Abstract
Toxoplasma Gondii is a parasite that can only sexually reproduce in cats. (Dubey, J., & Jones, J. 2008) It is able to modify animal behavior and mood through a variety of means, such as increasing the amount of Dopamine in the system through the release of the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase causing increased impulsivity and risk taking behaviors (Costa, R. M.,2017). It is also able to modify genes through epigenetic means causing things like increased testosterone causing its host to be more aggressive. Toxoplasma Gondii does all of these things in order to make its main host, which is rats, more likely to be eaten by cats. The same things that are modified in rats in order to help the parasite in its quest to sexually reproduce also causes humans to have symptoms of psychosis and increased impulsivity. For example, people who are infected are found to have 2.5 times the amount of car crashes likely due to the increase in risky behavior (Flegr, J, 2002) and are more likely to develop disorders such as Schizophrenia and Intermittent Rage Disorder (Emil F. Coccaro, MD , 2016). This is likely due to changes in neurotransmitters and gene expression.
Keywords: Toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasma Gondii, DNA, Genes, Methylation
What's the difference between nonlife and life? A biologist reflects on the qualities that define life.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
Instincts are goal-directed and innate patterns of behavior that are not the result of learning or experience. For example,
In humans
The rooting reflex as is the suckling reflex (a reflex in which babies begin sucking when a finger or nipple places pressure on the roof of their mouth,)
The Moro reflex (a startle reaction seen in babies less than 6 months of age) and
The Babkin reflex (a reflex in which babies open their mouths and flex their arms in response to rubbing the palms of their hands.)
Birds have an innate need to build a nest or migrate during the winter.
In animals example may be
A dog shaking after it gets wet,
A sea turtle seeking out the ocean after hatching
All of these behaviors occur naturally and automatically. They do not need to be learned in order to be displayed.
What's the difference between nonlife and life? A biologist reflects on the qualities that define life.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
Instincts are goal-directed and innate patterns of behavior that are not the result of learning or experience. For example,
In humans
The rooting reflex as is the suckling reflex (a reflex in which babies begin sucking when a finger or nipple places pressure on the roof of their mouth,)
The Moro reflex (a startle reaction seen in babies less than 6 months of age) and
The Babkin reflex (a reflex in which babies open their mouths and flex their arms in response to rubbing the palms of their hands.)
Birds have an innate need to build a nest or migrate during the winter.
In animals example may be
A dog shaking after it gets wet,
A sea turtle seeking out the ocean after hatching
All of these behaviors occur naturally and automatically. They do not need to be learned in order to be displayed.
presents arguments for evolution and refutes creation as a belief without evidence. Argues that you cannot present them side by side - comparing oranges with apples.
It contains links between the psychology and genetics. Mostly we think they are far apart but they do have links. Some of intresting facts regarding this are shared with you !!
A key question for personality psychologists is Are we what .docxsleeperharwell
A key question for personality psychologists is: “Are we what we are because of
nature or because of nurture?” When the question is phrased in this manner,
neither answer can be correct, for the answers are not mutually exclusive. The
premise of the question itself is wrong. We are what we are because of how
nature and nurture interact; it is not a question of either/or. There clearly are
both inborn and social-cultural influences on the individual. Genetics and
environment—nature and nurture—regulate and guide each person.
In Chapter 1 we examine some of the innate determinants of personality
and behavior. We observe that, as products of a long evolutionary history, hu-
man beings are predisposed to certain patterns of behavior. In addition, spe-
cific genetic blueprints provide the foundation for personality and behavior.
But it is evident that individuals’ personalities are greatly influenced by the
contexts that surround them and by the experiences they have had. Individu-
als brought up in different cultures or social classes behave differently. If one
wants to predict what an individual is doing or thinking at a given time, some
of the best predictors are the point in history when the individual was born and
where he or she is living. In Chapter 2 we examine some of these social and
cultural influences as well as other kinds of environmental influences.
Culture not only influences individuals; it also influences psychological the-
ories themselves. There is increasing reason to believe that the “grand theories”
of Western psychology reflect certain biases about the nature of people that
characterize Western culture.
Chapters 1 and 2 do not attempt to give complete accounts of the genetics of
personality or the social determinants of action; full courses are devoted to these
topics. Rather, we introduce the context of the person: an individual with unique
predispositions who is nevertheless modifiable and shaped by surroundings.
Innate and Environmental
Determinants of Personality 1PART
CHAPTER 1
Genetic Determinants
of Personality
CHAPTER 2
Contextual Aspects
of Personality and
Behavior
Source: Ollyy/Shutterstock.com.
3
Genetic Determinants of Personality
Charles Darwin introduced the idea that the human species is the product
of a long period of evolution in The Origin of Species and Descent of Man.
His arguments had an enormous influence on the field of personality. First,
his theory of evolution assumed scientific determinism—that is, the theory
assumed that the most complex aspects of behavior in all species are sub-
ject to scientific and rational analysis and are not due to accident or divine
intervention. This principle was accepted by psychologists in their study of
both nonhuman and human behavior. Second, Darwin focused attention on
the function or adaptive value of biological structures and behavior. Psychol-
ogists have been guided by this viewpoint as they search for the usefu.
Nature VS NurtureResearch writing 310Joi Tucker.docxgemaherd
Nature VS Nurture
Research writing 310
Joi Tucker
Wilmington University
Nature VS Nurture
Abstract
Nature vs Nurture is one of the oldest arguments known to the Psychology genre. For those who do not know; simply put, the underlying question is, can behaviors be inherited? Initially, upon answering the question without any regard to the actual research and experiments done in this field a conclusion was drawn that Nature outweighs Nurture and that the behaviors of men are innate in that they are inherited genes that have influence over our behaviors. Upon further investigation and deeper insight, it is of my belief that the behaviors of men are based not solely on the behavior of their parents and their genetic makeup but also, by socioeconomic, traditional, educational, religious, and many other external factors. This paper will demonstrate the multiple schools of thought and their perspective on behaviorism, specifically when it comes to the argument of Nature vs Nurture. These perspectives will be used in order to justify the position that was previously stated, that the behaviors of men are influenced not only by their biology but also by their upbringing and multiple external factors.
