Foreword 2
Counterfeit pharmaceuticals: 4
scope and data
Trade in pharmaceutical products 6
Which medicines are fake? 8
Loss of sales and damage to the 10
reputations of legitimate producers
Express and postal – vectors of illicit 12
trade in fake medicines
Who is affected by counterfeit 14
medicines?
Contents
3. Janos Bertok
Acting Director, OECD Public
Governance Directorate
Christian Archambeau
Executive Director, EUIPO
Globalisation, trade facilitation, and the rising economic
importance of intellectual property are all drivers of economic
growth. However, they have also created new opportunities
for criminal networks to expand the scope and scale of their
operations, free-riding on intellectual property and polluting
trade routes with counterfeit goods. The consequences for the
economy and for citizens are serious. Trade in counterfeit goods
not only damages economic agrowth but also undermines
good governance, the rule of law and citizens’trust in
government, and can ultimately threaten political stability. In
addition, in some cases, such as that of fake pharmaceuticals,
counterfeit goods can have serious health and safety
implications for citizens.
Context
We are confident that this research will make a major contribution
to the understanding of the volume, magnitude and harmful
societal effects of illicit trade in counterfeit medicines. We trust
that the results about both the economic harm caused by this
threat and its damaging impact on health will urge policy makers
to shape effective solutions to combat and deter this scourge.
CONTEXT . 1
4. Illicit trade in fake goods is a significant and growing threat in a
globalized and innovation-driven economy, undermining good
governance, the rule of law and citizens’trust in government. It
not only has a negative impact on the sales and profits of affected
firms and on the economy in general, but also poses major health
and safety threats to consumers.
To provide policy makers with solid empirical evidence about this
threat, the OECD and the EU Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO)
joined forces to carry out a series of analytical studies that deepen
our understanding of the scale and magnitude of the problem.
The results have been published in a set of reports: Trade in
Counterfeit and Pirated Goods: Mapping the Economic Impact
(2016), Mapping the Real Routes of Trade in Fake Goods (2017),
Trade in Counterfeit Goods and Free Trade Zones: Evidence From
Recent Trends (2018), Why do countries Export Fakes (2018),
Misuse of Small Parcels for Trade in Counterfeit Goods (2018)
and Trends in Trade in Counterfeit and Pirated Goods (2019).
The results are alarming. They show that trade in counterfeit and
pirated goods amounted to up to 3.3 % of world trade in 2016;
when considering only the imports into the EU, they amounted
to up to 6.8 % of imports. Counterfeiters operate swiftly in the
globalized economy, misusing free trade zones, taking advantage
of many legitimate trade facilitation mechanisms and thriving in
economies with insufficient governance standards.
Trade in counterfeit and pirated goods is a dynamic and
constantly changing phenomenon. Continuous measurement
efforts are needed to monitor this risk. This report presents
updated figures on the scale, scope and magnitude of trade in
counterfeit pharmaceuticals, based on a statistical analysis of a
relevant subset of a unique database of half a million seizures of
counterfeit goods. Structured interviews with trade and customs
experts also contributed to the analysis.
Trade in counterfeit goods is a major risk for today’s modern,
productive and forward-looking global economy. It not only
strikes at the heart of the engine of sustainable economic growth,
but also poses significant risks to health and safety.
This report builds on previous analysis, focusing on the situation
in one particular sector: pharmaceuticals. Counterfeits imply
not only possible economic damages for this sector, but also
significant health threats, since fake medicines are often not
Foreword
2 . TRADE IN COUNTERFEIT PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS
5. Counterfeit medicines cause
economic damage, and pose
significant threat to public
health
properly formulated and may contain dangerous ingredients.
Counterfeit medicines have included medicaments for serious
diseases, including malaria, HIV/AIDS and cancer. The scale is
huge – in 2016, international trade in counterfeit pharmaceuticals
reached USD 4.4 billion.
This report builds on major policy concerns. The first is the
negative effect that counterfeit trade has on legitimate
competitive advantage of rights holders, and consequently on
innovation, employment and long-term economic growth. The
second one is the damaging impact of crime and illicit trade
activities on good governance, public health and safety.
FOREWORD . 3FOREWORD . 3
6. COUNTERFEIT
PHARMACEUTICALS:
SCOPE...
SCOPE: We look at illicit, traded pharmaceuticals that
infringe trademarks, and we call them counterfeit (or fake)
pharmaceuticals or medicines. Stolen or diverted medicines
are generally not included in our main estimates unless they
infringe a trade mark, irrespectively of their medical or regulatory
properties.
Our analysis relies on two main sets of data:
l customs seizures data and
l other enforcement data.
Together, they offer a wealth of valuable insights into the size and
scope of the global market of illicit pharmaceuticals.
4 . TRADE IN COUNTERFEIT PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS
7. CUSTOMS SEIZURE DATA
Main dataset used in the study.
What’s in the dataset? Detailed descriptions of seizures of fake
pharmaceuticals from all over the world.
Where do the data come from? Customs administrations
(World Customs Organization, European Commission, United
States DHS).
