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This document provides an introduction to telephony, including diagrams of the public switched telephone network concept and customer access network. It describes the basic components and functions of a telephone, including incoming and outgoing signaling and voice transmission.
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This document summarizes a semester project to design an AM receiver. A team of 4 students - Hamza Nawaz, Muzzafar Ahmad, Muhammad Junaid, and Naveed Ahmed - presented their mid-evaluation to Dr. Mehboob Ur Rehman and Mr. Waseem Abbas. The project involved designing an AM receiver using knowledge of communication systems. Key components discussed include the tuner circuit, RF amplifier, demodulator, and audio amplifier. Block diagrams and simulation results were provided. The goal was to understand and implement an AM receiver.
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The document discusses the architecture of Common Channel Signaling System #7 (CCSS #7). It covers the history and components of CCSS #7, including the Message Transfer Part (MTP layers), Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP), Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP), and other layers. It also discusses the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) architecture and how wireless networks connect to the PSTN using the CCSS #7 infrastructure.
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This document discusses circuit-switched digital networks including the public switched telephone network (PSTN), integrated services digital network (ISDN), circuit switched data (CSD), and datakit. The PSTN is the network of the world's public circuit-switched telephone networks. ISDN provides telephone services over digital lines. CSD is the original form of data transmission for mobile phone systems like GSM. Datakit is a virtual circuit-switched network protocol similar to X.25.
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A complete power point presentation to know how Public Switching Telephone Network works. Useful for those in the working field or for the ones who want to know more or submitting any project report..
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This document summarizes a semester project to design an AM receiver. A team of 4 students - Hamza Nawaz, Muzzafar Ahmad, Muhammad Junaid, and Naveed Ahmed - presented their mid-evaluation to Dr. Mehboob Ur Rehman and Mr. Waseem Abbas. The project involved designing an AM receiver using knowledge of communication systems. Key components discussed include the tuner circuit, RF amplifier, demodulator, and audio amplifier. Block diagrams and simulation results were provided. The goal was to understand and implement an AM receiver.
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The PSTN is a network that connects customer equipment together through lines, trunks, and switches to allow communication. It has four major elements: customer premises equipment, the access system, transport, and signaling. The access system provides the wiring that connects customer equipment to the central network, including lines and trunks. It terminates at central office equipment. The transport component transmits signals through the core of the network using various transmission speeds and media between switches. A cellular call placed to a landline passes through the radio access network, mobile switching office, and the PSTN using its lines, trunks, and switches to connect the calls.
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The document provides an overview of the public switched telephone network (PSTN). It discusses that the PSTN is the interconnected telephone system that uses copper wires to make circuit-switched calls. It then covers the evolution of the PSTN from its invention in 1876 to present digital switches, the use of bandwidth allocation and numbering schemes, and call setup which involves signaling and switching systems to route calls.
Cellular network presentation
This document provides an overview of cellular networks. It begins with an introduction that defines a cellular network as a radio network composed of radio cells served by base stations. It then discusses how cellular networks work by allowing mobile devices to connect to the nearest base station and hand off connections between stations as the device moves between cells. Finally, it covers benefits like increased network capacity and coverage area as well as examples of cellular technologies used in modern mobile phone networks.
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The document discusses three models of communication:
1) The Continuous Loop Model is the earliest and simplest model, showing the basic parts of the communication process including sender, message, channels, receiver, and feedback. However, it assumes continuous communication.
2) The Shannon and Weaver Model was developed in 1949 based on a study of telephone conversations. It includes a sender, transmitter, receiver, noise, and how noise can alter the message.
3) Berlo's model was intended to be all-inclusive but was never tested. It is therefore considered a theory rather than a true model, showing elements like content, code, and characteristics of both the sender and receiver.
MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
Communication involves a sender encoding a message and transmitting it through a channel to a receiver. The receiver then decodes the message and provides feedback to the sender. For successful communication, the message must pass from the sender through the channel without noise distorting the transmission from the encoding to the decoding.
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Communication process
The document discusses the key elements and process of communication. It defines communication as the exchange of information between individuals through common symbols. The main elements of the communication process are the sender, message, channel, receiver, feedback, and environment. Communication can take different forms such as verbal, nonverbal, formal, informal, and therapeutic. There are also various levels of communication including intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, public, and organizational. Barriers to effective communication include physiological, environmental, psychological, social, cultural, and organizational factors. Overcoming these barriers requires consideration of sensory abilities, comfort levels, cultural differences, clear messaging, and feedback.