Nature versus Nurture is one of the oldest debates within Psychology. It is concerned with the extent to which aspects of behavior are a product of either inherited (i.e., genetic) or acquired (i.e., learned) characteristics. Previous to delving into this topic I took the stance that Nature outweighed Nurture and that human behaviors were innate in that they were solely influenced by one’s genetic makeup. After vigorous research on the topic an attempt to take the stance that aspects of behavior are a product of inherited characteristics. Most people no matter what their upbringing and socioeconomical positions are prone to specific types of behaviors due to their genetic makeup. Within this argumentative essay, the attempt to write about Nature vs Nurture taking the perspective that human behaviors are derived from a combination of the two. The plan is to investigate multiple schools of thought in regards to the topic in order to prove the theory which was previously stated; human behaviors are a product of both genetic and environmental influences.
Within the world of biology, it is widely known that physical characteristics as well as one’s vulnerability to certain illnesses are because of one’s genetic makeup. It is of no surprise that one may share the color their mother’s eyes while inheriting their father’s diabetes. If you are a male, you may be prone to balding in your early 30’s just as your father did and women whose mother suffered from Breast Cancer have a higher likelihood of acquiring the same illness. Understanding how genetics works and now knowing how its functioning contributes to physical attributes as well as biological ailments, the question of whethe.
A minimum of 100 words each and References Response (#1 – 6) KEEP .docxfredharris32
A minimum of 100 words each and References Response (#1 – 6) KEEP RESPONSE WITH ANSWER EACH ANSWER NEED TO HAVE A SCHOLARY SOURCE with a Hyperlink
Make sure the Responses includes the Following: (a) an understanding of the weekly content as supported by a scholarly resource, (b) the provision of a probing question. (c) stay on topic
1. In short, abnormal behavior, thoughts and emotions, are those that differ from society's definition of properly functioning, or the norm (Comer, 2018). These norms tend to differ between cultures which help to establish rules for proper conduct. What constitutes as abnormal behavior depends on specific circumstances and cultural norms (Comer, 2018). An example of abnormal behavior could be unusualness like a person who lives with many animals and isolates themselves from society. The behavior of this person is deviant and may be dysfunctional, but could be seen as eccentric rather than abnormal to a professional.
2. Abnormal behavior, in simple terms, is behavior outside of societal norms (Comer, 2018). Abnormalities differ based on what society you come from. Generally speaking, being considered normal means that you are complying by your society’s standards. Abnormalities arise when behavior is deviant, distressing, dysfunctional, or dangerous. An example of abnormal behavior would be manic behavior. A manic episode typically involves less sleep, risky behavior, irritability, increased talking, and even hypersexuality (Purse, 2019). This is typically deviant from the person’s normal behavior by definition. The manic behavior can be distressing for both the affected and their family or other loved ones. Risky behavior causes worry and distress. Irritability can create all sorts of distressing situations. When a person is manic, they are in a state of dysfunction. Memory and responsibilities often fall to the backburner while the manic episode rides its course. Of all the things that define abnormal behavior, a manic episode can be especially dangerous to both the person experiencing it as well as the others around them because it involves risky behavior—which implies many things from gambling to drugs. It often results in the person experiencing the episode being hospitalized.
3. “One common conceptualization of abnormality focuses on what is often called the Four Ds: deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger (Topic 1 Resource, 2018).” An example of abnormal behavior is someone who hears voices telling them to do certain things. Some people may show this kind of abnormal behavior out of nowhere, or they have always heard these voices. This person can be deviant to their old life once they start hearing these voices and if they listen to them or not. These voices can cause distress to the person as well because if they listen to the voices, then they might start doing bad things. These voices can also cause dysfunction in this person life and how they act around others. Having this abnormal behavior can .
Chapter 3BiopsychologyFigure 3.1 Different brain imagi.docxwalterl4
Chapter 3
Biopsychology
Figure 3.1 Different brain imaging techniques provide scientists with insight into different aspects of how the human
brain functions. Left to right, PET scan (positron emission tomography), CT scan (computed tomography), and fMRI
(functional magnetic resonance imaging) are three types of scans. (credit “left”: modification of work by Health and
Human Services Department, National Institutes of Health; credit “center": modification of work by
"Aceofhearts1968"/Wikimedia Commons; credit “right”: modification of work by Kim J, Matthews NL, Park S.)
Chapter Outline
3.1 Human Genetics
3.2 Cells of the Nervous System
3.3 Parts of the Nervous System
3.4 The Brain and Spinal Cord
3.5 The Endocrine System
Introduction
Have you ever taken a device apart to find out how it works? Many of us have done so, whether to attempt
a repair or simply to satisfy our curiosity. A device’s internal workings are often distinct from its user
interface on the outside. For example, we don’t think about microchips and circuits when we turn up
the volume on a mobile phone; instead, we think about getting the volume just right. Similarly, the inner
workings of the human body are often distinct from the external expression of those workings. It is the
job of psychologists to find the connection between these—for example, to figure out how the firings of
millions of neurons become a thought.
This chapter strives to explain the biological mechanisms that underlie behavior. These physiological and
anatomical foundations are the basis for many areas of psychology. In this chapter, you will learn how
genetics influence both physiological and psychological traits. You will become familiar with the structure
and function of the nervous system. And, finally, you will learn how the nervous system interacts with the
endocrine system.
Chapter 3 | Biopsychology 73
3.1 Human Genetics
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Explain the basic principles of the theory of evolution by natural selection
• Describe the differences between genotype and phenotype
• Discuss how gene-environment interactions are critical for expression of physical and
psychological characteristics
Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the biological basis that contributes
to certain behaviors. While all humans share certain biological mechanisms, we are each unique. And
while our bodies have many of the same parts—brains and hormones and cells with genetic codes—these
are expressed in a wide variety of behaviors, thoughts, and reactions.
Why do two people infected by the same disease have different outcomes: one surviving and one
succumbing to the ailment? How are genetic diseases passed through family lines? Are there genetic
components to psychological disorders, such as depression or schizophrenia? To what extent might there
be a psychological basis to health conditions such as childhood obesity?