Other enforcement data:
An additional dataset used in this study.
What’s in the dataset? Cases of fraudulent manufacture,
mislabelling of drugs and fraudulent packaging.
Where do the data come from? Enforcement actions carried
out by all kinds of enforcement agencies, such as police, health
inspection service, customs, etc.
... AND DATA
SCOPE AND DATA . 5
8. TRADE IN
PHARMACEUTICAL
PRODUCTS
Between 2014 and 2016, the largest exporters of pharmaceuticals
were EU countries, as well as Switzerland, the United States, India,
China, Singapore, Israel and Japan. Together, these economies
represented more than 92% of the total value of global exports of
pharmaceuticals.
In many countries the industry represents a significant share of
total employment (between and 0.8 to about 1% in countries
such as Switzerland, Slovenia and Denmark). Many of these jobs
are in research and development activities.
Top 20 exporters of pharmaceuticals, 2014-2016
18%
16%
14%
12%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
Japan
Hungary
Israel
Singapore
China(People'sRepublicof)
Sweden
Canada
Austria
Spain
Denmark
India
Netherlands
Italy
Ireland
France
UnitedKingdom
Belgium
UnitedStates
Switzerland
Germany
Share of the global exports
of pharmaceuticals
6 . TRADE IN COUNTERFEIT PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS
9. MAPPINGTHE SCALE
OFTRADE IN FAKE
PHARMACEUTICALS
Two things make the pharmaceutical industry vulnerable to
counterfeiting: very high innovativeness and use of intellectual
property as well as very strong, and often inelastic demand from
patients and consumers.
Between 2014 and 2016 pharmaceuticals were the 10th most
counterfeited type of product in international trade.
In 2016, international trade in counterfeit pharmaceuticals
reached USD 4.4 billion, this does not include fake medicines
manufactured and consumed domestically.
TRADE IN PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS . 7
10. Hong Kong (China)
China
India
WHICH MEDICINES
ARE FAKED?
A closer look at the types of pharmaceutical products that
are counterfeited is alarming. Over the period 2014-2016,
seized counterfeits included medicaments for various kinds
of diseases, including malaria, HIV/AIDS and cancer. A more
detailed review of the customs data shows that antibiotics,
lifestyle drugs and painkillers were the most targeted by
counterfeiters.
Trade routes for counterfeit pharmaceuticals
India is the main source of counterfeit pharmaceuticals traded
worldwide, followed by China and Hong Kong (China).
Top provenance economies for counterfeit
pharmaceuticals, 2014-2016
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Thailand
Seychelles
Philippines
ChineseTaipei*
Turkey
Netherlands
Canada
NewZealand
India
Singapore
China(People'sRepublicof)
HongKong(China)
Germany
Switzerland
Australia
Egypt
Share of global customs seizures
Share of global seized value
8 . TRADE IN COUNTERFEIT PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS
11. Seized drugs include fake
medicaments for malaria,
HIV/AIDS, cancer, counterfeit
antibiotics, painkillers and fake
lifestyle drugs.
Most counterfeit types of pharmaceuticals seized by
customs, 2014-2016
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Skintreatment
Hyperthyroidismtreatment
Anemiatreatment
Anti-epilepticmedication
Eyetreatment
Stomachulcerstreatment
Cancertreatments
Localanaesthetic
Bloodpressuretreatment
Allergytreatment
Dietarysupplements
Heartdiseasetreatment
Diabetestreatment
Anti-malarial
Painkillers
Sexualimpuissancetreatment
Antibiotics
Share of the global seized
value of fake pharmaceuticals
WHICH MEDICINES ARE FAKED? . 9
12. LOSS OF SALES
AND DAMAGE TO
THE REPUTATIONS
OF LEGITIMATE
PRODUCERS
Companies registered in the United States are hit the hardest by
this trade in counterfeits; those in other OECD countries are also
strongly affected (Switzerland, Germany and France).
The impact of counterfeits on legitimate producers are multiple
and include: lost sales and profits, costs of protecting brands,
loss of reputation, the potential cost of managing the disposal
of counterfeits and litigation costs, and possibly people who
were unknowingly victimised by counterfeits.
Pharma
companies
from the
US, EU and
Switzerland
are hit the
hardest by
counterfeiting
10 . TRADE IN COUNTERFEIT PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS
13. Top 15 producing economies of pharmaceuticals, 2016
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40% UnitedStates
Switzerland
Germany
France
Italy
Belgium
Korea
Denmark
Spain
Singapore
UnitedKingdom
Sweden
Canada
Australia
Austria
Netherlands
Top ten countries for the number of arrests
of individuals engaged in manufacturing
counterfeit medicines, 2018
Economy Number of arrests
China 233
Spain 52
United States 48
India 38
Pakistan 10
Indonesia 10
Canada 7
Colombia 6
Egypt 1
LOSS OF SALES AND DAMAGE TO THE REPUTATIONS OF LEGITIMATE PRODUCERS . 11
Arrest data
Enforcement authorities have continued
to focus on major distribution and
manufacturing operations. Distribution
of illegal medicines is the top category
of arrests in Asia, Latin America and
Europe. The majority of those engaged
in the smuggling of counterfeit and
diverted medicines were arrested in
Asia and Eurasia.
