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STA 544
Homework 1
Work on the following problem set and show your works within
the document. Use SPSS as much as possible.
Chapter 1
1. What types of activities other than “calculations” and “math”
are associated with the practice of statistics?
2. Define the term measurement.
3. List the three main measurement scales addressed in this
chapter.
4. What type of measurement assigns a name to each
observation?
5. What type of measurement is based on categories that can be
put in rank order?
6. What type of measurement assigns a numerical value that
permits for meaningful mathematical operations for each
observation?
7. What does GIGO stand for?
8. Provide synonyms for categorical data.
9. Provide synonyms for quantitative data.
10. What is the difference between imprecision and bias
11. How is imprecision quantified?
Chapter 2
1. Controlled-release morphine in patients with chronic cancer
pain. Warfield reviewed 10 studies comparing the effectiveness
of controlled-release and immediate-release morphine in cancer
patients with chronic pain. The studies that were reviewed were
double blinded. How would you double blind such studies?
2. What is the general goal of a statistical survey?
3. What is the general goal of a comparative statistical study?
4. What is the key distinction between experimental studies and
observational studies?
5. Campus survey. A researcher conducts a survey to learn
about the sexual behavior of college students on a particular
campus. A list of the undergraduates at the university is used to
select participants. The investigator sends out 500 surveys but
only 136 are returned.
a. Consider how the low response rate could bias the results of
this study.
b. Speculate on potential limitations in the quality of
information the researcher will receive on questionnaires that
are returned.
6. A study seeks to determine the effect of postmenopausal
hormone use on mortality. What is the explanatory variable in
this study? What is the response variable?
7. MRFIT. The MRFIT study discussed in an earlier illustrative
example studied 12,866 high-risk men between 35 and 57 years
of age. Approximately half the study subjects were randomly
assigned to a special care group; the other half received their
usual source of care. Death from coronary disease was
monitored over the next seven or so years. Outline this study’s
design in schematic form.
8. Five-City Project. The Stanford Five-City Project is a
comprehensive community health education study of five
moderately sized Northern California towns. Multiple-risk
factor intervention strategies were randomly applied to two of
the communities. The other three cities served as controls.
Outline the design of this study in schematic form.
By applying factors in combination, experiments can study more
than one factor at a time.
paper
by Xx xx
Submission date: 16-Mar-2020 03:51AM (UTC-0400)
Submission ID: 1276359854
File name: internationaldrugtrafficking1.docx (24.71K)
Word count: 1122
Character count: 6305
19%
SIMILARITY INDEX
13%
INTERNET SOURCES
3%
PUBLICATIONS
17%
STUDENT PAPERS
1 7%
2 4%
3 3%
4 2%
5 1%
6 1%
7 1%
paper
ORIGINALITY REPORT
PRIMARY SOURCES
Submitted to Bridgepoint Education
Student Paper
link.springer.com
Internet Source
sk.sagepub.com
Internet Source
Boran Ali Mercan. "The Drug Business as a
Field of Struggle in Turkey", Deviant Behavior,
2020
Publication
digitalcommons.auctr.edu
Internet Source
Submitted to Savannah State University
Student Paper
cheapassignmentsolutions.com
Internet Source
Exclude quotes On
Exclude bibliography On
Exclude matches Off
paperby Xx xxpaperORIGINALITY REPORTPRIMARY
SOURCES
Running head: INTERNATIONAL DRUG TRAFFICKING 1
INTERNATIONAL DRUG TRAFFICKING 6
International Drug Trafficking
Gen 499: General Education Capstone
International drug trafficking is a greatly debated global
matter since it is a key problem in global relations. Drug
trafficking is described as the global illegitimate trade that
involves the manufacture, distribution, and sale of substances
that are forbidden by the laws. Drug trafficking is said to be a
worldwide issue since many actors comprising the transnational
criminal organizations are involved. The undertaking involves
many types of drug substances across the world. Such as
marijuana, cocaine, heroin together with many other prescribed
drugs. The drugs contribute to addiction as well as harming the
human bodies, an aspect that brings about the prohibition in
many nations. Many nations across the world focus on
mitigating this menace through policies, which implement
enforcement. Cartels involved in drug trafficking are associated
with tipping the power scales back in their favors through
seeking alternative trafficking methods. Drug trafficking
impacts all members of countries across the globe whereby it
undermines both the economic and political stability of nations.