To e.
Chapter 3BiopsychologyFigure 3.1 Different brain imagi.docxketurahhazelhurst
Chapter 3
Biopsychology
Figure 3.1 Different brain imaging techniques provide scientists with insight into different aspects of how the human
brain functions. Left to right, PET scan (positron emission tomography), CT scan (computed tomography), and fMRI
(functional magnetic resonance imaging) are three types of scans. (credit “left”: modification of work by Health and
Human Services Department, National Institutes of Health; credit “center": modification of work by
"Aceofhearts1968"/Wikimedia Commons; credit “right”: modification of work by Kim J, Matthews NL, Park S.)
Chapter Outline
3.1 Human Genetics
3.2 Cells of the Nervous System
3.3 Parts of the Nervous System
3.4 The Brain and Spinal Cord
3.5 The Endocrine System
Introduction
Have you ever taken a device apart to find out how it works? Many of us have done so, whether to attempt
a repair or simply to satisfy our curiosity. A device’s internal workings are often distinct from its user
interface on the outside. For example, we don’t think about microchips and circuits when we turn up
the volume on a mobile phone; instead, we think about getting the volume just right. Similarly, the inner
workings of the human body are often distinct from the external expression of those workings. It is the
job of psychologists to find the connection between these—for example, to figure out how the firings of
millions of neurons become a thought.
This chapter strives to explain the biological mechanisms that underlie behavior. These physiological and
anatomical foundations are the basis for many areas of psychology. In this chapter, you will learn how
genetics influence both physiological and psychological traits. You will become familiar with the structure
and function of the nervous system. And, finally, you will learn how the nervous system interacts with the
endocrine system.
Chapter 3 | Biopsychology 73
3.1 Human Genetics
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Explain the basic principles of the theory of evolution by natural selection
• Describe the differences between genotype and phenotype
• Discuss how gene-environment interactions are critical for expression of physical and
psychological characteristics
Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the biological basis that contributes
to certain behaviors. While all humans share certain biological mechanisms, we are each unique. And
while our bodies have many of the same parts—brains and hormones and cells with genetic codes—these
are expressed in a wide variety of behaviors, thoughts, and reactions.
Why do two people infected by the same disease have different outcomes: one surviving and one
succumbing to the ailment? How are genetic diseases passed through family lines? Are there genetic
components to psychological disorders, such as depression or schizophrenia? To what extent might there
be a psychological basis to health conditions such as childhood obesity?
To e ...
presents arguments for evolution and refutes creation as a belief without evidence. Argues that you cannot present them side by side - comparing oranges with apples.
It contains links between the psychology and genetics. Mostly we think they are far apart but they do have links. Some of intresting facts regarding this are shared with you !!
A key question for personality psychologists is Are we what .docxsleeperharwell
A key question for personality psychologists is: “Are we what we are because of
nature or because of nurture?” When the question is phrased in this manner,
neither answer can be correct, for the answers are not mutually exclusive. The
premise of the question itself is wrong. We are what we are because of how
nature and nurture interact; it is not a question of either/or. There clearly are
both inborn and social-cultural influences on the individual. Genetics and
environment—nature and nurture—regulate and guide each person.
In Chapter 1 we examine some of the innate determinants of personality
and behavior. We observe that, as products of a long evolutionary history, hu-
man beings are predisposed to certain patterns of behavior. In addition, spe-
cific genetic blueprints provide the foundation for personality and behavior.
But it is evident that individuals’ personalities are greatly influenced by the
contexts that surround them and by the experiences they have had. Individu-
als brought up in different cultures or social classes behave differently. If one
wants to predict what an individual is doing or thinking at a given time, some
of the best predictors are the point in history when the individual was born and
where he or she is living. In Chapter 2 we examine some of these social and
cultural influences as well as other kinds of environmental influences.
Culture not only influences individuals; it also influences psychological the-
ories themselves. There is increasing reason to believe that the “grand theories”
of Western psychology reflect certain biases about the nature of people that
characterize Western culture.
Chapters 1 and 2 do not attempt to give complete accounts of the genetics of
personality or the social determinants of action; full courses are devoted to these
topics. Rather, we introduce the context of the person: an individual with unique
predispositions who is nevertheless modifiable and shaped by surroundings.
Innate and Environmental
Determinants of Personality 1PART
CHAPTER 1
Genetic Determinants
of Personality
CHAPTER 2
Contextual Aspects
of Personality and
Behavior
Source: Ollyy/Shutterstock.com.
3
Genetic Determinants of Personality
Charles Darwin introduced the idea that the human species is the product
of a long period of evolution in The Origin of Species and Descent of Man.
His arguments had an enormous influence on the field of personality. First,
his theory of evolution assumed scientific determinism—that is, the theory
assumed that the most complex aspects of behavior in all species are sub-
ject to scientific and rational analysis and are not due to accident or divine
intervention. This principle was accepted by psychologists in their study of
both nonhuman and human behavior. Second, Darwin focused attention on
the function or adaptive value of biological structures and behavior. Psychol-
ogists have been guided by this viewpoint as they search for the usefu.
Nature VS NurtureResearch writing 310Joi Tucker.docxgemaherd
Nature VS Nurture
Research writing 310
Joi Tucker
Wilmington University
Nature VS Nurture
Abstract
Nature vs Nurture is one of the oldest arguments known to the Psychology genre. For those who do not know; simply put, the underlying question is, can behaviors be inherited? Initially, upon answering the question without any regard to the actual research and experiments done in this field a conclusion was drawn that Nature outweighs Nurture and that the behaviors of men are innate in that they are inherited genes that have influence over our behaviors. Upon further investigation and deeper insight, it is of my belief that the behaviors of men are based not solely on the behavior of their parents and their genetic makeup but also, by socioeconomic, traditional, educational, religious, and many other external factors. This paper will demonstrate the multiple schools of thought and their perspective on behaviorism, specifically when it comes to the argument of Nature vs Nurture. These perspectives will be used in order to justify the position that was previously stated, that the behaviors of men are influenced not only by their biology but also by their upbringing and multiple external factors.