Project Report Format
This document appears to be a template for the appendices section of a project report submitted by a student. It includes sample cover page, title page, certificate, acknowledgements, executive summary, table of contents, list of tables, and sections for the objective and scope, limitations, company profile, research methodology, data tabulation, analysis, observations and findings, conclusions, recommendations, bibliography, and appendices. Each appendix provides headings and formatting for the different components typically included in a student project report.
Process of communication
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7.4.6 slip
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4.2.1 Better Load
The document describes the circuits and loads for an electrical installation. It lists 19 circuits with various lighting, power outlet, motor, and appliance loads. It calculates the demand current in amps for each phase based on adding the full load or percentage of full load for each circuit based on rating and number of devices. The highest calculated demand is 153.25 amps on phase L2. With a 10% allowance for future additions, the total recommended maximum current is 168.575 amps.
4.1.13 Light Demand 3
This short document does not provide any substantive information to summarize in 3 sentences or less. It only notes that an explanation is not contained in a workbook, but provides no other context or details.
4.1.12 Light Demand 2 Table Part2
The document outlines the demand calculations for 19 different circuit load groups across 3 phases. It lists the load description, current allowance calculation method, and resulting demand current for each phase. The total demand current per phase is calculated at the bottom, with values of 143.8 amps for phase 1, 153.25 amps for phase 2, and 145.05 amps for phase 3.
4.1.11 Light Demand 2 Table
The document contains a table that calculates the current demand per phase for various circuit load groups in an electrical system. It lists 19 load groups categorized by letters A through D, describing each load. It shows the current allowance calculation method and resulting demand in amps for each phase. The total demand current calculated per phase is 143.8 amps for L1, 153.25 amps for L2, and 145.05 amps for L3.
4.1.10 Light Demand 2
This 3 sentence document provides instructions to refer to a specific table on a specific page of a particular standard for additional explanatory information not contained in the current workbook. The instructions direct the reader to Table C2 on page 359 of AS/NZA 3000:2007 for an explanation that is not included in the current document.
4.1.9 Light Demand 1
The document describes the functions of 19 electrical circuits in a building. It lists the types of equipment connected to each circuit such as fluorescent lighting, outlets, motors, and appliances. It also indicates which of the 3 electrical phases (L1, L2, L3) each circuit is connected to.
4.1.7 Example Domestic 3
The document calculates the electrical load of communal services in an apartment building. It shows that 24 lighting points will draw 240 watts and 6 10A sockets will draw up to 12A, for a total demand of 18A per phase. The total demand current per phase for communal services is 18A.
4.1.6 Example Domestic 2
The document calculates the electrical load and demand for 6 living units per phase. It lists the types of loads in each unit, the quantity and allowance per unit, and uses this to calculate the total demand current for phases L1, L2 and L3, which is 154.4 amps for each phase. The key loads included are lighting, power outlets, cooking ranges, air conditioners and hot water systems.
4.1.5 Example Domestic 1
This document discusses the number of living units per phase of a project. It calculates that for 18 total living units divided into 3 phases, there would be 6 living units per phase.
4.1.4 Step 2
This document summarizes the electrical load calculations for 11 circuits in a home. It lists the load type and description for each circuit, the current allowance per unit, and calculates the demand in amps for circuits 1-10. The largest demands are 17.7 amps for an air conditioner and 15 amps for an off-peak hot water system. The total calculated demand current for each phase is 40.7, 39.5, and 46.5 amps respectively.
4.1.3 Example Solution Three
The document calculates the electrical load and demand current for 11 circuits in a home. It groups the loads into categories like lighting, outlets, appliances, and assigns each a description, allowance, and demand calculation. The total demand current per phase is summarized at the bottom, with the highest draw of 46.5 amps on phase L3.
4.1.2 Example Three
The document outlines the functions and ratings of 12 electrical circuits. Circuit 1 provides power for 13 indoor lighting points. Circuit 10 powers an air conditioner rated at 23.6 amps per phase and can draw power from circuits L1, L2, and L3. Circuits 11a and 11b each power a controlled load hot water unit rated at 3.6 kW.
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This document provides an overview of cellular networks. It begins with an introduction that defines a cellular network as a radio network composed of radio cells served by base stations. It then discusses how cellular networks work by allowing mobile devices to connect to the nearest base station and hand off connections between stations as the device moves between cells. Finally, it covers benefits like increased network capacity and coverage area as well as examples of cellular technologies used in modern mobile phone networks.
Communication Models Presentation
The document discusses three models of communication:
1) The Continuous Loop Model is the earliest and simplest model, showing the basic parts of the communication process including sender, message, channels, receiver, and feedback. However, it assumes continuous communication.