Further research is important because it will expound on the
impacts of international drug trafficking on the community as
well as helping in identifying the criminal networks and routes
behind the illegal trade. International drug trafficking has
significantly contributed to human suffering all over the globe
and hence there is a need for action.
Jenner, M. S. (2011). International drug trafficking: A global
problem with a domestic solution. Indiana Journal of Global
Legal Studies, 18(2), 901-927.
Although substance abuse and education appear to exhibit
a circular relationship, it is alleged that education is a key
intervention point for preventing substance abuse. Learners who
consume drugs may suffer short-term memory impairment
together with many other intellectual faculties. It may also lead
to impaired tracking capabilities for perceptual and sensory
functions. It may also translate into negative social and
emotional development which ultimately leads to impaired
performance in classrooms. Decreased cognitive efficiency
translates into poor performance in academics as well as
reduced self-esteem. Therefore, the overall result is instability
in a person’s sense of identity that may lead to further
substance abuse thus creating a vicious circle. Education is said
to be amongst the principle ways through which drug abuse can
be prevented despite the fact that the results will be produced in
the long-term, it should be embraced (p. 918). This source
contributes significantly to the solution of international
trafficking menace by offering ways through which drug abuse
can be prevented.
Number 6 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF
DRUG ABUSE AND ILLICIT TRAFFICKING. (1998).
Retrieved from
https://www.unodc.org/pdf/technical_series_1998-01-01_1.pdf
International drug trafficking is said to have contributed to
adverse health effects to the users across the world. In the U.S,
visits to emergency rooms associated with substance use in
1995 were approximately 532,000 and an increment from
404,000 that was recorded in 1988. The increment translates
into 30%. This was a clear demonstration of the magnitude of
substance-related health issues for addicted persons together
with society as a whole. This revealed that the society was
burdened with high expenditures on health attributed to
substance use. The substances that are often linked to illicit
drug-related demises include cocaine, heroin including other
opiates, amphetamine, and barbiturates stimulant types as well
as methamphetamine. The dosage of some of these substances
determines their impacts on the health of the users. Most of
them do not directly cause deaths but are linked to fatal
accidents. According to Interpol tobacco and alcohol are
associated with around 5 million deaths annually. On the other
hand, deaths relating to drug injections amount to not more than
200,000 annually across the globe (p. 31). Despite the fact that
mortality risks from the consumption of unlawful substances is
an issue of concern, it can be deduced that that the present
mechanisms for the control of drugs that is prevention,
education the enforcement of the law, though incapable of
preventing mortality related to substance abuse, appears to have
prevented the actual numbers of mortalities related with
substance abuse, from hitting levels presently being experienced
with the consumption of lawful psychoactive substances. The
source contributes to the solution of the international drug
trafficking menace by highlighting the history of substance use
which may help in policy formulation.
United States. (1992). Drugs, crime, and the justice system: A
national report from the Bureau of Justice Statistics.
There exist multiple relationships between crime,
corruption, and drugs. All activities involving drugs from
production to the final stage whereby the drugs are consumed,
constitute different felonious offenses. Drugs are associated
with multiple kinds of criminal activities. Crimes linked to
drugs occur in trafficking-related undertakings which may
include violent conflicts amongst trafficking groups who may
do so in competition for market shares. The same may also
emanate from the desires of drug users to fund their addictive
lives through prostitution and theft. According to the data that
was collected and presented to the Commission on Crime
Prevention and Criminal Justice in 1975 and 1989, indicate that
crimes and robbery linked to substance use were the quickest
growing components in crime as a whole, immediately after
kidnapping (p. 76). This source contributes significantly to the
solution of international trafficking menace by highlighting the
effects of drug trafficking hence indicating the necessity to
avoid substance abuse.
Lee III, R. W. (1995). Global reach: The threat of international
drug trafficking. Current history, 94(592), 207.
International drug trafficking ruins the lives of people thus
destroying communities. Users of illicit drugs end up being
drug addicts hence turning into victims of the manipulative and
powerful business. There are multiple forms of crimes linked to
international drug trafficking which include money laundering
and corruption. Drug trafficking ways or means may also be
followed by criminal networks in ferrying other illegitimate
goods. Many people do not recognize some of the indirect costs
of unlawful drug consumption, for instance, the toll it accords
on work productivity. Any business may suffer from unlawful
substance problems since it may lose employees or even theft
cases may arise which significantly lower business productivity.