Nature versus Nurture is one of the oldest debates within Psychology. It is concerned with the extent to which aspects of behavior are a product of either inherited (i.e., genetic) or acquired (i.e., learned) characteristics. Previous to delving into this topic I took the stance that Nature outweighed Nurture and that human behaviors were innate in that they were solely influenced by one’s genetic makeup. After vigorous research on the topic an attempt to take the stance that aspects of behavior are a product of inherited characteristics. Most people no matter what their upbringing and socioeconomical positions are prone to specific types of behaviors due to their genetic makeup. Within this argumentative essay, the attempt to write about Nature vs Nurture taking the perspective that human behaviors are derived from a combination of the two. The plan is to investigate multiple schools of thought in regards to the topic in order to prove the theory which was previously stated; human behaviors are a product of both genetic and environmental influences.
Within the world of biology, it is widely known that physical characteristics as well as one’s vulnerability to certain illnesses are because of one’s genetic makeup. It is of no surprise that one may share the color their mother’s eyes while inheriting their father’s diabetes. If you are a male, you may be prone to balding in your early 30’s just as your father did and women whose mother suffered from Breast Cancer have a higher likelihood of acquiring the same illness. Understanding how genetics works and now knowing how its functioning contributes to physical attributes as well as biological ailments, the question of whethe.
A minimum of 100 words each and References Response (#1 – 6) KEEP .docxfredharris32
A minimum of 100 words each and References Response (#1 – 6) KEEP RESPONSE WITH ANSWER EACH ANSWER NEED TO HAVE A SCHOLARY SOURCE with a Hyperlink
Make sure the Responses includes the Following: (a) an understanding of the weekly content as supported by a scholarly resource, (b) the provision of a probing question. (c) stay on topic
1. In short, abnormal behavior, thoughts and emotions, are those that differ from society's definition of properly functioning, or the norm (Comer, 2018). These norms tend to differ between cultures which help to establish rules for proper conduct. What constitutes as abnormal behavior depends on specific circumstances and cultural norms (Comer, 2018). An example of abnormal behavior could be unusualness like a person who lives with many animals and isolates themselves from society. The behavior of this person is deviant and may be dysfunctional, but could be seen as eccentric rather than abnormal to a professional.
2. Abnormal behavior, in simple terms, is behavior outside of societal norms (Comer, 2018). Abnormalities differ based on what society you come from. Generally speaking, being considered normal means that you are complying by your society’s standards. Abnormalities arise when behavior is deviant, distressing, dysfunctional, or dangerous. An example of abnormal behavior would be manic behavior. A manic episode typically involves less sleep, risky behavior, irritability, increased talking, and even hypersexuality (Purse, 2019). This is typically deviant from the person’s normal behavior by definition. The manic behavior can be distressing for both the affected and their family or other loved ones. Risky behavior causes worry and distress. Irritability can create all sorts of distressing situations. When a person is manic, they are in a state of dysfunction. Memory and responsibilities often fall to the backburner while the manic episode rides its course. Of all the things that define abnormal behavior, a manic episode can be especially dangerous to both the person experiencing it as well as the others around them because it involves risky behavior—which implies many things from gambling to drugs. It often results in the person experiencing the episode being hospitalized.
3. “One common conceptualization of abnormality focuses on what is often called the Four Ds: deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger (Topic 1 Resource, 2018).” An example of abnormal behavior is someone who hears voices telling them to do certain things. Some people may show this kind of abnormal behavior out of nowhere, or they have always heard these voices. This person can be deviant to their old life once they start hearing these voices and if they listen to them or not. These voices can cause distress to the person as well because if they listen to the voices, then they might start doing bad things. These voices can also cause dysfunction in this person life and how they act around others. Having this abnormal behavior can .
Chapter 3BiopsychologyFigure 3.1 Different brain imagi.docxwalterl4
Chapter 3
Biopsychology
Figure 3.1 Different brain imaging techniques provide scientists with insight into different aspects of how the human
brain functions. Left to right, PET scan (positron emission tomography), CT scan (computed tomography), and fMRI
(functional magnetic resonance imaging) are three types of scans. (credit “left”: modification of work by Health and
Human Services Department, National Institutes of Health; credit “center": modification of work by
"Aceofhearts1968"/Wikimedia Commons; credit “right”: modification of work by Kim J, Matthews NL, Park S.)
Chapter Outline
3.1 Human Genetics
3.2 Cells of the Nervous System
3.3 Parts of the Nervous System
3.4 The Brain and Spinal Cord
3.5 The Endocrine System
Introduction
Have you ever taken a device apart to find out how it works? Many of us have done so, whether to attempt
a repair or simply to satisfy our curiosity. A device’s internal workings are often distinct from its user
interface on the outside. For example, we don’t think about microchips and circuits when we turn up
the volume on a mobile phone; instead, we think about getting the volume just right. Similarly, the inner
workings of the human body are often distinct from the external expression of those workings. It is the
job of psychologists to find the connection between these—for example, to figure out how the firings of
millions of neurons become a thought.
This chapter strives to explain the biological mechanisms that underlie behavior. These physiological and
anatomical foundations are the basis for many areas of psychology. In this chapter, you will learn how
genetics influence both physiological and psychological traits. You will become familiar with the structure
and function of the nervous system. And, finally, you will learn how the nervous system interacts with the
endocrine system.
Chapter 3 | Biopsychology 73
3.1 Human Genetics
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Explain the basic principles of the theory of evolution by natural selection
• Describe the differences between genotype and phenotype
• Discuss how gene-environment interactions are critical for expression of physical and
psychological characteristics
Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the biological basis that contributes
to certain behaviors. While all humans share certain biological mechanisms, we are each unique. And
while our bodies have many of the same parts—brains and hormones and cells with genetic codes—these
are expressed in a wide variety of behaviors, thoughts, and reactions.
Why do two people infected by the same disease have different outcomes: one surviving and one
succumbing to the ailment? How are genetic diseases passed through family lines? Are there genetic
components to psychological disorders, such as depression or schizophrenia? To what extent might there
be a psychological basis to health conditions such as childhood obesity?
To e.