2) The Shannon and Weaver Model was developed in 1949 based on a study of telephone conversations. It includes a sender, transmitter, receiver, noise, and how noise can alter the message.
3) Berlo's model was intended to be all-inclusive but was never tested. It is therefore considered a theory rather than a true model, showing elements like content, code, and characteristics of both the sender and receiver.
MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
Communication involves a sender encoding a message and transmitting it through a channel to a receiver. The receiver then decodes the message and provides feedback to the sender. For successful communication, the message must pass from the sender through the channel without noise distorting the transmission from the encoding to the decoding.
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
The document discusses various aspects of the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). It covers topics like modulation/demodulation schemes used to convert between analog and digital signals, the bandwidth of telephone lines, traditional modem standards like V.32, V.90, ADSL, techniques used for multiplexing like TDM and WDM, and components within switching offices. It provides technical details on how analog voice signals are converted to digital, transmitted through digital trunks, and switched within the network.
Communication process
The document discusses the key elements and process of communication. It defines communication as the exchange of information between individuals through common symbols. The main elements of the communication process are the sender, message, channel, receiver, feedback, and environment. Communication can take different forms such as verbal, nonverbal, formal, informal, and therapeutic. There are also various levels of communication including intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, public, and organizational. Barriers to effective communication include physiological, environmental, psychological, social, cultural, and organizational factors. Overcoming these barriers requires consideration of sensory abilities, comfort levels, cultural differences, clear messaging, and feedback.
Project Report Format
This document appears to be a template for the appendices section of a project report submitted by a student. It includes sample cover page, title page, certificate, acknowledgements, executive summary, table of contents, list of tables, and sections for the objective and scope, limitations, company profile, research methodology, data tabulation, analysis, observations and findings, conclusions, recommendations, bibliography, and appendices. Each appendix provides headings and formatting for the different components typically included in a student project report.
Process of communication
Communication is the process of transmitting information from one person to another. It involves the transmission of a message from a sender to a receiver through an agreed-upon channel. The communication process consists of a sender encoding a message and selecting a channel to transmit it through, the receiver decoding the message, and the receiver providing feedback to the sender. Effective communication is a two-way process of sharing information and building understanding between individuals.
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7.4.6 slip
This document describes how to calculate the rotor frequency of a two-pole, 50 Hz induction motor given the rotor speed of 2850 rpm. It shows that the slip speed is 3000 rpm, the slip percentage is 5%, and using the formula fs x %slip / 100, the rotor frequency is calculated to be 2.5 Hz.
4.2.1 Better Load
The document describes the circuits and loads for an electrical installation. It lists 19 circuits with various lighting, power outlet, motor, and appliance loads. It calculates the demand current in amps for each phase based on adding the full load or percentage of full load for each circuit based on rating and number of devices. The highest calculated demand is 153.25 amps on phase L2. With a 10% allowance for future additions, the total recommended maximum current is 168.575 amps.
4.1.13 Light Demand 3
This short document does not provide any substantive information to summarize in 3 sentences or less. It only notes that an explanation is not contained in a workbook, but provides no other context or details.
4.1.12 Light Demand 2 Table Part2
The document outlines the demand calculations for 19 different circuit load groups across 3 phases. It lists the load description, current allowance calculation method, and resulting demand current for each phase. The total demand current per phase is calculated at the bottom, with values of 143.8 amps for phase 1, 153.25 amps for phase 2, and 145.05 amps for phase 3.
4.1.11 Light Demand 2 Table
The document contains a table that calculates the current demand per phase for various circuit load groups in an electrical system. It lists 19 load groups categorized by letters A through D, describing each load. It shows the current allowance calculation method and resulting demand in amps for each phase. The total demand current calculated per phase is 143.8 amps for L1, 153.25 amps for L2, and 145.05 amps for L3.
4.1.10 Light Demand 2
This 3 sentence document provides instructions to refer to a specific table on a specific page of a particular standard for additional explanatory information not contained in the current workbook. The instructions direct the reader to Table C2 on page 359 of AS/NZA 3000:2007 for an explanation that is not included in the current document.
4.1.9 Light Demand 1
The document describes the functions of 19 electrical circuits in a building. It lists the types of equipment connected to each circuit such as fluorescent lighting, outlets, motors, and appliances. It also indicates which of the 3 electrical phases (L1, L2, L3) each circuit is connected to.
4.1.7 Example Domestic 3
The document calculates the electrical load of communal services in an apartment building. It shows that 24 lighting points will draw 240 watts and 6 10A sockets will draw up to 12A, for a total demand of 18A per phase. The total demand current per phase for communal services is 18A.