Resources and time are necessities for staff training especially
in the cases of high turnover accelerated by substance abuse (p.
208). Societies overtaken by drug addiction and violence are
bound to suffer economically which may call for effective
attention. This source contributes significantly to the solution
of international trafficking menace by exploring the adverse
effects of drug trafficking hence enlightening people on the best
choice for the future world.
rebecca.wabwoba. (2011). Drug trafficking. Retrieved from
Unodc.org website: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/drug-
trafficking/index.html
In the year 2008, international seizures on heroin were
recorded at 73.70 metric tons. The greater part of the drug was
clutched in the Middle East and Near and SW Asia that
represented 30% of the worldwide aggregate, SE Europe 24%
and Central and Western Europe 10%. The worldwide increment
in the drug captures between 2006 and 2008 was driven
predominantly by progressively increasing captures in Turkey
and Iran. In the year 2008, the two nations represented the
greater part of international heroin captures hence registering
for the third back to back year, the most elevated and second
most noteworthy seizures across the globe, correspondingly. In
the years 2007 and 2008, cocaine was utilized by somewhere in
the range of 16 to 17 million people all over the globe, like the
number of overall opiate consumers. North America represented
over 40% of worldwide cocaine use with the aggregate assessed
at around 470 tons, whereas the four European Free Trade
Association and the 27 European Union nations represented in
excess of a fourth of the total utilization. These two areas
represent over 80% of the complete estimation of the worldwide
cocaine markets, which was assessed at $88 billion in the year
2008. This source significantly contributes to the solution of
international trafficking menace by offering a room for future
projections. The data is useful in policy formulations which will
help in combating international drug trafficking hence
improving the wellness of the society.
References
Jenner, M. S. (2011). International drug trafficking: A global
problem with a domestic solution. Indiana Journal of Global
Legal Studies, 18(2), 901-927
Lee III, R. W. (1995). Global reach: The threat of international
drug trafficking. Current history, 94(592), 207.
Number 6 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF
DRUG ABUSE AND ILLICIT TRAFFICKING. (1998).
Retrieved from
https://www.unodc.org/pdf/technical_series_1998-01-
01_1.pdf
rebecca.wabwoba. (2011). Drug trafficking. Retrieved from
Unodc.org website: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/drug-
trafficking/index.html
United States. (1992). Drugs, crime, and the justice system: A
national report from the Bureau of Justice Statistics.

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STA 544Homework 1Work on the following problem set and show yo.docx

  • 1. STA 544 Homework 1 Work on the following problem set and show your works within the document. Use SPSS as much as possible. Chapter 1 1. What types of activities other than “calculations” and “math” are associated with the practice of statistics? 2. Define the term measurement. 3. List the three main measurement scales addressed in this chapter. 4. What type of measurement assigns a name to each observation? 5. What type of measurement is based on categories that can be put in rank order? 6. What type of measurement assigns a numerical value that permits for meaningful mathematical operations for each observation? 7. What does GIGO stand for? 8. Provide synonyms for categorical data. 9. Provide synonyms for quantitative data. 10. What is the difference between imprecision and bias 11. How is imprecision quantified? Chapter 2 1. Controlled-release morphine in patients with chronic cancer pain. Warfield reviewed 10 studies comparing the effectiveness of controlled-release and immediate-release morphine in cancer patients with chronic pain. The studies that were reviewed were double blinded. How would you double blind such studies? 2. What is the general goal of a statistical survey? 3. What is the general goal of a comparative statistical study? 4. What is the key distinction between experimental studies and observational studies?