Chapter 3BiopsychologyFigure 3.1 Different brain imagi.docxketurahhazelhurst
Chapter 3
Biopsychology
Figure 3.1 Different brain imaging techniques provide scientists with insight into different aspects of how the human
brain functions. Left to right, PET scan (positron emission tomography), CT scan (computed tomography), and fMRI
(functional magnetic resonance imaging) are three types of scans. (credit “left”: modification of work by Health and
Human Services Department, National Institutes of Health; credit “center": modification of work by
"Aceofhearts1968"/Wikimedia Commons; credit “right”: modification of work by Kim J, Matthews NL, Park S.)
Chapter Outline
3.1 Human Genetics
3.2 Cells of the Nervous System
3.3 Parts of the Nervous System
3.4 The Brain and Spinal Cord
3.5 The Endocrine System
Introduction
Have you ever taken a device apart to find out how it works? Many of us have done so, whether to attempt
a repair or simply to satisfy our curiosity. A device’s internal workings are often distinct from its user
interface on the outside. For example, we don’t think about microchips and circuits when we turn up
the volume on a mobile phone; instead, we think about getting the volume just right. Similarly, the inner
workings of the human body are often distinct from the external expression of those workings. It is the
job of psychologists to find the connection between these—for example, to figure out how the firings of
millions of neurons become a thought.
This chapter strives to explain the biological mechanisms that underlie behavior. These physiological and
anatomical foundations are the basis for many areas of psychology. In this chapter, you will learn how
genetics influence both physiological and psychological traits. You will become familiar with the structure
and function of the nervous system. And, finally, you will learn how the nervous system interacts with the
endocrine system.
Chapter 3 | Biopsychology 73
3.1 Human Genetics
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Explain the basic principles of the theory of evolution by natural selection
• Describe the differences between genotype and phenotype
• Discuss how gene-environment interactions are critical for expression of physical and
psychological characteristics
Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the biological basis that contributes
to certain behaviors. While all humans share certain biological mechanisms, we are each unique. And
while our bodies have many of the same parts—brains and hormones and cells with genetic codes—these
are expressed in a wide variety of behaviors, thoughts, and reactions.
Why do two people infected by the same disease have different outcomes: one surviving and one
succumbing to the ailment? How are genetic diseases passed through family lines? Are there genetic
components to psychological disorders, such as depression or schizophrenia? To what extent might there
be a psychological basis to health conditions such as childhood obesity?
To e ...
What’s the difference between nonlife and life? To answer this question, we first need to define life. I’ll lay out what are
to me the key hallmarks of life, and then offer a response that flows from such an understanding.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
I am currently creating a comic book to spread awareness and promote the positive side of having learning disabilities. Those diagnosed with specific learning disorders are found to have different gifts such as heightened visual-spatial ability and the ability to look at concepts and the world in unique ways. My goal for this is that after reading this, those with LD will have a more positive outlook on themselves, and those without LD will have a more empathetic and positive view on their non-neurodiverse colleagues.
Cyber Security and Network Infrastructure Researcher
Dates EmployedAug 2019 – Dec 2019
Employment Duration5 mos
LocationNew London/Norwich, Connecticut Area
• Conducted a 2019 audit of the college's security and infrastructure
• Setup internal bug in order to access the network from the outside
• Presented findings to the entire Computer Science department
• Created a detailed report for the Chief information security officer of Connecticut College
I recently did a TED Ed talk on machine learning where I interviewed some of the top innovators in the field Including some of the creators of AlphaGo by Google's DeepMind and Members Of IBM's Watson team. I had a blast doing this talk and hope you enjoy listening to it also!
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
2. Toxoplasma Gondii Modifies Personality 1
Toxoplasma Gondii is a parasite that can only sexually reproduce in cats. (Dubey, J., & Jones, J.
2008) It is able to modify animal behavior and mood through a variety of means, such as
increasing the amount of Dopamine in the system through the release of the enzyme tyrosine
hydroxylase causing increased impulsivity and risk taking behaviors (Costa, R. M.,2017). It is
also able to modify genes through epigenetic means causing things like increased testosterone
causing its host to be more aggressive. Toxoplasma Gondii does all of these things in order to
make its main host, which is rats, more likely to be eaten by cats. The same things that are
modified in rats in order to help the parasite in its quest to sexually reproduce also causes
humans to have symptoms of psychosis and increased impulsivity. For example, people who are
infected are found to have 2.5 times the amount of car crashes likely due to the increase in risky
behavior (Flegr, J, 2002) and are more likely to develop disorders such as Schizophrenia and
Intermittent Rage Disorder (Emil F. Coccaro, MD , 2016). This is likely due to changes in
neurotransmitters and gene expression.
Keywords: Toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasma Gondii, DNA, Genes, Methylation
Discussion
Personality is a person's underlying way of interfacing with the world around them
(Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M.2017). Personality stays consistent across different moods and
situations but what really causes personality in psychological science are both biological and
social factors. While a person’s personality is stable for most of their life we do see certain traits
such as agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotional resilience often change as we become
older. In this process of growing up and becoming more ready to take on the adult world around
us we become different, oftentimes better versions of ourselves. Though changes to personality
3. Toxoplasma Gondii Modifies Personality 2
can be a good thing, sometimes when trauma is introduced in our most pivotal stages of
development we can develop personality disorders that include irrational thought processes. A
personality disorder is a psychological disorder in which the patient exhibits an unhealthy way of
thinking. Those with personality disorders often have trouble empathizing with others. This can
be worsened if the person already has underlying genetic vulnerability for personality disorders.
Personality disorders are distinguishable from mood disorders because they go beyond just a
chemical imbalance in the brain to unhealthy thoughts and irrational thinking that lie at the very
core of our being (Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M.2017). A mood disorder is a disorder in which
one's emotional state is distorted for a particular situation (Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M.2017).
Personality disorders are very hard to treat because unlike mood disorders they are
unnatural thoughts that also seem normal to the person who has them because it is part of their
personality and they are able to rationalize their thoughts. They often blame others when in
reality their actions are the ones that have caused harm. Because of this, it is very hard to treat
these types of disorders and it is very challenging for those afflicted to maintain meaningful
relationships.