4.1.6 Example Domestic 2
The document calculates the electrical load and demand for 6 living units per phase. It lists the types of loads in each unit, the quantity and allowance per unit, and uses this to calculate the total demand current for phases L1, L2 and L3, which is 154.4 amps for each phase. The key loads included are lighting, power outlets, cooking ranges, air conditioners and hot water systems.
4.1.5 Example Domestic 1
This document discusses the number of living units per phase of a project. It calculates that for 18 total living units divided into 3 phases, there would be 6 living units per phase.
4.1.4 Step 2
This document summarizes the electrical load calculations for 11 circuits in a home. It lists the load type and description for each circuit, the current allowance per unit, and calculates the demand in amps for circuits 1-10. The largest demands are 17.7 amps for an air conditioner and 15 amps for an off-peak hot water system. The total calculated demand current for each phase is 40.7, 39.5, and 46.5 amps respectively.
4.1.3 Example Solution Three
The document calculates the electrical load and demand current for 11 circuits in a home. It groups the loads into categories like lighting, outlets, appliances, and assigns each a description, allowance, and demand calculation. The total demand current per phase is summarized at the bottom, with the highest draw of 46.5 amps on phase L3.
4.1.2 Example Three
The document outlines the functions and ratings of 12 electrical circuits. Circuit 1 provides power for 13 indoor lighting points. Circuit 10 powers an air conditioner rated at 23.6 amps per phase and can draw power from circuits L1, L2, and L3. Circuits 11a and 11b each power a controlled load hot water unit rated at 3.6 kW.
4.1.1 Example Single
This document calculates the total demand current for an electrical installation consisting of:
- 21 lighting points and 12 double sockets, contributing 5A and 15A respectively
- 15 single sockets contributing 10A
- A 6kW oven contributing 0.5A
- A 2.4kW water heater contributing 0.33A
The total demand current calculated is 45.83A.
5.4.4 LR Circuits
The document discusses the time constant and final current value for an RL circuit. It states that:
1) The time constant for the circuit is 0.17 seconds based on the given inductance and resistance values.
2) It will take approximately 0.85 seconds (5 time constants) for the current to reach its final value.
3) Using Ohm's law, the approximate final current after 0.85 seconds is 2 amps.
14.5.4 Example 1 Part 1
This document calculates the apparent power, power factor, and phase angle for a circuit. It finds that the apparent power is 2.308 kVA by multiplying the current of 9.615 by the voltage of 240. This apparent power is larger than the actual power of 1.5 kW, indicating a poor power factor of 0.65 or a 49.46 degree phase angle between the current and voltage.
14.1.2 TRA Power
Reactive power (Q) and true power (P) combine to form apparent power (S). Apparent power is the combination of true power, which is the usable energy in a circuit, and reactive power, which is stored energy that results from the combination of voltage and current out of phase.
14.5.8 Example 1 Part 5
This document calculates the true power, apparent power, and total current for a circuit. It determines that the true power is 1.5 kW, the apparent power is 1.5009 kVA, and the power factor is 0.99994. It then calculates that with an apparent power of 1.5009 kVA at 240 Volts, the total current would be 6.25 amps.
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- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Presentation of the OECD Artificial Intelligence Review of Germany
Consult the full report at https://www.oecd.org/digital/oecd-artificial-intelligence-review-of-germany-609808d6-en.htm
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software Fuzzing
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
“Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” a Presentation...
“Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” a Presentation...Edge AI and Vision Alliance
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.Columbus Data & Analytics Wednesdays - June 2024
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Things to Consider When Choosing a Website Developer for your Website | FODUU
Choosing the right website developer is crucial for your business. This article covers essential factors to consider, including experience, portfolio, technical skills, communication, pricing, reputation & reviews, cost and budget considerations and post-launch support. Make an informed decision to ensure your website meets your business goals.
Video Streaming: Then, Now, and in the Future
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing Days
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup Slides
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
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Topic1c
- 1. Introduction to Telephony Fig 6: Public Switched Telephone Network Concept
- 2. Introduction to Telephony Fig 7: Customer Access Network
- 3. Introduction to Telephony Fig 8: The Basic Telephone
- 4. Introduction to Telephony 1. Incoming Signaling Fig 8: The Basic Telephone
- 5. Introduction to Telephony 1. Incoming Signaling 2. Incoming Voice Fig 8: The Basic Telephone
- 6. Introduction to Telephony 1. Incoming Signaling 2. Incoming Voice 3. Outgoing Voice Fig 8: The Basic Telephone
- 7. Introduction to Telephony 1. Incoming Signaling 2. Incoming Voice 3. Outgoing Voice 3. Outgoing Signaling Fig 8: The Basic Telephone