  • 2. 5. Campus survey. A researcher conducts a survey to learn about the sexual behavior of college students on a particular campus. A list of the undergraduates at the university is used to select participants. The investigator sends out 500 surveys but only 136 are returned. a. Consider how the low response rate could bias the results of this study. b. Speculate on potential limitations in the quality of information the researcher will receive on questionnaires that are returned. 6. A study seeks to determine the effect of postmenopausal hormone use on mortality. What is the explanatory variable in this study? What is the response variable? 7. MRFIT. The MRFIT study discussed in an earlier illustrative example studied 12,866 high-risk men between 35 and 57 years of age. Approximately half the study subjects were randomly assigned to a special care group; the other half received their usual source of care. Death from coronary disease was monitored over the next seven or so years. Outline this study’s design in schematic form. 8. Five-City Project. The Stanford Five-City Project is a comprehensive community health education study of five moderately sized Northern California towns. Multiple-risk factor intervention strategies were randomly applied to two of the communities. The other three cities served as controls. Outline the design of this study in schematic form. By applying factors in combination, experiments can study more than one factor at a time. paper by Xx xx
  • 3. Submission date: 16-Mar-2020 03:51AM (UTC-0400) Submission ID: 1276359854 File name: internationaldrugtrafficking1.docx (24.71K) Word count: 1122 Character count: 6305 19% SIMILARITY INDEX 13% INTERNET SOURCES 3% PUBLICATIONS 17% STUDENT PAPERS 1 7% 2 4% 3 3% 4 2%
  • 4. 5 1% 6 1% 7 1% paper ORIGINALITY REPORT PRIMARY SOURCES Submitted to Bridgepoint Education Student Paper link.springer.com Internet Source sk.sagepub.com Internet Source Boran Ali Mercan. "The Drug Business as a Field of Struggle in Turkey", Deviant Behavior, 2020 Publication digitalcommons.auctr.edu Internet Source Submitted to Savannah State University Student Paper cheapassignmentsolutions.com Internet Source Exclude quotes On
  • 5. Exclude bibliography On Exclude matches Off paperby Xx xxpaperORIGINALITY REPORTPRIMARY SOURCES Running head: INTERNATIONAL DRUG TRAFFICKING 1 INTERNATIONAL DRUG TRAFFICKING 6 International Drug Trafficking Gen 499: General Education Capstone International drug trafficking is a greatly debated global matter since it is a key problem in global relations. Drug trafficking is described as the global illegitimate trade that involves the manufacture, distribution, and sale of substances that are forbidden by the laws. Drug trafficking is said to be a worldwide issue since many actors comprising the transnational criminal organizations are involved. The undertaking involves many types of drug substances across the world. Such as marijuana, cocaine, heroin together with many other prescribed drugs. The drugs contribute to addiction as well as harming the
  • 6. human bodies, an aspect that brings about the prohibition in many nations. Many nations across the world focus on mitigating this menace through policies, which implement enforcement. Cartels involved in drug trafficking are associated with tipping the power scales back in their favors through seeking alternative trafficking methods. Drug trafficking impacts all members of countries across the globe whereby it undermines both the economic and political stability of nations. Further research is important because it will expound on the impacts of international drug trafficking on the community as well as helping in identifying the criminal networks and routes behind the illegal trade. International drug trafficking has significantly contributed to human suffering all over the globe and hence there is a need for action. Jenner, M. S. (2011). International drug trafficking: A global problem with a domestic solution. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 18(2), 901-927. Although substance abuse and education appear to exhibit a circular relationship, it is alleged that education is a key intervention point for preventing substance abuse. Learners who consume drugs may suffer short-term memory impairment together with many other intellectual faculties. It may also lead to impaired tracking capabilities for perceptual and sensory functions. It may also translate into negative social and emotional development which ultimately leads to impaired performance in classrooms. Decreased cognitive efficiency translates into poor performance in academics as well as reduced self-esteem. Therefore, the overall result is instability in a person’s sense of identity that may lead to further substance abuse thus creating a vicious circle. Education is said to be amongst the principle ways through which drug abuse can be prevented despite the fact that the results will be produced in the long-term, it should be embraced (p. 918). This source contributes significantly to the solution of international trafficking menace by offering ways through which drug abuse can be prevented.
  • 7. Number 6 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF DRUG ABUSE AND ILLICIT TRAFFICKING. (1998). Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/pdf/technical_series_1998-01-01_1.pdf International drug trafficking is said to have contributed to adverse health effects to the users across the world. In the U.S, visits to emergency rooms associated with substance use in 1995 were approximately 532,000 and an increment from 404,000 that was recorded in 1988. The increment translates into 30%. This was a clear demonstration of the magnitude of substance-related health issues for addicted persons together with society as a whole. This revealed that the society was burdened with high expenditures on health attributed to substance use. The substances that are often linked to illicit drug-related demises include cocaine, heroin including other opiates, amphetamine, and barbiturates stimulant types as well as methamphetamine. The dosage of some of these substances determines their impacts on the health of the users. Most of them do not directly cause deaths but are linked to fatal accidents. According to Interpol tobacco and alcohol are associated with around 5 million deaths annually. On the other hand, deaths relating to drug injections amount to not more than 200,000 annually across the globe (p. 31). Despite the fact that mortality risks from the consumption of unlawful substances is an issue of concern, it can be deduced that that the present mechanisms for the control of drugs that is prevention, education the enforcement of the law, though incapable of preventing mortality related to substance abuse, appears to have prevented the actual numbers of mortalities related with substance abuse, from hitting levels presently being experienced with the consumption of lawful psychoactive substances. The source contributes to the solution of the international drug trafficking menace by highlighting the history of substance use which may help in policy formulation. United States. (1992). Drugs, crime, and the justice system: A national report from the Bureau of Justice Statistics.