While personality can change over time, it is usually a slow progression. Personality has
very important evolutionary underpinnings; for example, people who are more agreeable and
emotionally resilient are found to have more long-lasting relationships. Therefore, they are
thought to be more suitable mates. Also, due to the fact that personality is highly genetically
based, it is thought that these agreable traits persist as they are passed on to progeny in genes
through procreation.
It is also thought that certain combinations of personality traits now classified as
disorders may have at one point had a significant environmental advantage. For example,
4. Toxoplasma Gondii Modifies Personality 3
ADHD, which is classified as a disorder in which people are very impulsive and unpredictable,
at one point may have helped us to more easily overcome livestock raids and robberies because
people could not predict their movements (Eisenberg and Campbell,2011). Additionally,
impulsivity may be a contributing factor to being novel and finding unique solutions to common
issues, such as what foods we can or cannot eat, it could have even helped drive us in finding
new lands to move our tribes in the hunter and gatherer days. The reason impulsivity is important
is that it helps drive us to do things that might not necessarily be safe or conventional, but might
reap a large reward(Eisenberg and Campbell,2011). In addition, we also have found DRD4 7R, a
gene that is commonly associated with ADHD and it’s novelty-seeking traits. In order to see how
this gene along with ADHD might have affected those in a hunter-gatherer society, African
tribes were studied. Those with ADHD and the DRD4 7R gene were found to be better nourished
and much better hunters. (Eisenberg and Campbell,2011)
Similarly, another neurological difference has been found in those with autism. Although
it can now be found to be debilitating and isolating in our hyper-social world, back when we
were still in a hunter and gatherer society these very same personality traits that cause us to seek
out a cure for this affliction actually helped us to survive. This is because those with autism
became super hunters that did not need to take so much time to socialize with others but rather
became very accomplished and fulfilled hunters because of their introversion ( Jared Edward
Reser, 2011.)
Both of these afflictions we know are genetic and deal with multiple genes and are not
rare diseases by any stretch of the imagination. We know that in both of these cases they are
strongly influenced by chemicals in the brain called neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are
chemicals found in the brain that regulate the human body’s actions and behaviors(Carver, C. S.,
5. Toxoplasma Gondii Modifies Personality 4
& Scheier, M.2017). When neurotransmitters are balanced we tend to see neurotypical
behaviors; however when certain mutations known as single nucleotide polymorphisms are
found on specific genes we can see an imbalance in the neurotransmitters in the body causing
changes to mood and the increase or decrease of certain traits (Carver, C. S., & Scheier,
M.2017). For instance, low levels of dopamine are one of the contributing factors that cause the
impulsivity found in ADHD because they are constantly wanting to find something that will
boost the dopamine in there synapse such as fidgeting or daydreaming and in more extreme cases
things like risky sexual behaviors and gambling (Blum et al., 2008). Since we are able to show
that personality has a lot of biological underpinnings, I pose the question: what would happen if
we are able to manipulate gene expression to change a person's personality even as the result of
an organism opposed to a personal stress or trauma? What would the effects be? One creature
that is an expert in this area is a worm called Toxoplasma Gondii.
Toxoplasma Gondii is a single-celled parasite that travels to the brain of its host and
makes neurological behavioral changes. The parasite was discovered by Nicolle and Manceaux
in 1908 in a Gundi rodent. It can only sexually reproduce in the gut of felines. Upon
reproduction, the oocyst of Toxoplasma Gondii offspring are then excreted in the feces of cats.
Due to this unique breeding requirement, they are able to modify the behavior of the intermediate
host creature to be more likely to be consumed by cats (Wendy Marie Ingram et. al., 2013)
The worm can asexually reproduce in just about any creature it is able to successfully
infect. However, asexual reproduction only produces genetically alike offspring. This type of
reproduction is less desirable to the parasite because it does not allow it to diversify and therefore
evolve to become more adept at their environment. Failure to mutate and improve would cause
the Toxoplasma Gondii species to die out eventually and for that reason, it spends much of its
6. Toxoplasma Gondii Modifies Personality 5
life cycle trying to do whatever it can to be as efficient as possible in finding a viable feline host
for sexual reproduction (Martorelli Di Genova et al., 2019).
The parasite furthers its quest for proliferation by altering the brains of its hosts to help
ensure that they will eventually find their homes in the guts of cats. For example, in the case of
rats, the parasite will inhibit the rat's natural instinct to run away by slowing down the reaction
and situational processing speed, causing the rat to be easy for the cat to consume. In addition,
the parasite even causes rats to love the smell of cat urine so that they will actually be attracted to
the cat.(Samojłowicz et al., 2019) This is done by lowering the methylation of the arginine
vasopressin promoter through epigenetic means, which affects the amygdala of rats, and numbs
their fear response. This dulls the fear that rats may potentially have when going into more
dangerous situations. Due to the increase in Tyrosine Hydroxylase caused by the worm, which
creates higher levels of dopamine which increase impulsivity increase in impulsivity and a less
fear in the rat, leading it to make poor decisions making it more likely to get into dangerous
situations and be eaten by cats. (Samojłowicz et al., 2019) When a rat is infected with the worm
we also see a high spike in the oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) pathways in rat’s brains
when exposed to cat urine meaning that they actually feel attachment and sexual arousal when
they smell cat urine. (Sapolsky, R. (2011)
It is interesting and quite environmentally smart that the worm takes the route of
working through the rat’s olfactory senses. Studies have shown that scents are one of the biggest
triggers of episodic memory. This is in part due to the way the brain processes smells by
bypassing the thalamus and going directly to the olfactory bulb, which is close to the
hippocampus and amygdala. As a result, the rat, due to the modifications done by the parasite to
7. Toxoplasma Gondii Modifies Personality 6
its neurotransmitters, associates cat urine with fondness and wants to instinctively seek it out
(Wendy Marie Ingram,Leeanne M,et all,2013).