14. Small parcels shipped
by express and postal
services – driven by
the rising popularity
of e-commerce –
are the most popular
ways of shipping
counterfeit medicines,
significantly
complicating the
screening and
detection processes
and lowering the
risk of detection and
penalties.
EXPRESS AND POSTAL –
VECTORSOFILLICITTRADE
IN FAKE MEDICINES
Express and postal services are the main modes of transport for
counterfeit pharmaceuticals traded worldwide, with their shares
growing between 2011 and 2016. In terms of volume, air is also
an important mean of transport. In terms of value, sea was the
main transport mode
for fake medicines and
pharmaceutical products
during 2011-2013, but was
replaced by road transport
and mail and postal services
during 2014-2016.
y 35.167 mm
12 . TRADE IN COUNTERFEIT PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS
15. Express and postal Road/Vehicle Sea/Vessel Air
In terms of the total number of customs seizures
of fake pharmaceuticals worldwide
2011-2013 2014-2016
96%
82%
4%
Road 0.2%
Sea 0.1%
4%
1%
TRANSPORT MODES FOR COUNTERFEIT PHARMACEUTICALS
There are two distinct areas
to purchase counterfeit
pharmaceuticals online:
the dark web and the freely
accessible surface web
EXPRESS AND POSTAL – VECTORS OF ILLICIT TRADE IN FAKE MEDICINES . 13
The ability of sellers to hide their identity and misrepresent
their products is particularly attractive to counterfeiters,
providing criminals with a relatively easy point of entry into
even the best regulated markets.
THE GROWING
ROLE OFTHE
INTERNET
16. WHO IS AFFECTED
BY COUNTERFEIT
MEDICINES?
Counterfeit medicines affect economies in a number of areas:
l Individuals who fall victim to low quality counterfeit products
that may not adequately treat their medical needs.
l Legitimate producers, who can lose sales to counterfeiters,
and need to take steps to ensure that counterfeiters do not
infiltrate their supply chains, and to mount efforts to combat
counterfeiters.
l Governments, which are actively involved in managing health
care in countries.
l Entire economies, in the form of the impact on crime levels,
the environment and the possible effects on jobs and foreign
investment.
14 . TRADE IN COUNTERFEIT PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS
17. ILLUSTRATIVE
BACKGROUND
MATTER
WHO IS AFFECTED BY COUNTERFEIT MEDICINES? . 15
Producers and
governments
have been active
in combatting
counterfeiting
as it threatens
their considerable
investment in
developing new
products
18. Trade in Counterfeit Goods
and Free Trade Zones
EvidEnCE From rECEnT TrEnds
TradeinCounterfeitGoodsandFreeTradeZonesEvidEnCEFromrECEnTTrEnds
Trade in Counterfeit
Pharmaceutical Products
Illicit Trade
Illicit Trade
Trends in Trade in Counterfeit
and Pirated Goods
Illicit Trade
Trends in Trade in Counterfeit and Pirated Goods
This study examines the value, scope and trends of trade in counterfeit and pirated goods. First, it presents the
overall scale of this trade and discusses which parts of the economy are particularly at risk. Next, it looks at the
main economies of origin of fakes in global trade. Finally, it analyses recent trends in terms of changing modes
of shipment and the evolution of trade flows.
ISBN 978-92-64-31249-4
Consult this publication on line at https://doi.org/10.1787/g2g9f533-en.
This work is published on the OECD iLibrary, which gathers all OECD books, periodicals and statistical databases.
Visit www.oecd-ilibrary.org for more information.
9HSTCQE*dbceje+
TrendsinTradeinCounterfeitandPiratedGoodsIllicitTrade
Further reading
Trade in Counterfeit
Goods and Free
Trade Zones
oe.cd/tradecgftz
Trade in counterfeit
pharmaceutical
products
oe.cd/pharmatrade
Trends in Trade in
Counterfeit and
Pirated Goods
oe.cd/trendsintrade
16 . TRADE IN COUNTERFEIT PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS
19. THE EUROPEAN UNION INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE
(EUIPO) is a decentralised agency of the EU, headquartered
in Alicante, Spain. It manages the registration of the European
Union trade mark (EUTM) and the registered Community design
(RCD), as well as carrying out cooperation activities with the
national and regional intellectual property (IP) offices of the EU.
The EUIPO carries out research and activities to combat IP rights
infringement through the European Observatory on Infringements
of Intellectual Property Rights.
All EUIPO-Observatory publications can be found here.
http://euipo.europa.eu
THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION
AND DEVELOPMENT is a unique forum where the governments
of 35 democracies work together to address the economic, social
and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is at
the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments
respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate
governance, the information economy and the challenges of an
ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where
governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to
common problems, identify good practice and work to
co-ordinate domestic and international policies.
www.oecd.org