  • 8. There exist multiple relationships between crime, corruption, and drugs. All activities involving drugs from production to the final stage whereby the drugs are consumed, constitute different felonious offenses. Drugs are associated with multiple kinds of criminal activities. Crimes linked to drugs occur in trafficking-related undertakings which may include violent conflicts amongst trafficking groups who may do so in competition for market shares. The same may also emanate from the desires of drug users to fund their addictive lives through prostitution and theft. According to the data that was collected and presented to the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice in 1975 and 1989, indicate that crimes and robbery linked to substance use were the quickest growing components in crime as a whole, immediately after kidnapping (p. 76). This source contributes significantly to the solution of international trafficking menace by highlighting the effects of drug trafficking hence indicating the necessity to avoid substance abuse. Lee III, R. W. (1995). Global reach: The threat of international drug trafficking. Current history, 94(592), 207. International drug trafficking ruins the lives of people thus destroying communities. Users of illicit drugs end up being drug addicts hence turning into victims of the manipulative and powerful business. There are multiple forms of crimes linked to international drug trafficking which include money laundering and corruption. Drug trafficking ways or means may also be followed by criminal networks in ferrying other illegitimate goods. Many people do not recognize some of the indirect costs of unlawful drug consumption, for instance, the toll it accords on work productivity. Any business may suffer from unlawful substance problems since it may lose employees or even theft cases may arise which significantly lower business productivity. Resources and time are necessities for staff training especially in the cases of high turnover accelerated by substance abuse (p.
  • 9. 208). Societies overtaken by drug addiction and violence are bound to suffer economically which may call for effective attention. This source contributes significantly to the solution of international trafficking menace by exploring the adverse effects of drug trafficking hence enlightening people on the best choice for the future world. rebecca.wabwoba. (2011). Drug trafficking. Retrieved from Unodc.org website: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/drug- trafficking/index.html In the year 2008, international seizures on heroin were recorded at 73.70 metric tons. The greater part of the drug was clutched in the Middle East and Near and SW Asia that represented 30% of the worldwide aggregate, SE Europe 24% and Central and Western Europe 10%. The worldwide increment in the drug captures between 2006 and 2008 was driven predominantly by progressively increasing captures in Turkey and Iran. In the year 2008, the two nations represented the greater part of international heroin captures hence registering for the third back to back year, the most elevated and second most noteworthy seizures across the globe, correspondingly. In the years 2007 and 2008, cocaine was utilized by somewhere in the range of 16 to 17 million people all over the globe, like the number of overall opiate consumers. North America represented over 40% of worldwide cocaine use with the aggregate assessed at around 470 tons, whereas the four European Free Trade Association and the 27 European Union nations represented in excess of a fourth of the total utilization. These two areas represent over 80% of the complete estimation of the worldwide cocaine markets, which was assessed at $88 billion in the year 2008. This source significantly contributes to the solution of international trafficking menace by offering a room for future projections. The data is useful in policy formulations which will help in combating international drug trafficking hence improving the wellness of the society.
  • 10. References Jenner, M. S. (2011). International drug trafficking: A global problem with a domestic solution. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 18(2), 901-927 Lee III, R. W. (1995). Global reach: The threat of international drug trafficking. Current history, 94(592), 207. Number 6 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF DRUG ABUSE AND ILLICIT TRAFFICKING. (1998). Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/pdf/technical_series_1998-01- 01_1.pdf rebecca.wabwoba. (2011). Drug trafficking. Retrieved from Unodc.org website: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/drug- trafficking/index.html United States. (1992). Drugs, crime, and the justice system: A national report from the Bureau of Justice Statistics.