We also notice that host histones become differentially acetylated when the host gets
infected, contributing to changes in host cell gene expression (Angel, S. O. 2012,). If rats are
given hypermethylation in the medial amygdala to combat the lowering of the methylation
caused by the rat we see that the fear response returns, therefore, we can conclude that this is the
mechanism of action caused by the worm when lessening the fear response in rats (Angel, S. O.
2012,). It is important to understand that since rats can be used as animal models it is often easier
to experiment on and observe them. Similar experimentation on humans is sometimes impossible
due to much stricter regulations, however when humans are infected with Toxoplasma Gondii,
similar DNA methylation is seen, contributing to their lessened fear and hyper impulsivity (Hari
Dass & Vyas, 2014). There are several disorders associated with humans being infected with
Toxoplasmosis. Additionally, in correlational studies, there have been high correlations between
infected hosts and risks of suicide, Schizophrenia, and according to the evolutionary biologist
Jaroslav Flegr, people with Toxoplasmosis are 2.5 times more likely to get into a car accident
(Flegr, J, 2002). According to MRI data, one physical sign of this disease is visibly reduced
white matter in the brain (Harrison, W. T., & Hulette, C. 2017). This is also very interesting
because it also helps bolster the theory first suggested by correlational data that Toxoplasma
gondii contributes greatly to mental illness severity.
Once the cat eats the rat, the Toxoplasma Gondii oocysts attach to white blood cells
which the parasite causes to be mobile and are carried to the brain. In the brain, the oocysts
create cysts that contain the worm inside of them and produce an enzyme called Tyrosine
hydroxylase, which leads to a larger production of dopamine, the neurotransmitter associated
8. Toxoplasma Gondii Modifies Personality 7
with reward (Costa, R. M.,2017) In a published scientific paper in, Nature Scientific Report,
scientists found potential links between Toxoplasma Gondii and a range of severe diseases, such
as some Schizophrenia, cancers, Parkinson’s, and epilepsy. The research was done by 32
researchers across 16 institutions from around the world (Huân M. Ngô, 2017). The study found
key genetic vulnerabilities in the structure of our neurological systems that allow for Toxoplasma
Gondii to potentially alter our brains in a way that would not only allow for these diseases to
come about but also become worsened by an infection of Toxoplasmosis (Huân M. Ngô, 2017.).
They found these vulnerabilities by finding the genes that Toxoplasmosis expresses in the human
brain through epigenetic means. Connections were found between those genes and other
neurological diseases, showing the potential for activation of genes related to diseases like
Schizophrenia and a host of other neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders (Huân M.
Ngô, 2017).
Toxoplasma Gondii has an effect on several diseases and behaviors. Interestingly,
Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED), Risk-Taking Behavior, Schizophrenia, and certain
Personality Disorders are all affected negatively by the parasite. (Kavoussi, R. J. 2009,) Studies
have found that - men who had the parasite tend to be more introverted, neurotic, have lower
social intelligence, and to have more antisocial deviant behavior. Infected women, presented in
exactly the opposite way, they were more extraverted, trusting, self-aware, and followed the
rules more than uninfected women. (Lindová, J., Novotná, 2006) This can be partially explained
by the fact that higher basal testosterone levels increase the levels of aggressive behaviors in
men, while leading to substantially higher levels of self-directed personality traits in women
(Kazuhiro Tajima-Pozo, 2015).
9. Toxoplasma Gondii Modifies Personality 8
There have been new studies conducted by the University of Chicago that suggest there is
a link between Toxoplasmosis and Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED) (Emil F. Coccaro, MD
, 2016) which is a disorder characterized by overly intense rage for the stimuli. IED is found in
the section of the DSM-5, "Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders,". In a study
conducted on a sample of 385 test subjects that had Intermittent Explosive Disorder, they found
that while only 9% of subjects without IED had Toxoplasma Gondii, 22% of people diagnosed
with IED had Toxoplasmosis. (Emil F. Coccaro, MD , 2016) This study is a follow up on the
research done by Emil Coccaro, a professor of psychiatry at the University of Chicago who has
been studying IED since the early 90s and has been looking for some type of biological
connection to why people with IED experience such sudden and unexplainable rage for
seemingly no reason. (Emil F. Coccaro, MD , 2016) To be involved in her study, subjects had to
display aggression that was far beyond the normal response to stimuli. (Emil F. Coccaro, MD ,
2016) This response was assessed using structured interviews conducted by research
psychiatrists using DSM 5 Personality Interview Questions and the DSM Axis 1 Disorder
Interview Questions. Those with IED can be acting perfectly rational and fine until something
happens and they blow up in a fit of rage.
Dr. Coccaro wrote that IED appears to be a disorder that has a high genetic predisposition
and usually appears to manifest itself in the early teens (Emil F. Coccaro, MD , 2016).
Toxoplasma Gondii has been shown to increase levels of Testosterone leading to heightened
levels of aggression. We have noticed that heightened levels of testosterone is also a contributing
factor to higher levels of aggression in humans. (Book, A. S., Starzyk, K. B., & Quinsey, V. L.
(2001, November 21)) This heightened level of aggression caused by Toxoplasma Gondii can
10. Toxoplasma Gondii Modifies Personality 9
only have the effect of worsening the manifestations of the disorder in those who suffer from
IED. (Emil F. Coccaro, MD , 2016)
Heightened levels of testosterone are also found in diseases such as conduct disorders
(Bukstein, O. G.2012, 2012). If it further increases testosterone in these patients, the severity of
their disorder would also increase (Bukstein, O. G.2012, 2012).
There is also currently research being conducted to look at the correlation between a
woman with borderline personality disorder and Toxoplasma gondii. In studies, it has been found
that women with borderline personality disorder are more likely to have an infection of
toxoplasmosis (Ociskova, M. 2019). This would explain some of the symptoms of affective
dysregulation, aggression, suicidality, or anxiousness that are included as symptoms of both
borderline personality disorder and an infection of Toxoplasmosis. Borderline personality
disorder is a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of disordered thinking, strong
emotional reactions caused in part by highly neurotic symptoms, and a distorted sense of self.
Those with borderline personality disorder tend to have a very hard time maintaining healthy and
close relationships due to these disordered thoughts and inappropriate interactions (NIMH,
Borderline Personality Disorder). Unlike mood disorders, such as depression, that may lead to
momentary shifts in mood altered thought processes, a personality disorder like borderline
personality disorder is caused by unhealthy thinking at the core of a person’s personality because
this is deeply embedded into who they are and the way they interface and perceive the world
around them (Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M.2017). A person with this disorder can rationalize
their thinking and behavior because it seems natural even when it is not. This makes treatment
very difficult because it is very hard to change a person’s personality especially when they are
unable to recognize that their behaviors are unhealthy. It is only through very intensive therapy
11. Toxoplasma Gondii Modifies Personality 10
such as Dialectical Behavioral Therapy that they are able to get better and start to be able to have
close relationships with others in a healthy way (Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M.2017).
. Schizophrenia is a neurological disorder characterized by both positive and negative
symptoms (Picchioni & Murray, 2007). Negative symptoms such as motivation, expression of
emotion, and trouble with attention are reduced or suppressed in those with Schizophrenia, while
positive symptoms that are not present in neurotypical people, such as hallucinations, delusions,
and disordered speech are present (Picchioni & Murray, 2007). Schizophrenia is very strongly
connected to genetics and can often be activated by certain environmental factors, such as things
like doing drugs or being in stressful environments (Picchioni & Murray, 2007). Patient
diagnosis is usually in the late teens and early adult years and is usually diagnosed after a bout of
psychosis which includes symptoms of hallucination, talking incoherently and being delusional
(Picchioni & Murray, 2007). Schizophrenia is very strongly connected to genetics and oftentimes
can be activated by certain environmental factors, such as things like doing drugs or being in
stressful environments. In this disease, there is a diathesis. This means that factors such as
environmental stressors, genetic factors, and a person’s inherent resilience to stress determine
whether or not they will actually end up developing the disease. Children with parents who have
schizophrenia are ten percent more likely to develop schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia is very stigmatized. It is portrayed in the media as having people with
many personalities and is often fictitiously associated with psychopaths. As a result,
schizophrenics are often the victims of crimes and people with it do not always feel that they can
seek help or tell people about their mental illness. Although Schizophrenia's cause is not fully
known, it is believed that it has to do with the dysregulation of dopamine in the human brain and
because of this, the antipsychotic medication that is used to block dopamine receptors seems to
12. Toxoplasma Gondii Modifies Personality 11
help with with the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, however, they seem to sometimes make
the negative symptoms worse.
We are slowly finding that more than one neurotransmission system contributes to the
symptomatology of schizophrenia (McCutcheon, R.,2020). One enzyme we see that is increased
is the neurochemical tyrosine hydroxylase, which increases dopamine and is thought to
contribute to the abnormalities in the dopaminergic transmission in schizophrenia. Tyrosine
hydroxylase is a chemical that is also modified by the parasite Toxoplasma Gondii Costa, R.
M.,2017. Toxoplasma Gondii increases Tyrosine Hydroxylase as a means of controlling their
prey. Tyrosine Hydroxylase causes a change in dopamine receptors Costa, R. M.,2017. This
change increases dopamine, causing rodents to become sexually attracted to their urine and also
suppressed their fear response. When humans are infected by the parasite, Toxoplasma Gondii,
the change in the dopamine receptors caused by the increase in tyrosine hydroxylase is
oftentimes enough to cause initial dysregulation of the dopamine system, causing a person with
underlying vulnerability for schizophrenia to get the disorder. Increased dopamine has also been
associated with psychosis Costa, R. M.,2017.
In a controlled study, it was found that individuals with schizophrenia are three times
more likely to have antibodies in their blood to the Toxoplasma Protozoan. Dalimi, (Dalimi, A.,
& Abdoli, A. 2012) This shows that those who have schizophrenia are more likely to have
Toxoplasmosis than the population that do not have the disorder (Dalimi, A., & Abdoli, A. 2012)
.
Conclusion
Toxoplasma Gondii is an incredible and highly interesting parasite. The way that it is
able to manipulate host cell genetics in order to benefit itself and affect multiple types of brains
13. Toxoplasma Gondii Modifies Personality 12
in different ways is absolutely incredible. The study of Toxoplasma Gondii’s ability to activate
genes epigenetically (Sullivan, W. J. 2010) could bring great advancements in the study of
Neuroscience and Genetics. I am very excited to see what kind of future advancements will come
from learning more about how they are able to manipulate behavior on a cellular level. Perhaps
even one day, we will be lucky enough to synthesize the process and be able to modify animal
behavior in an easier way or be able to turn off genes in our own body that are responsible for
diseases such as cancer. It has always been fascinating how amazing the creatures on this planet
have evolved in a way that allows them to alter biological systems. It is my hope that like
CRISPER was discovered from bacteria we will be able to learn more from other creatures, such
as Toxoplasma Gondii, and utilize their techniques to learn more about our genome and cure
illness. I believe that this is very interesting in showing just how much of our behavior has
underlying mechanisms of neurobiology that drive us. This worm is able to so precisely modify a
rats neurobiology that it is able to take away the fear of its natural predator. Every living creature
instinctually avoids predators in order to prolong their lives as a means of procreation. It is
deeply ingrained in all animals to stay away from predators. Amazingly, Toxoplasma Gondii has
the ability to change the brains, not only diminishing its fear of predators , but causing them to be
attracted to cat urine and their predators through the dopamine-producing enzyme tyrosine
hydroxylase. In humans we are able to see that those very same modifications made to rats brains
for the case of increasing the survival of these parasites increase the chances of the development
and proliferation of mental illness, for example, the fact that it modifies dopamine in both rats
and humans is oftentimes enough to cause the onset of psychosis in genetically vulnerable
individuals due to the nature of schizophrenia being caused by dysregulation in the dopamine
system. In addition, because of the way that toxoplasma gondii causes genes to be modified due
14. Toxoplasma Gondii Modifies Personality 13
to epigenetic means it is able to cause people who otherwise did not have genetic vulnerability to
gain mental illnesses such as psychosis and compulsive behaviors. By knowing and studying the
way that these parasites work, I believe we will be able to learn more about the biological
mechanisms of personality based behaviors.
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